Showing papers by "London School of Economics and Political Science published in 1974"
01 Mar 1974
3,841 citations
16 May 1974
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce algebraic graph theory and show that the spectrum of a graph can be modelled as a graph graph, and the spectrum can be represented as a set of connected spanning trees.
Abstract: 1. Introduction to algebraic graph theory Part I. Linear Algebra in Graphic Thoery: 2. The spectrum of a graph 3. Regular graphs and line graphs 4. Cycles and cuts 5. Spanning trees and associated structures 6. The tree-number 7. Determinant expansions 8. Vertex-partitions and the spectrum Part II. Colouring Problems: 9. The chromatic polynomial 10. Subgraph expansions 11. The multiplicative expansion 12. The induced subgraph expansion 13. The Tutte polynomial 14. Chromatic polynomials and spanning trees Part III. Symmetry and Regularity: 15. Automorphisms of graphs 16. Vertex-transitive graphs 17. Symmetric graphs 18. Symmetric graphs of degree three 19. The covering graph construction 20. Distance-transitive graphs 21. Feasibility of intersection arrays 22. Imprimitivity 23. Minimal regular graphs with given girth References Index.
2,924 citations
01 Mar 1974
2,075 citations
01 Jul 1974
649 citations
334 citations
117 citations
TL;DR: The hereditarian programme makes no predictions concerning the relative average intelligence of different racial or social groups as discussed by the authors, and it is perfectly consistent with any observed differences (or lack of them) in IQ between different groups.
Abstract: The hereditarian programme makes no predictions concerning the relative average intelligence of different racial or social groups. It is perfectly consistent with any observed differences (or lack of them) in IQ between different groups. The environmentalist programme, on the other hand, predicts that all groups will be equal in innate mental ability; any IQ differences which cannot be explained by environmental factors are consequently anomalies. In this section I shall discuss some environmental theories which have
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, both the intergenerational maxi-min solution and the Nash equilibrium are analyzed in the context of a simple growth model and a specific preference structure, and the results are compared to the Utilitarian solution.
106 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the rationale behind the spatial concentration of control functions of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system and the key policy question is seen as a decision between allowing continued centralization or to encourage the decentralization of control function.
Abstract: Westaway J. (1974) The spatial hierarchy of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system, Reg. Studies 8, 145–155. The paper discusses the rationale behind the spatial concentration of control functions of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system. This concentration is one dimension of the development of the corporate hierarchy. The development of business organizations is examined and the mechanism by which such developments are translated into a spatial context is seen largely in terms of access to specialized information. The increasing spatial concentration of control functions of organizations has important implications, both economic, in terms of the future behaviour of firms, and social, in terms of the loss of community control of local industries and spatial variations in social class structure. The key policy question is seen as a decision between allowing continued centralization or to encourage the decentralization of control function...
101 citations
01 Jan 1974
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the asymptotic biases in various econometric estimators when data generated by a stochastic differential equation system of the form is considered, and the authors considered the bias of various estimators.
Abstract: SUMMARY The paper considers the asymptotic biases in various econometric estimators when data generated by a stochastic differential equation system of the form
TL;DR: In this paper, the decision rules yielded respectively by the Rawlsian "maximin" conception of justice and by classical utilitarianism are compared and contrasted, and sharp differences are brought out.
Abstract: The decision rules yielded respectively by the Rawlsian ‘maximin’ conception of justice and by classical utilitarianism are compared and contrasted. The discussion is based on the assumption of a pure distribution problem and sharp differences are brought out. An axiomatic analysis of the two conceptions is undertaken, the result of which is that Rawls and utilitarianism both omit essential aspects of distributional welfare judgments: Rawls leaves out questions of welfare differences, utilitarianism leaves out questions of welfare levels. It is possible to pay attention to the ranking of welfare levels without concentrating exclusively on the welfare levels of worst off persons only, thereby departing from both Bentham and Rawls.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a different methodology on information and sources for the analysis of needs and demand in the voluntary organizations, which is useful where the researcher is concerned with examining the policies on the provisions of services over a long continuum.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents a different methodology on information and sources. There is a wealth of valuable information available in the voluntary organizations if it can be extracted. There is an obligation to discuss methodology, and to put into some kind of perspective framework for the research or information collector the conclusions that can be drawn. Their services could be particularly useful in the studies of needs and demand. One of the techniques used by voluntary organizations to demonstrate needs is to set up pilot facilities in an area, and the following bombardment is a good indicator of hitherto unidentified needs in that area. Information from voluntary organizations is likely to be particularly useful where the researcher is concerned with examining the policies on the provisions of services over a long continuum.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of expectations in determining the optimal investment program of a firm is studied and it is shown that the traditional myopic investment rule is no longer myopic and expectations matter.
Abstract: A cursory glance at the business section of a newspaper, or at the recent speeches of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, would give the impression that expectations of future demand are a crucial factor influencing the investment decisions of businessmen. The purpose of this paper is to give some theoretical justification to the above contention, and to study with some precision the role of expectations in determining the optimal investment programme of a firm. As Arrow [1] has made clear, the traditional neo-classical investment rule, where a perfectly competitive firm accumulates or decumulates capital to the point where its marginal product is equal to the real rate of interest, leaves no role for expectations and is essentially myopic. An important aspect of the world that is ignored in the formulation of the myopic rule is the fact that, once a firm has acquired capital stock and " bolted down the machinery ", possibilities of subsequent decumulation are severely limited. One way of capturing this aspect in a model is to make investment an irreversible process and this was the approach that Arrow used in [1] in the context of a perfectly competitive firm. Once this assumption is made, then it is clear that the investment rule is no longer myopic and expectations matter. In this paper, the irreversibility assumption is used in the context of a firm which is not perfectly competitive, but instead faces a known downward sloping demand curve for its product. This demand curve is expected to vary over time, but the firm's expectations are held with certainty. The way in which the firm behaves over time is then as follows. At the present moment the firm formulates a production and investment plan based on its expectations, it follows this plan until such time as its expectations prove incorrect. It then reformulates its expectations, computes a new plan and proceeds as before. In order to bring out clearly the possibility of excess capacity, and further because the problems considered are fairly short run, the firm is assumed to have a fixed coefficients technology. Under these circumstances, it is possible without great loss of generality to assume there is only one other factor apart from capital, which will be termed " labour ".3 In Section 2 of the paper the general problem is formulated and the solution presented. In Section 3, two specific problems are considered, one concerning the optimal investment plans of the firm over a demand cycle, the other concerning expectations of a change in the price of capital. In Section 4, the problem of how the desired investment rate of the firm over a demand cycle is affected by unexpected changes in demand conditions, cost conditions and in expectations themselves, is considered. This gives some idea of how the firm will react to changes in government policy, specifically monetary policy. One drawback of the above type of analysis is the fact that it may take time for a firm to adjust to its desired capital stock if this moves upward quickly and unexpectedly. Strictly speaking, therefore, adjustment costs should be incorporated into the optimal
TL;DR: The Human Capital theory as discussed by the authors is a content theory of the economic value of higher education to its recipient or his employer, which is a "content" theory of a higher education.
Abstract: The Human Capital theory, as ordinarily defined, is a "content" theory of the economic value of a higher education to its recipient or his employer. But non-vocational higher education offers by definition no such content. So why does it yield a higher income? Various theories are examined: 1) The degree is an external test, vastly expensive to society but very cheap to individual employers; 2) The degree course forms character, and that is a kind of human capital; 3) The degree course exercises the mind, and develops it like a muscle; 4) The degree confers social status; 5) Insistence on a degree, including now vocational degrees, is a restrictive practice by many trade unions. People also seek non-vocational higher education because it is publicly financed. There is a "Robbinsian" supply curve of higher education facilities. This is profoundly irrational, but all parties react rationally to it. No evidence connecting degree certificates with income could distinguish between Human Capital and most of these other theories. Possible statistical tests are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a factorial design was employed to examine the relationship of role-taking and moral judgement abilities to generosity, both as direct influences and in terms of their roles in mediating the impact of relevant situational influences.
Abstract: A factorial design was employed to examine the relationship of role-taking and moral judgement abilities to generosity, both as direct influences and in terms of their roles in mediating the impact of relevant situational influences. Sixty children, aged 7–13 yr., performed two role-taking tasks and two tasks designed to assess concepts of distributive justice. Generosity was observed under one of two conditions, one intended to stimulate sympathy for a potential recipient of charity, one neutral in emphasis. Moral judgement ability as measured was significantly related to generosity but no direct relationship between role-taking and generosity was found. The results also revealed no interactions between the situational and developmental variables. The findings were interpreted as suggesting that age-related changes in generosity may be attributable to developmental transformations in moral judgement and further that generosity for this age group is primarily a normative and not a sympathetic response.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tried to show that second-level courses in a given faculty are cheaper than foundation level courses, but they also have fewer students and some are operating at levels which, if there were no interdependence between courses, might be considered expensive.
Abstract: The paper attempts to throw light on the direct (instructional) cost of OU teaching methods as against conventional “live” instruction The variable cost per student-course is with one exception lower in the OU than elsewhere This constitutes a strong case for the use of existing OU packages in campus universities, especially as campus universities might feel able to dispense with the costs of the summer schools It also constitutes a case for expansion of existing courses at the OU As regards the development of new OU packages, the paper shows the Foundation courses to be much cheaper than equivalent provision de novo at the same scale in campus universities Measured by the breakeven number of students, second-level courses in a given faculty are cheaper than foundation level courses But they also have fewer students and some are operating at levels which, if there were no interdependence between courses, might be considered expensive If however they were used by more students either at the OU or at campus universities they could be economic, even when taken on their own The paper does not cost student time but, if this is cheaper when OU teaching methods are used, this is a further argument in their favour
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the Historiographie de Wissenschaft von der Philosophie der Wissen soll and umgekehrt lernen, wie die Historiography de Witschaft de der Philosophyi erklare, w.r.t.
Abstract: „Wissenschaftsphilosophie ohne Wissenschaftsgeschichte ist leer; Wissenschaftsgeschichte ohne Wissenschaftsphilosophie ist blind.“ Ausgehend von dieser Paraphrase von Kants beruhmtem Diktum, versucht dieser Aufsatz zu erklaren, wie die Historiographie der Wissenschaft von der Philosophie der Wissenschaft lernen soll und umgekehrt. Der Zweck meiner Argumente ist zu zeigen, das a) die Wissenschaftsphilosophie normative Methodologien bereitstellt, mit deren Hilfe der Historiker die ‚interne Geschichte‘ eines Gebietes rekonstruiert und so den objektiven Erkenntnisfortschritt rational erklart; b) das sich zwei im Wettstreit befindliche Methodologien mit Hilfe einer (normativ interpretierten) Geschichte bewerten lassen; c) das jede rationale Rekonstruktion der Geschichte der Erganzung durch eine empirische (sozio-psychologische) ‚externe Geschichte‘ bedarf.
TL;DR: In this article, two specific aspects of Professor Rawls' conception of distributive justice are discussed in the context of individual decision under uncertainty, as well as the problem of interpersonal comparison of utilities.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with two specific aspects of Professor Rawls' conception of distributive justice. In Section I Rawls' controversial difference principle is discussed in the context of individual decision under uncertainty, as well as the problem of interpersonal comparison of utilities. It is noted that, contrary to some recent accounts, Rawls' conception of the original position is considerably different from that to be found in the works of Harsanyi. In Section II an attempt is made to articulate in a precise way Rawls' intergenerational savings principle. While it is noted that the Rawlsian savings rule possesses a number of attractive properties, it is demonstrated that it conflicts with the principle of intertemporal Pareto efficiency.
01 Jan 1974
01 May 1974
TL;DR: In a longitudinal study of 5362 children born in 1946 the prevalence of juvenile-onset diabetes at ages 0-26 years was found to be 3·5 per 1000, although this seems a relatively large figure it accords well with rates found in other investigations where intensive medical observation of well-defined at-risk populations has been possible.
TL;DR: In this article, Westaway et al. report an analysis of the distribution of the various functions of business organizations in the British urban system, with special reference to contact-intensive occupations and an examination of the head office functions of the 1000 largest industrial companies.
Abstract: Westaway J. (1974) Contact potential and the occupational structure of the British urban system 1961–1966: An empirical study, Reg. Studies 8, 57–73 The paper reports an analysis of the distribution of the various functions of business organizations. This comprises, firstly, a study of the occupational structure of the British urban system, with special reference to contact-intensive occupations and, secondly, an examination of the distribution of the head office functions of the 1000 largest industrial companies. Management functions were found to be increasingly concentrated in the London area. Administrative activities were also concentrated in the South East, but were being dispersed to other parts of England. In contrast, productive functions dominate the occupational structure of the less prosperous regions of Britain. A later paper will discuss the rationale behind these trends and also their social, economic and political implications.
TL;DR: In this article, conditions are derived which describe the international allocation of machines under perfect competition with international factor price differentials, under fairly weak and plausible assumptions and in a wide variety of models, a high wage country specialises in the use of new machines, and a low wage country uses second-hand machines and some new machines peculiar to itself.
01 Mar 1974
TL;DR: In economics, the Kuhn-Tucker theorem has been used in the theory of linear models and balanced growth as mentioned in this paper, where the Frobenius theorem does not appear explicitly.