Showing papers by "Lund University published in 1986"
889 citations
TL;DR: A C-terminal portion appears to be sufficient for exerting the prejunctional effect of NPY and PYY, while the whole sequence seems to be required for post- junctional effects.
657 citations
TL;DR: In both cases, it is found that in order for gene flow to be significantly reduced over much of the genome, hybrids must be substantially less fit, and the number of genes involved in building the barrier must be so large that the majority of other genes become closely linked to some locus which is under selection.
Abstract: Suppose that selection acts at one or more loci to maintain genetic differences between hybridising populations. Then, the flow of alleles at a neutral marker locus which is linked to these selected loci will be impeded. We define and calculate measures of the barrier to gene flow between two distinct demes, and across a continuous habitat. In both cases, we find that in order for gene flow to be significantly reduced over much of the genome, hybrids must be substantially less fit, and the number of genes involved in building the barrier must be so large that the majority of other genes become closely linked to some locus which is under selection. This conclusion is not greatly affected by the pattern of epistasis, or the position of the marker locus along the chromosome.
641 citations
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TL;DR: Results imply that a woman in a monogamous union faces only moderate increases in the probability of becoming sterile (or infecund) until her late thirties, and appears that recent changes in reproductive behavior were guaranteed to result in the perception that infecunda is on the rise.
Abstract: Direct evidence on age patterns of infecundity and sterility cannot be obtained from contemporary populations because such large fractions of couples use contraception or have been sterilized. Instead, historical data are exploited to yield upper bounds applicable to contemporary populations on the proportions sterile at each age. Examination of recent changes in sexual behavior that may increase infecundity indicates that sexually transmitted infections, the prime candidate for hypothesized rises in infertility, are unlikely to have added to infecundity to any great extent. These results imply that a woman in a monogamous union faces only moderate increases in the probability of becoming sterile (or infecund) until her late thirties. Nevertheless, it appears that recent changes in reproductive behavior were guaranteed to result in the perception that infecundity is on the rise.
608 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a rapid enzymic method for starch analysis, especially in cereal products, was presented, which includes a 15 min gelatinization step in a boiling water bath in the presence of a thermostable α-amylase, a 30 min amyloglucosidase incubation of a subsample, and subsequent determination of glucose with a glucose oxidase/peroxidase reagent.
Abstract: A rapid enzymic method for starch analysis, especially in cereal products, is presented. One person can analyze 30 samples per day. The method includes a 15 min gelatinization step in a boiling water bath in the presence of a thermostable α-amylase, a 30 min amyloglucosidase incubation of a subsample, and subsequent determination of glucose with a glucose oxidase/peroxidase reagent. The method was evaluated by analysis of the starch content in various raw and industrially processed wheat samples. The method showed high precision (CV=0.6–1.0%) and accuracy. Some factors which might affect the enzymic availability of starch and thus its recovery in the analysis are evaluated and discussed.
580 citations
TL;DR: In an experimental setup it was shown that the supplied fluid diffused throughout the dressing felt and that the felt was partly saturated both during continuous and after intermittent irrigation, the effect of gravity being counteracted by capillary force and suction.
Abstract: In this article a dressing system is described that is capable of providing continuous or intermittent wound irrigation. It is based on a felt dressing provided with an adhesive cover and ports for fluid supply and suction drainage. At continuous irrigation (approximate rate, 70 ml/h), a 1-L fluid bag and a siphon about 30 cm in height are used; at intermittent irrigation (approximate rate, 60 ml/min), a 60-ml fluid bag and a suction balloon are used. In an experimental set-up it was shown that the supplied fluid diffused throughout the dressing felt and that the felt was partly saturated both during continuous and after intermittent irrigation, the effect of gravity being counteracted by capillary force and suction. The suction pressure at the drainage port and within the occlusively applied felt showed a linear relationship. The drainage of particles, while relatively impeded at low flow rates, was satisfactory at rates recommended for clinical use. The dressing felt was inert to adherence of bacteria and white blood cells. This dressing system would seem to provide access to the whole wound surface for active therapy through fluid supply and suction drainage.
436 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an efficient scheme for calculating one-and two-electron transition density matrices for two wave functions is described, which applies to CAS (complete active space) wave functions and certain multireference CI expansions.
Abstract: An efficient scheme for calculating one- and two-electron transition density matrices for two wave functions is described. The method applies to CAS (complete active space) wave functions and certain multireference CI expansions. The orbital sets of the two wave functions are not assumed to be equal. They are transformed to a biorthonormal basis, and the corresponding transformation of the CI coefficients is carried out directly, using the one-electron coupling coefficients.
336 citations
TL;DR: Antibodies to histamine were used to examine the localization of the amine in cells of the stomach and upper small intestine of a great variety of species, including cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibia, reptiles (lizard), birds (chicken) and a large number of mammals.
Abstract: Antibodies to histamine were used to examine the localization of the amine in cells of the stomach and upper small intestine of a great variety of species, including cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibia, reptiles (lizard), birds (chicken) and a large number of mammals. In all species gastric histamine was localized in endocrine cells (invariably found in the epithelium) and mast cells (usually with an extra-epithelial localization). The endocrine cells were identified as such by immunostaining with antibodies to chromogranin A and the mast cells were identified by toluidine blue staining. Histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells were found almost exclusively in the acid-producing part of the stomach; only rarely were such cells observed in the pyloric gland area. They were fairly numerous in the gastric mucosa of the two subclasses of fish as well as in the amphibia and reptile species studied. Here, the majority of the histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells seemed to have contact with the gastric lumen (open type cells) and were located in the surface epithelium (certain fish only) or together with mucous neck cells at the bottom of the pits. In the chicken, histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells were numerous and located peripherally in the deep compound glands. They were without contact with the lumen (closed type) and had long basal extensions ("paracrine" appearance), running close to the base of the oxyntic-peptic cells. In mammals, the number of histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells in the stomach varied greatly. They were particularly numerous in the rat and notably few in the dog, monkey and man. In all mammals, the histamine-immunoreactive endocrine cells were of the closed type and located basally in the oxyntic glands. They often had a "paracrine" appearance with long basal processes. Histamine-storing mast cells, finally, were few in both subclasses of fish as well as in the amphibian species and in the lizard. They were fairly numerous in chicken proventriculus (beneath the surface epithelium), few in the oxyntic mucosa of mouse, rat and hamster, moderate in number in hedgehog, guinea-pig, rabbit, pig and monkey, and numerous in cat, dog and man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
308 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived new estimates for the rate of convergence of the conjugate gradient method by utilizing isolated eigenvalues of parts of the spectrum and compared the derived estimates of the number of iterations with the number actually found for some elliptic difference equations and for a similar problem with a model empirical distribution function.
Abstract: We derive new estimates for the rate of convergence of the conjugate gradient method by utilizing isolated eigenvalues of parts of the spectrum. We present a new generalized version of an incomplete factorization method and compare the derived estimates of the number of iterations with the number actually found for some elliptic difference equations and for a similar problem with a model empirical distribution function.
285 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the viscoelastic behavior during gelatinization of wheat, maize, potato, and waxy-barley starches was analyzed using a composite material as a model for the starch gel.
Abstract: Dynamic measurements were used to characterize the viscoelastic behavior during gelatinization of wheat, maize, potato and waxy-barley starches. During the experimental conditions used the curves of storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") versus temperature showed an initial peak for all starches, followed by a second peak at 90-95 "C in the case of wheat and maize starches. Wheat starch gave a more viscous response than the other starches. fie changes in G' and Gff were correlated to the changes in gel volume and amylose leaching during the heating. The results were interpreted using a composite material as a model for the starch gel.
281 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that preischemic hyperglycemia leads to a more pronounced intra- and extracellular acidosis than normo- and hypoglycemia, an acidosis that also resolves more slowly during recirculation.
Abstract: Incomplete forebrain ischemia of 15-min duration was induced in rats made hyperglycemic or moderately hypoglycemic prior to ischemia. Tissue CO2 tension, CO2 content, labile tissue metabolites, and extracellular pH (pHe) were measured, and intracellular pH (pHi) was derived by calculation on the assumption that cerebral intracellular fluids can be lumped into one space. In hypoglycemic animals, mean tissue lactate content increased from 2 to 10 mumol g-1. Tissue CO2 content was virtually unchanged and the CO2 tension increased from approximately 50 to approximately 145 mm Hg. In hyperglycemic animals, tissue lactate content rose to 20 mumol g-1, and the CO2 content decreased by 25%, demonstrating that some CO2 was lost to the blood supplied by the remaining perfusion. Accordingly, tissue CO2 tension did not rise above 200 mm Hg. pHe was reduced in proportion to the amount of lactate accumulated, the values obtained in hypo- and hyperglycemic animals showing relatively little scatter (6.76 +/- 0.03 and 6.25 +/- 0.04, respectively). In hypoglycemic animals the extracellular HCO-3 concentration was virtually unchanged, demonstrating that any influx of lactic acid from the cells must have been accompanied by H+ efflux and/or HCO-3 influx via independent routes. In hyperglycemic animals [HCO-3]e fell by greater than 10 mumol ml-1. In both groups [HCO-3]e was reduced during the first 5 min of recovery. Recovery of pHe was slower in hyper- than in hypoglycemic animals. During ischemia calculated pHi fell to 6.37 +/- 0.04 and 5.95 +/- 0.06 in hypo- and hyperglycemic animals, respectively. Differences in pHi were maintained for the first 15 min of recovery, but in both hypo- and hyperglycemic animals pHi had normalized after 30 min. It is concluded that preischemic hyperglycemia leads to a more pronounced intra- and extracellular acidosis than normo- and hypoglycemia, an acidosis that also resolves more slowly during recirculation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived expressions for the concentration dependence of the effective self-diffusion coefficient for spherically symmetrical particles in colloidal systems using the cell model to describe the effect of varying concentration of colloidal particles.
Abstract: The self-diffusion of small molecules in colloidal systems is calculated using the cell model to describe the effect of varying concentration of colloidal particles. The relevant boundary conditions are found using arguments from the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. From a general description of the self-diffusion in systems with spherically symmetrical particles we derive expressions for the concentration dependence of the effective self-diffusion coefficientD
eff
for several cases of practical importance. It is shown that when the molecule studied is strongly attracted to the particle a minimum inD
eff
is expected around volume fractionΦ=0.35. It is also shown that the often made distinction between free and bound molecules is often problematic and a more general description is proposed. The obstruction effect generated by the excluded volume is discussed both for spherical and spheroidal systems. It is pointed out that the often used formula due to Wang ((1954) J Amer Chem Soc 76:4755) is incorrect for self-diffusion and for the obstruction factor for spheres we obtain (1+0.5Φ)−1. This expresion is tested both by experiments on water diffusion in systems containing latex particles and through computer simulations and it is found valid over a wide concentration range. For prolate ellipsoids the obstruction factor is not greatly different from that for spheres, while for oblate aggregates the limiting obstruction factor of 2/3 can be obtained at low concentrations. It is demonstrated that this effect can be used to distinguish between different aggregate shapes. It is also shown that the disorder present in a solution of colloidal particles leads to a decrease in the obstruction effect.
TL;DR: A detailed investigation at the atomic level has been made of the factors affecting the dynamic activity of small gold crystals that are supported on thin films of amorphous carbon, silicon, and germanium.
Abstract: Small metal particles (<5 nanometers), which are widely used in catalysis, have physical and chemical properties that are markedly different from those of the bulk metal. The differences are related to crystal structure, and it is therefore significant that structral rearrangements in small particles have been observed in real time by using high-resolution electron microscopy. A detailed investigation at the atomic level has been made of the factors affecting the dynamic activity of small gold crystals that are supported on thin films of amorphous carbon, silicon, and germanium. The rate of activity depends mainly on the current density of the incident electron beam and the degree of contact of the particle with the substrate, but this rate decreases rapidly as the particle size is increased. The activity of the particles is very similar on either carbon or silicon, but it is generally less marked on germanium because of increased contact between the particle and the substrate. The electron beam effectively heats the particles, and it appears that their dynamic behavior depends on their thermal contact with the substrate.
TL;DR: Augmentation des connaissances sur l'importance du controle nerveux des fonctions des ilots sous certaines conditions physiologiques.
Abstract: Augmentation des connaissances sur l'importance du controle nerveux des fonctions des ilots sous certaines conditions physiologiques: le systeme cholinergique est implique avant et pendant l'alimentation et peut-etre aussi dans l'insulino-secretion de l'obesite; le systeme nerveux sympathique controle les ilots pendant le stress; quant aux neuropeptides, leur etude vient a peine de commencer
TL;DR: The results indicate that human fetal mesencephalic tissue may be an efficient source of dopamine neurons for functional intracerebral grafting in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Abstract: The ventral mesencephalon, containing the developing dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental region, was obtained from aborted human fetuses of 9-19 weeks of gestation. The tissue was grafted into the striatum of rats previously subjected to a 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the mesostriatal dopamine pathway. The graft recipients were immunosuppressed by daily injections of Cyclosporin A. Amphetamine-induced motor asymmetry was reduced, and finally totally reversed, only in rats receiving grafts from the 9-week old fetal donor. The fluorescence microscopic analysis revealed large numbers of surviving dopamine neurons, and extensive fiber outgrowth into the host striatum, in these rats. By contrast, rats receiving grafts from 11-19 week old donors had at most only few surviving dopamine neurons. These results indicate that human fetal mesencephalic tissue may be an efficient source of dopamine neurons for functional intracerebral grafting in patients with Parkinson's disease.
TL;DR: This response, which was interpreted as sprouting from the lesioned axons proximal to the transection, probably accounted for the rise in choline acetyltransferase biochemical activity in the whole septum following the reduction on the first day.
TL;DR: The radiographs of 589 elbow fractures in children under the age of 16 years were reviewed and fractures of the humerus, radial neck, and fracture of the lateral humeral condyle were reviewed, with boys experiencing more fractures than girls.
Abstract: The radiographs of 589 elbow fractures in children under the age of 16 years were reviewed. The most common fractures were: supracondylar fracture of the humerus - 55 per cent, fracture of the radial neck - 14 per cent, and fracture of the lateral humeral condyle -12 per cent. One fifth of all fractures of the olecranon were associated with another elbow fracture; most often a fracture of the medial epicondyle. The average annual incidence of elbow fractures in the age group studied was 12 per 10.000 (10.0 - 14.7) without a significant change of the incidence between 1950 and 1979. Supracondylar and lateral condylar fracture of the humerus and fracture of the olecranon occurred more often in boys. Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle were more often caused by higher energy levels than the other fracture groups.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the increased nitrogen deposition and the increased acidity in the humus layer might cause some of the cover changes in the presented species.
Abstract: Thirtyfour deciduous forest sites in southern Sweden, originally studied in 1949–1970, were resampled in 1984/85. The average pH change in the humus layer was-0.78 and-0.23 in soils originally studied 30–35 and 15–20 years ago, respectively. Cover changes in the field layer were measured and related to pH changes. The number of species had increased in spite of pH decreases, reaching a maximum at pH 4.0–5.0, while the total cover of the field layer was unchanged.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that hormone-sensitive lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in the rate-limiting step of adipose tissues lipolysis, and of the resulting diacyl glycerol, whereas the action of monoacyl Glycerol lipase is required in the final hydrolytic step of the 2-monoacy lglycerols produced.
TL;DR: To describe osteoarthritic changes of the temporomandibular joint and their relation to internal derangements, 22 randomly selected TMJ autopsy specimens were dissected and studied by light microscopy.
TL;DR: The present paper reports on the result of the use of osseointegrated titanium fixtures and teeth as combined abutments for fixed-bridge restorations in 10 partially dentate patients, indicating the presence of certain clinically significant differences in the functional behaviour of tooth abUTments and titanium fixture abutment.
Abstract: The present paper reports on the result of the use of osseointegrated titanium fixtures and teeth as combined abutments for fixed-bridge restorations in 10 partially dentate patients. In these patients, the remaining teeth were too few or too unfavourably distributed in the jaws to serve as sole abutments for fixed bridgework. Titanium fixtures ad modum Branemark were therefore implanted in suitable positions and used as abutments in combination with the remaining teeth. Evaluations at periods of 6 to 30 months postoperatively revealed good clinical results. Some tissue reactions, however, were also observed, indicating the presence of certain clinically significant differences in the functional behaviour of tooth abutments and titanium fixture abutments. These reactions and differences are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the result of perturbative QCD can be formulated in two dual or complementary ways, either in terms of quarks and gluons or color dipoles, and the relation between the two description in similar to that between a lattice and its dual lattice.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of in vitro studies demonstrated the cellular processes involved in the repair: phagocytosis of cellular debris and collagenous fragments by cells from the epitenon, and collagen synthesis primarily by endotenon cells.
TL;DR: The results showed that non-vital teeth had mean pain threshold levels that, on cantilever loading, were more than twice as high as those of their neighboring or contralateral vital teeth.
Abstract: Three healthy subjects with neighboring or contralateral vital and root-filled teeth requiring crown therapy were selected as test persons. All teeth had optimal alveolar bone support. The root-filled teeth were furnished with individual cast posts and cores, and veneer crowns were made on both the vital and non-vital teeth. Buccal extension bars were then soldered to the occlusal surfaces of these crowns, and weights were applied in different positions along the bars until the test persons experienced pain. The experiments were repeated under local anesthesia. The results showed that non-vital teeth had mean pain threshold levels that, on cantilever loading, were more than twice as high as those of their neighboring or contralateral vital teeth. The positions of the centers of rotational deformations of the loaded teeth, which were assumed to be mainly rotational, were calculated and found to be located inside the peripheries of the crowns for the vital teeth but extracoronally in markedly more peripheral positions for the non-vital teeth.
TL;DR: Results provide additional evidence that the grafted DA neurons exert their functional effects through a continuous active transmitter release from their newly-established terminals in the reinnervated host target.
TL;DR: The origin and distribution of sympathetic and sensory innervation to major cerebral arteries in the rat is demonstrated and anterograde labelling of nerve fibres on whole-mounts of the cerebral vessels is demonstrated.
TL;DR: Results suggest that aggravation of neuronal necrosis by chronic dexamethasone pretreatment could be ascribed to lactic acidosis due to hyperglycemia in combination with an action of dexamETHasone on glucocorticoid receptors in the brain.
Abstract: This study addresses the question of whether the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and diclofenac and the glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone ameliorate neuronal necrosis following cerebral ischemia. In addition, since these drugs inhibit the production of prostaglandins and depress phospholipase A2 activity, respectively, the importance of free fatty acids (FFAs) on the development of ischemic neuronal damage was assessed. Neuronal damage was determined in the rat brain at 1 week following 10 min of forebrain ischemia. The cyclooxygenase inhibitors, whether given before or after ischemia, failed to alter the brain damage incurred. Animals given dexamethasone were divided into three groups and the drug was administered at a constant dosage of 2 mg/kg: (a) 2 days, 1 day, and 3 h intraperitoneally before (chronic pretreatment), (b) 3 h intraperitoneally before (acute pretreatment), and (c) 5 min intravenously and 6 h and 1 day intraperitoneally after (chronic posttreatment) induction of ischemia. Acute pretreatment did not affect the histopathological outcome. Chronic posttreatment of animals with dexamethasone ameliorated the damage inflicted on the caudate nucleus, but had no effect on other brain areas investigated. Unexpectedly, the chronic pretreatment aggravated the brain damage and caused seizures following ischemia. Histopathological data showed massive neuronal damage in these brains. The accumulation of FFA levels during ischemia was markedly suppressed, and the decrease in the energy charge was curtailed by chronic pretreatment with dexamethasone. However, brain glucose levels in control animals and lactic acid concentrations following 10 min of ischemia were significantly higher both in the cerebral cortex and in the hippocampus of dexamethasone-treated animals. These results suggest that aggravation of neuronal necrosis by chronic dexamethasone pretreatment could be ascribed to lactic acidosis due to hyperglycemia in combination with an action of dexamethasone on glucocorticoid receptors in the brain.
TL;DR: It is concluded that CGRP occurs in islet cells and in intrapancreatic nerve fibers of both the mouse and the rat, and inhibits both basal and stimulated insulin secretion in vivo in the mouse.
Abstract: The intrapancreatic cellular distribution and effects on basal and stimulated insulin secretion of the 37-amino-acid polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), were investigated in the mouse The cellular localization of CGRP was also studied in the rat pancreas In both species, CGRP was demonstrated in pancreatic islet cells and nerve fibers Immunocytochemical double staining experiments revealed the CGRP-immunoreactive cells in the mouse to be identical with a majority population of the insulin cells In the rat, on the other hand, CGRP-immunoreactive cells were identical with somatostatin cells CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed, in both species, running in the exocrine parenchyma, particularly around blood vessels, and they were occasionally seen also within the islets In in vivo experiments, CGRP was found to inhibit both basal and stimulated insulin secretion in the mouse Thus, 6 min after the iv injection of CGRP (085 nmol/kg), plasma insulin levels were 13 +/- 2 (SE) microU/ml compared to 30 +/- 4 microU/ml in controls (P less than 001) At this dose level, CGRP inhibited the insulin secretory response to carbachol, leaving that to glucose unaffected However, at a higher dose level (425 nmol/kg), CGRP inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion as well We conclude that CGRP occurs in islet cells and in intrapancreatic nerve fibers of both the mouse and the rat, and inhibits both basal and stimulated insulin secretion in vivo in the mouse
TL;DR: The results provide evidence that intrastriatal grafts of fetal striatal tissue receive extensive dopaminergic afferents from the host substantia nigra, and that they may be capable of establishing connections also with thalamus, neocortex and globus pallidus of the host, as well as with the spared portions of theHost caudate-putamen.
Abstract: The afferent and efferent connections of grafts of fetal caudate-putamen, implanted into the ibotenic acid (IA)-lesioned striatum of adult rats, have been studied with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) as a combined retrograde and anterograde tracer, and with aldehyde fluorescence histochemistry for the visualisation of dopamine-containing nigrostriatal afferents from the host. The WGA-HRP was deposited in crystalline form (within a capillary tip) either into the depth of the graft tissue, or into the IA lesioned host striatum as a control. Labelling was only evaluated in specimens where the WGA-HRP deposit was entirely confined within the graft. Retrogradely labelled neurons were most consistently found in the ipsilateral host substantia nigra and the spared portions of the host CP, and in one case also in the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei normally projecting to the striatum. Some neurons, although weakly labelled, occurred in the deep layers of the frontal cortex in all grafted rats. Signs of anterograde WGA-HRP labelling in the host were found in one of the five animals in the ipsilateral globus pallidus and substantia nigra, pars reticulata. Fluorescence histochemistry revealed extensive ingrowth of dopamine-containing fibres from the host striatum into the grafted striatal tissue. The ingrowing fibres formed distinct and partly interconnected patches, most prominently in the peripheral regions of the grafts. The results provide evidence that intrastriatal grafts of fetal striatal tissue receive extensive dopaminergic afferents from the host substantia nigra, and that they may be capable of establishing connections also with thalamus, neocortex and globus pallidus of the host, as well as with the spared portions of the host caudate-putamen. The afferent connections from the thalamus and neocortex were notably more variable and sparse. However, since the control WGA-HRP deposits (into the lesioned host striatum) labelled the cortical and thalamic afferent neurons only poorly, it appears that the cortico-striatal and thalamo-striatal afferents (in contrast to the nigro-striatal ones) had undergone substantial degenerative changes (atrophy and/or cell death) in the long-term (6–11 months) IA-lesioned rats. The sparse thalamic and cortical afferent connections to the grafts may thus reflect an inability of the grafted striatal tissue to prevent the course of degenerative changes in these striatal input systems.
TL;DR: The dislocations were most frequent in the very young and occurred most often in conjunction with sports activities, particularly in the city of Malmö.
Abstract: Totally, 178 elbow dislocations - with and without concomitant fracture - that had occurred in the city of Malmo in the course of 12 years were studied. There was some preponderance of left-sided injury, but no significant sex difference. The dislocations were most frequent in the very young and occurred most often in conjunction with sports activities.