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London School of Economics and Political Science

EducationLondon, United Kingdom
About: London School of Economics and Political Science is a education organization based out in London, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Politics. The organization has 8759 authors who have published 35017 publications receiving 1436302 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors give an overview of social representation theory, definitions of the key terms and of the social processes leading to a representation and to social identity, and compare these theories to theories of attitudes, schemata and social cognition.
Abstract: This paper gives an overview of social representation theory, definitions of the key terms and of the social processes leading to a representation and to social identity. Six empirical studies are presented and details of their methods and findings are given to illustrate this social psychological approach. These studies are about the ontogenesis of gender, the public sphere in Brazil, madness on British television, images of androgyny in Switzerland, individualism and democracy in post-communist Europe and metaphorical thinking about conception. The methods are ethnography, interviews, focus-groups, content analysis of media, statistical analysis of word associations, questionnaires and experiments. Finally, social representation theory is compared to theories of attitudes, schemata and social cognition.

449 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a large-sample test for marginal homogeneity is derived and illustrated, and its solution is a special case of the large sample solution of the more general 2K classification problem given by Cochran (1950).
Abstract: There are several circumstances in which we may wish to test the homogeneity of the two sets of marginal probabilities in a two-way classification. For example, a sample from a bivariate distribution (say height of father, height of son) may be classified into a two-way table with identical (height) groupings in each margin. Or a similar classification may be possible for a non-measurable variable (say strength of right hand - strength of left hand). Again, in surveys of the same sample (a 'panel') on two different occasions, the interrelation of the results on the two occasions may be displayed in a two-way table, with one margin corresponding to each occasion. In all these cases, the question may arise: are the two sets of marginal probabilities identical? If the variable is measurable, we may test the difference between the means of the two marginal distributions by a large-sample standard-error test. However, we may be interested in the overall distributions, rather than only in their means. For the more stringent hypothesis of homogeneity, a test exists if we have two completely independent samples. when an ordinary x2 test of homogeneity may be applied (Cramer, 1946, p. 445). This test does not meet the essentially bivariate situations described above, where non-independence of the marginal distributions is a fundamental feature of the problem. When the classification is a double dichotomy, the problem of testing marginal homogeneity is simple, and its solution is a special case of the large-sample solution of the more general 2K classification problem given by Cochran (1950). Bowker (1948) gave a largesample test for complete symmetry in a two-way classification, a more restrictive hypothesis which is concerned with the entire set of probabilities in the classification, and not only with the marginal probabilities as we are here. In the present paper, a large-sample test for marginal homogeneity is derived and illustrated.

448 citations

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Cost-benefit analysis as discussed by the authors provides a consistent procedure for evaluating decisions in terms of their consequences, and is widely used in decision-making, such as tax, trade, or income policies.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The theory of cost-benefit analysis is widely used. It contributes to the understanding by giving a formal description of the subject and examining the theoretical basis for some of the techniques that have become the accepted tools of decision-making around the world. The aim of cost-benefit analysis is to provide a consistent procedure for evaluating decisions in terms of their consequences. This might appear as an obvious and sensible way to proceed, but it is by no means the only one. Cost-benefit analysis clearly embraces an enormous field. It offers clear guidelines for the evaluation of government decisions in such varied fields as tax, trade, or incomes policies; the provision of public goods; the distribution of rationed commodities; or the licensing of private investment. The chapter discusses the way cost-benefit analysis should proceed, a fairly unified account of the most salient results of the theoretical literature, and the way the framework encompasses a number of approaches to the definition and formulation of cost-benefit problems and describes the implications for a number of practical issues.

448 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors developed data on the history of wages and prices in Beijing, Canton, and Shanghai in China from the eighteenth century to the twentieth, and compared them with leading cities in Europe, Japan, and India in terms of nominal wages, the cost of living, and the standard of living.
Abstract: This article develops data on the history of wages and prices in Beijing, Canton, and Suzhou/Shanghai in China from the eighteenth century to the twentieth, and compares them with leading cities in Europe, Japan, and India in terms of nominal wages, the cost of living, and the standard of living. In the eighteenth century, the real income of building workers in Asia was similar to that of workers in the backward parts of Europe but far behind that in the leading economies in north-western Europe. Real wages stagnated in China in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and rose slowly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth, with little cumulative change for 200 years. The income disparities of the early twentieth century were due to long-run stagnation in China combined with industrialization in Japan and Europe.

447 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors develop a framework for nonparametrically identifying optimization frictions and structural elasticities using notches, and apply their framework to tax notches in Pakistan using rich administrative data.
Abstract: We develop a framework for nonparametrically identifying optimization frictions and structural elasticities using notches?discontinuities in the choice sets of agents?introduced by tax and transfer policies Notches create excess bunching on the low-tax side and missing mass on the high-tax side of a cutoff, and they are often associated with a region of strictly dominated choice that would have zero mass in a frictionless world By combining excess bunching (observed response attenuated by frictions) with missing mass in the dominated region (frictions), it is possible to uncover the structural elasticity that would govern behavior in the absence of frictions and arguably capture long-run behavior We apply our framework to tax notches in Pakistan using rich administrative data While observed bunching is large and sharp, optimization frictions are also very large as the majority of taxpayers in dominated ranges are unresponsive to tax incentives The combination of large observed bunching and large frictions implies that the frictionless behavioral response to notches is extremely large, but the underlying structural elasticity driving this response is nevertheless modest This highlights the inefficiency of notches: by creating extremely strong price distortions, they induce large behavioral responses even when structural elasticities are small

447 citations


Authors

Showing all 9081 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Ichiro Kawachi149121690282
Amartya Sen149689141907
Peter Hall132164085019
Philippe Aghion12250773438
Robert West112106153904
Keith Beven11051461705
Andrew Pickles10943655981
Zvi Griliches10926071954
Martin Knapp106106748518
Stephen J. Wood10570039797
Jianqing Fan10448858039
Timothy Besley10336845988
Richard B. Freeman10086046932
Sonia Livingstone9951032667
John Van Reenen9844040128
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
2023135
2022457
20212,030
20201,835
20191,636
20181,561