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Showing papers by "London School of Economics and Political Science published in 1978"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it has been argued that inequality values by themselves do not accurately reflect the differences between individuals, since the true situation depends to a large extent on how the relative positions of individuals vary over time.

473 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a quantitative method is developed to judge the validity of the second best pricing argument and it is applied to the best available evidence on peak and off-peak bus, rail and private car models in Greater London.

131 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two algorithms using cutting planes for solving the Travelling Salesman Problem differ in the order in which the omitted constraints and the cutting planes that are required are generated.
Abstract: Two algorithms using cutting planes are developed for solving the Travelling Salesman Problem. In both algorithms the problem is started with a subset of the set of constraints that define the problem (apart from integrality requirements). However, the two algorithms differ in the order in which the omitted constraints and the cutting planes that are required are generated. The computational experience obtained suggests that cutting planes can provide a competitive approach to other efficient methods of solving the problem.

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the optimal consumption plan and optimal portfolio liquidity structure are discussed. But the model and optimality conditions for optimal consumption are not considered. And they do not consider the impact of portfolio liquidity on the portfolio's performance.
Abstract: I. Introduction, 279.—II. The model and optimality conditions, 281.—III. The optimal consumption plan, 284.—IV. Implications of the portfolio liquidity structure, 288.—V. Conclusions, 293.

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of trust is formalized by the "sequential core" as mentioned in this paper, and the absence of trust induces a sequential structure on an economy, even if markets are complete at the first day.

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rigorous evaluation of maps must be based upon map reading tasks that are appropriate to the map reading objective and only by showing the links between purpose, map design and map reading will it ultimately be possible to establish standards of map design that are more than conventional and aesthetic.
Abstract: The rigorous evaluation of maps must be based upon map reading tasks that are appropriate to the map reading objective. Only by showing the links between purpose, map design and map reading will it ultimately be possible to establish standards of map design that are more than conventional and aesthetic. Distinctive and appropriate map reading tasks are required for navigation, measurement, visualization and the study of geographic covariation. Valid experimental conclusions can be obtained by asking the right questions and by testing hypotheses which are based upon the way in which map readers normally use maps. L'evaluation rigoureuse des cartes doit etre fondee sur les travaux de lecture de cartes appropries aux objectifs en matiere de lecture. Ce n'est qu'en indiquant les liens entre les objectifs en matiere de conception technique et de lecture de cartes qu'il sera, en fin de compte, possible d'etablir des normes plus classiques et esthetiques en matiere de conception technique. La navigation, les lev...

76 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that if the rights-exercising is restricted by the Rawlsian maximin justice consideration, the modified libertarian claim is made compatible with the Pareto principle by introducing information on interpersonal welfare comparisons into the cdnceptual framework.
Abstract: If one social state is unanimously preferred to another, it is difficult to argue that the former state should not be socially chosen over the latter and, as a result, the claim that the collective choice rule we are interested in should be Pareto-inclusive has seldom been challenged It may also be claimed that there are certain matters which are purely personal and our collective choice rule should be so designed that each person is empowered to decide what should be socially chosen, no matter what others may think, in choices over his personal matters Sen [8] has shown that these two principles conflict, namely, there exists no Pareto-inclusive collective choice rule (with an unrestricted applicability) satisfying a mild libertarian claim Since the logical correctness of Sen's argument is beyond any doubt, we are forced to weaken either the Pareto rule or the libertarian claim in order to avoid this difficulty, unless we renounce the general applicability of our collective choice procedure Although many subsequent contributions have modified libertarian claims in favour of the Pareto rule, one of the lessons Sen [8 and 9] has drawn from his Paradox of a Paretian Liberal is that a mechanical use of the Pareto rule (irrespective of the motivation behind people's preferences) seems unsound In line with this observation, Sen [10, Section XI] has recently proposed a resolution of this paradox which restricts the use of the Pareto rule We will succinctly reconstruct his resolution with some clarifications of the structure of his rightsassignment (in Section 2) and then show (in Section 3) that one of the Gibbard's paradoxes [4, Section 3] can be solved by essentially the same line of argument This might be of some importance, because Sen's paradox and that of Gibbard are essentially different in nature Suffice it to quote a passage from Gibbard [4, p 394]: " [Sen's libertarianism] guarantees each person a special voice on only one pair of alternatives, but the special voice is a strong one: the alternative he prefers is to be preferable, no matter what his other preferences [Gibbard's libertarianism] guarantees each person a special voice on many pairs of alternatives but the voice is limited The one he prefers is to be preferable if indeed he prefers its distinguishing feature unconditionally; otherwise his preference may be overridden" In Section 4, we will examine the possibility of introducing information on interpersonal welfare comparisons into the cdnceptual framework It will be shown that, if the rights-exercising is restricted by the Rawlsian maximin justice consideration (which is now available to us by the stronger informational basis we are working on), the modified libertarian claim is made compatible with the Pareto principle This is in sharp contrast with Sen's [10, p 228] assertion that " for this class of impossibility results, introducing interpersonal comparisons is not much of a cure (in contrast with the impossibility results of the Arrow type) ", which he has drawn from Kelly's [6] Impossibility of a Just Liberal In Section 5, we will briefly summarize our conclusions Some basic concepts and lemmas are put forward in the Appendix at the end of the paper

74 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: A theory is scientific rather than pseudoscientific if it is capable of receiving genuine "support" from the "facts" as discussed by the authors. But when does a fact provide genuine support for a theory? And when do the facts support one theory better than another?
Abstract: A theory is scientific rather than pseudoscientific if it is capable of receiving genuine ‘support’ from the ‘facts’. One scientific theory is better than another rival theory if it is better supported by the facts than its rivals. Although some would reject the term ‘support’ and replace it by ‘confirm’ or ‘corroborate’, most recent attempts to provide an objective and generally applicable criterion of scientific merit have started essentially from these two assumptions. But when does a fact provide genuine support for a theory? And when do the facts support one theory better than another?

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Men in high-level jobs were more likely to report nervous strain than men in manual work as mentioned in this paper, while the level of work was the dominant factor in the analysis, men in high level jobs being more likely than manual work.
Abstract: Nervous strain at work amongst a sample of 1415 men, all 26 year old members of the National Survey of Health and Development, was found to relate both to their predisposition to anxiety and to their own report of day-to-day activities in their job. Level of work was the dominant factor in the analysis, men in high-level jobs being more likely to report nervous strain than men in manual work. Susceptibility to anxiety and specific work factors (supervising, teaching, contact with people, driving, skilled machine work) made approximately equal contributions to the rate of reported strain, after allowance for the level of work. Little evidence was found that stressful jobs were held by particularly anxious men and it was concluded that predisposing and precipitating factors made largely independent contributions to the report of nervous strain at work in this sample of workers.

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model for variable return on foreign investment with uncertain future demand and uncertain return on investment, and conclude that the model does not capture the uncertainty of future demand.
Abstract: I. Introduction, 297.—II. The model, 298.—III. Variable return on foreign investment, 303.—IV. Uncertain future demand, 303.—V. Conclusions, 305.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The improved outcome after surgery increased with age, being most striking in those aged over 45, and the probability of having no further treatment is significantly greater for those treated surgically.


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the determinants and effects of crowding are discussed, and the impact of potential interference on individual cognitive strategies and group-based solutions in achieving this is analyzed.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses determinants and effects of crowding. Analysis of crowding investigates two questions: that is, determinants of crowding and the consequences of crowding. Examination of the difficulties associated with the density model indicated that a narrow definition of crowding in terms of density is inadequate. Both input and output approaches to crowding have recognized that crowding is a subjective state with multiple antecedent factors. To restore the amount and rate of stimulus input to more acceptable levels, the individual uses various coping responses, including perceptual and cognitive filtering, adjustment of personal space, and marking of territory. To minimize the impact of potential interference the individual (or group) utilizes differing strategies, and the interference approach emphasizes individual cognitive strategies and group-based solutions in achieving this. These approaches recognize that crowding stress depends not only on interpersonal processes, but also on individual and cultural expectations. In addition, it is clear that the rapidly developing body of crowding research and theoretical analyses represent an increasingly firm basis for understanding the determinants and effects of crowding. The test of this analysis of crowding will be the extent to which it contributes to future theoretical development and empirical research in crowding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of operational research in the area of health services planning supports the case that the mainstream OR contribution does violence to the nature of the system under study as discussed by the authors, and suggests that we should look to the converse of these qualities for new directions in the application of Operational Research in social planning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between class structure and clientelistic politics in modern Greece has been examined, focusing on a specific case: that of modern Greece, by looking at the way in which functionalist sociology and anthropology and certain brands of Marxism deal with the problem of political clientelism (mainly in the Greek context but also more generally).
Abstract: This paper examines certain aspects of the relationship between class structure and clientelistic politics by focusing on a specific case: that of modern Greece. In particular, by looking at the way in which functionalist sociology and anthropology, on the one hand, and certain brands of Marxism, on the other, deal with the problem of political clientelism (mainly in the Greek context but also more generally), an attempt will be made (a) to formulate some general metatheoretical' guidelines on the manner in which such a relationship should be conceptualised; and (b) to give a brief sketch of the way in which the class-clientelism relationship has changed with the historical development of Greek capitalism.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A method based on a rank-one updating formula well known in function optimisation is described for respecifying the weighting matrix of the quadratic criterion function.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A case study is presented of the application of robustness analysis to the choice of examination subjects to be made by a 14-year-old girl, and some tentative conclusions are reached on the extension of such methods to other cases of decision-makers with little, if any, resources to control except their own lives.
Abstract: A case study is presented of the application of robustness analysis to the choice of examination subjects to be made by a 14-year-old girl. The analysis is conducted in terms of the desirable future career options which may be preserved by different combinations of subjects, and also of the balance with topics selected for their intrinsic interest. The approach, which employs very limited technical apparatus, is justified on a number of grounds-in particular, the crucial importance of uncertainty, and the need for understanding and acceptance by a "client" very unlike the corporate manager. Some tentative conclusions are reached on the extension of such methods to other cases of decision-makers with little, if any, resources to control except their own lives.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A large sample of British firms in a wide range of industries demonstrated accelerated spatial mobility in production and non-production functions alike during the 1960's, both through the closure, opening or relocation of operating units and through the differential growth (or decline), varied product innovation and functional substitution among their constituent facilities as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Hamilton F. E. I. (1978) Aspects of industrial mobility in the British economy, Reg. Studies 12, 153–165. A large sample of British firms in a wide range of industries demonstrated accelerated spatial mobility in production and non-production functions alike during the 1960's, both through the closure, opening or relocation of operating units and through the differential growth (or decline), varied product innovation and functional substitution among their constituent facilities. If government is to control or channel industrial functions it must equip itself with proper statistical measures of quantitative and qualitative change. Factors in the decision-making environment of firms in the 1960's stimulated production diffusion from larger cities and their inner areas both intra- and interregionally while simultaneously encouraging greater intra-and interregional centralization of non-production manufacturing functions. A major force in these conflicting trends has been the interregionalization of industri...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Bowles and Gintis extended Marx's theory of exploitation to economies with heterogeneous labour, and they criticised related works by their predecessors which include my Marx's Economics (1973).
Abstract: Assuming that there are m kinds of labour, Bowles and Gintis (1977) have developed a novel idea to express the value of a commodity by a vector of the direct and indirect labour hours of each of the m kinds embodied in a unit of that commodity. On the basis of this new value system they have also extended Marx's theory of exploitation so that it may be applied to economies with heterogeneous labour. Furthermore they criticise, from their new point of view, related works by their predecessors which include my Marx's Economics (1973). However, as will be shown in section 2 below, their mathematical arguments are not all satisfactory. More important is the fact that once the heterogeneity of labour is allowed for, we cannot say anything definite about exploitation; in fact, as section 3 shows, all propositions which we may derive concerning exploitation are relative to the assumed ratios of conversion of different types of labour into common labour. Bowles and Gintis' multi-dimensional theory does not, therefore, convince me that I should give up the conclusion which they have criticised. I must still conclude that Marx's theory of exploitation has a firm foundation only in the abstract world of homogeneous labour. Section 4 includes other comments.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: Morgenstern as mentioned in this paper proposed a game theoretic approach based on the Bernoulli principle and the Dirichlet problem to solve the existence problem for solutions in coalitional games with a priori unions.
Abstract: The scientific work of Oskar Morgenstern.- I: Game Theory.- Vers une theorie generale des jeux positionnels.- Erweitertes Sattelpunktkriterium und ?-Rand-Spiel.- Differential games with active and passive variables.- Stochastic linearisation of indeterminateness.- The existence problem for solutions.- Values of games with a priori unions.- Core, Lindahl equilibria and revelation of preferences.- Remark on the transfer operator and the value-equilibrium equivalence hypothesis.- ?-Gleichgewichtspunkte in n-Personenspielen.- A simple game model of kidnapping.- An n-person bargaining game in the extensive form.- An extreme application of core theory.- Optimality and dynamics in coalitional games.- II: Utility Theory and Related Topics.- Expected utility theories: a review note.- The Bernoulli principle and the Dirichlet problem.- Bemerkungen zur Widerspruchsfreiheit der Axiome in der Theorie der revealed preference.- Dynamic utility functions.- On representations of social preferences - an algebraic approach.- Eine Axiomatisierung des erwarteten Nutzens.- III: Economic Models.- Externalities and interdependence in a von Neumann growth model.- International trade and game theory in a context of economic growth.- Economic equilibrium under technological changes.- Infinite-dimensional von Neumann models.- Some variations on the Mardo? model.- IV: Economic Theory.- On the consumer demand theory under uncertainty.- Anwendung eines verallgemeinerten Periodizitatsbegriffes in makrookonomischen Modellen.- A paradox in consumption theory.- An application of the theorem of Whitney in joint production theory.- Spieltheoretische Behandlung der Preisbildung vor und nach Unternehmenszusammenschlussen.- A new approach to modelling some economic problems.- Economically efficient and politically sustainable economic contraction.- Dynamic indirect production functions.- Dynamic limit pricing in a mature market.- Coalitions and clubs - aspects of their formation and economic efficiency.- V: Econometrics and Statistics.- An econometric study of copper market dynamics.- Bemerkung zur Abschatzung des Wertes bei Stop-Problemen.- On the identifiability of continuous time economic models.- Eine Bemerkung zur Anwendung der MINIQUE-Methode.- The use of preliminary data in economic time-series prediction.- Minimaxschatzungen bei Vorbewertung.- Statistical aspects of economic aggregation.- On the transition from pattern cognition to model building.- VI: Different Topics.- Determination of risk preferences to faciliate customer-portfolio manager interactions.- When is it advantageous to cast a negative vote?.- A bond-share portfolio maximizing von Neumann-Morgenstern utility of present real worth under inflation.- Utility and morality.- A plea for preordinators.- The cost assignment of the cooperative water resource development - A game theoretical approach -.- Addendum.- The Genesis of Dynamic Systems Governed by Metzler Matrices.- Extremal Properties of Equilibria in von Neumann Models.- Banks, Insurance and Futures Markets of a Trading Economy with Money, Exogenous Uncertainty and an Optimal Bankruptcy Rule.- A New Route to the Turnpike.- A Bibliography of the Work of Oskar Morgenstern.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reexamine the choice between charges and regulations to control pollution, by concentrating on the example of sulphur dioxide, and conclude that charges are not a priori always preferable to regulations.


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a backward-looking approach to the evaluation of scientific merits of theories, in which they treat theories as finished products and appraise their scientific value mainly in terms of their empirical performance to date.
Abstract: Philosophers of science have put forward various methodologies for appraising the scientific merits of theories. These methodologies have usually been backward-looking in the sense that they treat theories as finished products and appraise their scientific value mainly in terms of their empirical performance to date.