Showing papers by "Macquarie University published in 1976"
TL;DR: The notion of limit for categories whose horns are enriched in a suitable category 13 was introduced in this paper, where the definition involves a v-functor J: A + v which should be thought of as a vdiagram scheme; for simplicity, we shall assume %q is complete enough so that the category of v-valued %functors on OQ admits its natural enrichment to a c13 -category.
225 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Sclater and Fisher's Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic reconstructions of the eastern Indian Ocean were extended back almost to the beginning of the Cretaged Period.
Abstract: Recent information from magnetic surveys and from deep-sea drilling allows Sclater and Fisher's Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic reconstructions of the eastern Indian Ocean to be extended back almost to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period. After a short phase of spreading off northwestern Australia in Middle and Late Jurassic time, Greater India and Antarctica-Australia dispersed near the beginning of Cretaceous time (130 m.y. B.P.) with the opening between them of a landlocked sea; between 110 to 120 and 105 m.y. B.P., Greater India cleared Antarctica-Australia, and the sea floor generated between them became continuous with the rest of the Indian Ocean. In Santonian time (80 m.y. B.P.), a new pattern of rapid spreading (as much as 17.5 cm/yr) began and caused an oceanic part of the Indian plate to be transferred to the Antarctic-Australian plate. Rapid spreading continued nearly to the end of Paleocene time (53 m.y. B.P.). With the inception at this time of spreading between Antarctica and Australia, three plates (Indian, Antarctic, and Australian) spread at a slow rate until the end of early Oligocene time (32 m.y. B.P.). At 32 m.y. B.P., the separate Indian and Australian plates became united, as they are today, while Antarctica remained a separate plate.
Together with paleomagnetic and other determinations that show that Southeast Asia lay at or north of the Equator, the trail of sea floor generated during Greater India's northward flight implies that Southeast Asia rotated westward across this trail to its present position no earlier than middle to late Miocene time (10 m.y. B.P.).
190 citations
TL;DR: Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a liquid diet containing sustagen and ethanol, and pups whose mothers were exposed to ethanol consumed significantly more ethanol in a preference test, compared to control offspring.
Abstract: Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a liquid diet containing sustagen and ethanol. Control mothers were fed on lab chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers displayed significantly greater activity (ambulation and rearing) in an open-field test. Further, pups whose mothers were exposed to ethanol consumed significantly more ethanol in a preference test, compared to control offspring.
166 citations
TL;DR: Stable preparations of microscopic particles obtained from long-chain fatty acids by mechanical agitation of evaporated films in presence of buffer solutions indicated that they are enclosed by semipermeable membranes.
149 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, high pressure experimental melting studies on a pelitic composition with 2 and 5 percent by weight of added water demonstrate that cordierite, quartz, biotite, sillimanite, and plagioclase are important residual phases coexisting with granitic liquid at 4 kb and are joined by garnet at 7 kb.
Abstract: High-pressure experimental melting studies on a pelitic composition with 2 and 5 percent by weight of added water demonstrate that cordierite, quartz, biotite, sillimanite, and plagioclase are important residual phases coexisting with granitic liquid at 4 kb and are joined by garnet at 7 kb. At 10 kb, garnet quartz, biotite, sillimanite, and plagioclase constitute the residuum coexisting with granitic liquid. Compositions of residual phases and their Mg-Fe partition relationships compare closely with phases from cordierite- and garnet-bearing granitic rocks in eastern Australia and strongly support geochemical arguments that this particular granitic suite is derived by partial melting of pelitic sediments. Thus, the cordierite-bearing granitic rocks were probably derived by partial melting of pelite at >25-km depth, whereas the garnet-bearing granites were derived at ≿25-km depth.
140 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the average ages at which children imitate (I), produce (P) and comprehend (C) passive constructions were determined for children from 3; 0 to 8; 0.
Abstract: The study was aimed at determining the average ages at which children imitate (I), produce (P) and comprehend (C) passive constructions. The results were compared with those obtained from partial studies of the acquisition of the passive voice conducted by researchers such as Fraser, Bellugi & Brown (1963). The finding that imitation precedes comprehension which in turn precedes production (I > C > P), as reported by Fraser et al. (1963) for 12 three-year-olds, is confirmed in this study for children from 3; 0 to 8; 0. The ability to use the passive voice in various tasks was found to be generally greater than that suggested in previous studies.
97 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the temperature-induced changes in the properties and activity of chloroplast membranes are part of a control mechanism for regulation of chloroplasts development and photosynthesis by temperature.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simplified reversible non-hydrostatic crystal-solution thermodynamic criterion based on Gibbs provides a manageable basis for determining the direction in which the process will run (regions of dissolution or growth) in stressed porous, non-porous, closed and open systems.
Abstract: Pressure-solution and associated crystallization are subclasses of a diffusive mass transport process which involves diffusion in grain boundary and pore solutions. The manner in which they give rise to permanent deformation is examined in three steps: (a) A simplified reversible non-hydrostatic crystal-solution thermodynamic criterion (first order, 2-components) based on Gibbs provides a manageable basis for determining the direction in which the process will run (regions of dissolution or growth) in stressed porous, non-porous, closed and open systems. (b) Considerations of irreversible diffusion and deformation indicate certain restrictions on the displacements accompanying permanent growth or dissolution and hence on the form of the solution-transfer strain rate tensor. (c) The way in which the process develops, and its rate, are governed by kinetic factors, especially diffusion kinetics. As well as having an exponential dependence on stress, the displacement rate is influenced by absolute temperature, grain boundary diffusivity, initial solubility and geometric scale.
93 citations
TL;DR: In rat liver mitochondria, membrane lipid unsaturation increases, the temperature limits of the membrane phase transition decrease and the E a of succinate oxidase increases following thyroidectomy, suggesting that many effects of thyroid hormones can be explained by changes in membrane structure and function.
87 citations
TL;DR: The work of such psychologists as Kelly, McReynolds, Epstein, and Lazarus suggested the need for a measure of cognitive anxiety and provided a definition of that construct and a method of content analysis of verbal samples was devised and found to have adequate interjudge reliability.
Abstract: The work of such psychologists as Kelly, McReynolds, Epstein, and Lazarus suggested the need for a measure of cognitive anxiety and provided a definition of that construct. A method of content analysis of verbal samples was devised and found to have adequate interjudge reliability. Normative data for five groups of subjects were provided. The validity of the measure as representative of a reaction to being unable to anticipate and integrate experience meaningfully was demonstrated in (a) the higher scores of groups of subjects who were currently coping with new experiences than those who were not, (b) the significant correlation of its scores with a state rather than trait anxiety measures, (c) the variability of its scores over time as observed in a generalizeability study, and (d) the higher scores of subjects when they were dealing with experiences for which meaningful anticipation was relatively difficult.
78 citations
TL;DR: Two of the 33 strains tested express neither F nor S, but do express a faintly staining PGK band which is of slightly faster mobility than F and which is absent from the other stains, which may represent a third allelic isozyme of PGK-B with reduced enzyme activity.
Abstract: Mammals possess two genetically distinct forms of phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). Only the X-linked PGK-A isozyme is detectable by electrophoresis of somatic and ovarian tissues of the mouse and of most other eutherian mammals studied to date. The PGK-B isozyme is highly active in testes and epididymides which contain spermatozoa, as well as in semen. PGK-B activity is first detectable in testes of 22-day-old mice and shows rapid increase concomitant with germ cell proliferation until day 40, after which activity increases only slightly. Two allelic isozymes (F and S) in mice express equal enzyme activity and are inherited in an autosomal codominant manner. One is equally as heat stable as PGK-A; the other is heat labile. Two of the 33 strains tested express neither F nor S, but do express a faintly staining PGK band which is of slightly faster mobility than F and which is absent from the other stains. This may represent a third allelic isozyme of PGK-B with reduced enzyme activity.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Palaeomagnetic studies suggest that the various cratons that comprise the main Australian platform have maintained the same relative position from 1800 m.y.w.t. to 750 m.dy.wt..
TL;DR: The retention of low molecular weight proteins during electrophoresis through gradient polyacrylamid gels was improved when a gradient of N,N′,N″ -triallyl citric triamide (TACT) was superimposed on the gradient of acrylamide and N, N′ -methylenebisacryamide (MBA).
TL;DR: The Nubrigyn Formation of New South Wales as mentioned in this paper has been interpreted as an algal bioherms that developed in sub-littoral to littoral environments around volcanic pedestals on a “Nubrigin shelf.”
Abstract: The widely known Lower Devonian “algal reef ” limestones of the Nubrigyn Formation, New South Wales, are enormous allochthonous blocks contained within a 400-m interval of interbedded mudstones, allodapic carbonates, and megabreccias that form part of a 5,000-m succession of Lower Devonian volcanics and flysch. Previous workers have interpreted these massive limestone bodies to be algal bioherms that developed in sublittoral to littoral environments around volcanic pedestals on a “Nubrigyn shelf.” The allochthonous nature of the limestone bodies is clearly indicated by (1) occurrence of a wide range of clast sizes, as much as 1 km across; (2) presence of a wide range of clast types and sizes in close juxtaposition; (3) discordance between stratigraphic facing of the large limestone bodies and stratification in surrounding beds; (4) lack of distinctive and regular facies changes within the limestone bodies, particularly near their margins; (5) abrupt and random truncation of internal fabrics at block margins; (6) lack of an autochthonous volcanic foundation for the “reefs”; and (7) anomalous lithofacies association of the massive bodies of shoal-water limestone with enclosing flysch. The limestones initially formed in a shoal-water carbonate complex to the west upon a geologically persistent volcanic archipelago, the Molong Arch, where source rocks for the Nubrigyn megaclasts and megabreccias crop out in the Lower Devonian Garra Formation and Cuga Burga Volcanics. The Nubrigyn megaclasts were transported eastward as debris flows into the adjacent and relatively deep water Hill End Trough after dislodgement from the eastern margin of the Garra shelf. Megaclasts isolated within hemipelagic mudstones and flysch were presumably transported by sliding or rolling. The loci of accumulation of the debris flows and exotic blocks occupy a meridional basin-margin position between the Molong Arch to the west and the predominantly turbidite-filled Hill End Trough to the east. Other debris-flow megabreccias, many previously unrecognized as having been transported and deposited in this manner, occur in the Paleozoic rocks of the Tasman mobile belt of eastern Australia.
TL;DR: The experimental group made significantly more errors than the control group indicating that long-term ingestion of alcohol can lead to substantial impairment of problem-solving abilities in rats.
Abstract: Wistar rats consumed a liquid diet containing sustagen and ethanol for a period of 150 days. Control animals were pair-fed an identical diet except for isocaloric substitution of sucrose for ethanol. Forty-five days after the liquid diets were discontinued both groups were tested for performance on the Hebb-Williams maze. The experimental group made significantly more errors than the control group indicating that long-term ingestion of alcohol can lead to substantial impairment of problem-solving abilities in rats.
TL;DR: Solutions of native collagen extracted from rat tail tendons in neutral salt solution have been studied by dynamic light scattering and no contribution to the spectrum has been detected at any scattering angle from rotational diffusion of single molecules, although a measurable broadening effect is expected at high angles.
Abstract: Solutions of native collagen extracted from rat tail tendons in neutral salt solution have been studied by dynamic light scattering. The spectra obtained are consistent with the presence in solution of both single rod-shaped collagen molecules and aggregates of molecules. No contribution to the spectrum has been detected at any scattering angle from rotational diffusion of single molecules, although a measurable broadening effect is expected at high angles. The translational diffusion coefficient D of single molecules, calculated from the broader spectral component, shows an anomalous dependence on collagen concentration with a maximum value of D20,w = 8.6 ± 0.2 × 10−12 m2/sec near the concentration 0.04% by weight. Above 0.05% D falls linearly with increasing concentration and takes the value D20,w = 8.1 ± 0.2 × 10−12 m2/sec at 0.064% collagen.
TL;DR: It was found that a reflex stimulus presented in close temporal proximity to the RS significantly shortened RT in comparison with the RT when no reflex stimulus was presented.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: A consistent hypothesis for the control of production of apterae by juvenile hormone can be proposed, however, experiments with juvenile hormone analogues have given equivocal or negative results and the hypothesis remains unconfirmed.
Abstract: Evidence for the role of juvenile hormone in determination of apterous parthenogenetic aphids is reviewed. Corpus allatum activity, assessed by volume or nuclear size, is greater in adult aphids producing apterous young, and in larval aphids which are developing as apterae. On the basis of these relationships, a consistent hypothesis for the control of production of apterae by juvenile hormone can be proposed. However, experiments with juvenile hormone analogues have given equivocal or negative results and the hypothesis remains unconfirmed. Some of the difficulties involved in experimental work of this kind are indicated.
TL;DR: A modification of the model was presented to accommodate further findings that variations in both dose-level of administered physostigmine and initial learning ability influenced subsequent retention, depending on the training-testing interval.
Abstract: A series of experiments was designed to assess the effect of physostigmine on the retention of an appetitively-reinforced Y-maze discrimination. The results supported in part the model of cholinergic involvement in long-term memory as proposed by Deutsch, in that physostigmine respectively impaired and enhanced well-remembered and poorly-remembered responses. However a modification of the model was presented to accommodate further findings that variations in both dose-level of administered physostigmine and initial learning ability influenced subsequent retention, depending on the training-testing interval.
TL;DR: The authors found that the tendency for speaker-rather than listener-blaming was more likely to occur when the child was a listener rather than when he was speaker, and that children did not understand that communication failure may be caused by an inadequate message.
Abstract: The “whose fault” technique involves asking the child to account for communication failure and to allocate blame to the speaker or the listener (or both). In the first experiment the age groups tested were 6 years, 7 years, 8 years and 10 to 11 years. Allocations of blame changed very significantly with increasing age (p < -00001) from predominantly listener blaming to total speaker blaming. There was a decrease from 92% to 0% in blaming the listener and judging the message adequate both when the child was in the role of listener and that of speaker. There was an increase from 0% to 100% in blaming the speaker and judging his message inadequate regardless of the role being played by the child. It appears that the younger children, unlike the older, did not understand that communication failure may be caused by an inadequate message. A tendency for speaker- rather than listener-blaming to be more likely to occur when the child was listener rather than when he was speaker was exaggerated into signi...
TL;DR: Partial syntectonic recrystallization has been produced in an experimentally deformed plagioclase (peristerite An4.5) by a nucleation and growth mechanism as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Partial syntectonic recrystallization has been produced in an experimentally deformed plagioclase (peristerite An4.5). The recrystallized grains are scattered through the strongly deformed matrix and appear to have developed by a nucleation and growth mechanism.
TL;DR: The Mount Keith Granodiorite as discussed by the authors belongs to the early part of the 2750-2600 Ma Yilgarn age group and places an older limit on the age of the upper greenstone sequence.
TL;DR: In this paper, all the significant preservable geologic features of the modern East African rift system and the preceding Karroo graben system are matched in the western margin of Australia.
Abstract: All the significant preservable geologic features of the modern East African rift system and the preceding Karroo graben system are matched in the western margin of Australia. The match holds over three orders of magnitude, from the length of the systems (measured in 103 km) to the width of individual grabens (50 km). In both regions, triple junctions are a dominant tectonic element and are spaced about 700 km apart. Interrift regions, such as Lake Victoria, are probably destined to become marginal plateaus after continental breakup.
TL;DR: Incorporation of 32P into mature chloroplast rRNA species of MW 1.1 × 101 and 0.56 × 106 has been followed in Euglena gracilis by pulse and pulse chase experiments and no evidence of a single common precursor to these molecules was found.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors observed the formation of podzol profiles after 4.5 yr, with the development of bleached A2 "pipes" up to 45 cm deep after 9 yr, indicating the extreme rapidity of soil-forming processes in suitable conditions.
Abstract: THE coastal sand dunes of eastern Australia are being mined extensively for heavy minerals. After mining, the replaced sand is subject to soil-forming processes. On such sites we have observed the formation of podzol profiles after 4.5 yr, with the development of bleached A2 ‘pipes’ up to 45 cm deep after 9 yr, indicating the extreme rapidity of soil-forming processes in suitable conditions.
TL;DR: The state-3 rate of respiration of potato tuber mitochondria is inhibited by concentrations of KCl or NaCl above 125 mM, and concentrations of sucrose, lactose, or maltose above 500 mM, but not at all by mannitol, glucose, glycine, or proline up to a concentration of 1500 mM in the medium.
Abstract: The state-3 rate of respiration of potato tuber mitochondria is inhibited by concentrations of KCl or NaCl above 125 mM, and by concentrations of sucrose, lactose, or maltose above 500 mM, but not at all by mannitol, glucose, glycine, or proline up to a concentration of 1500 mM in the medium. Mitochondria from cauliflower, beetroot, cucumber, rock melon, and watermelon behave very similarly to those from potato tuber. The variable response to different solutes proves that the reduction in respiration is not a simple function of the chemical potential of water in the medium. Disruption of potato mitochondria by ultrasonic vibration does not relieve the inhibition of succinate oxidation caused by KCl or sucrose. However, treatment with detergent abolishes completely the inhibition of respiration by sucrose. Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase [Succinate:PMS, oxidoreductase (EC.1.3.99.1)] and malate dehydrogenase [L-Malate:NAD oxidoreductase (EC.1.1.1.37)] activities by sucrose is less than the inhibition of succinate- and malate-dependent oxygen uptake by the potato mitochondria. Limited substrate uptake and, alternatively, reduced electron flow as a consequence of a direct effect of solute on the mitochondrial membrane are considered as possible mechanisms of inhibition.
TL;DR: In this paper, age changes in the veridicality of judgments up to 600 cm away from the observers were tested in 30 subjects in three groups ranging from 5 years to adults.
Abstract: Age changes in the veridicality of judgments up to 600 cm away from the observers were tested in 30 subjects in three groups ranging from 5 years to adults. Using the method of adjustment matching judgments were made, distally from the subject, of a standard length placed at his feet. All subjects exhibited underconstancy with a decrease in variability and an increase in the accuracy of judgments with increasing age. A shift in the veridicality of distance perception was found to have taken place between the 5 to 7 year and the 9 to 11 year old groups.
TL;DR: Self-thinning in crowded plant populations might be influenced by the shape of the plants involved, but these Trifolium populations had the – 3/2 slope usually found for species which exhibit continuous growth in height.
Abstract: As it was thought that self-thinning in crowded plant populations might be influenced by the shape of the plants involved, self-thinning was examined in five cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum. The height of these cultivars is fixed after early growth, being determined mainly by petiole length which itself varies between cultivars. No detectable differences between cultivars were found, and it is argued that only wore considerable differences in shape than those reported here would have detectable effects.
When plants can only grow radially but not in height, it is to be expected that log-log self-thinning curves would have a slope of -1, but these Trifolium populations had the – 3/2 slope usually found for species which exhibit continuous growth in height. This finding remains unexplained.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined four aspects of Gibson's differentiation theory of perceptual learning and development and found that dimensions of difference, rather than prototypes, are learned; specificity is a more appropriate response measure than number of correct responses; perceptual learning will occur regardless of whether feedback is given or not; and transfer of practice will be greater if dimension of difference (as opposed to prototypes) are learned.
Abstract: Practice and transfer of practice in an auditory localization task were observed for three different information conditions (normal, transformed and reduced) to examine four aspects of Gibson's (1969) differentiation theory of perceptual learning and development. Support was found for the propositions that: (i) dimensions of difference, rather than prototypes, are learned; (ii) specificity is a more appropriate response measure than number of correct responses; (iii) perceptual learning will occur regardless of whether feedback is given or not; (iv) transfer of practice will be greater if dimensions of difference (as opposed to prototypes) are learned. It was also found that feedback during practice did not affect transfer. In an apparent contradiction though, specificity increased in the absence of dimension of difference. This increase was interpreted as being associated with the detection of non-task-related information and was seen as lending support to Gibson's hypothesis that, perceptual learning is motivated by intrinsic cognitive drive and is terminated by a reduction in subjective uncertainty.