Showing papers by "Macquarie University published in 1998"
TL;DR: A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme is proposed in this paper, which allows any vascular land plant species to be positioned within the scheme, without timeconsuming measurement of metabolic rates or of field performance relative to other species.
Abstract: A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme is proposed. The axes would be specific leaf area SLA (light-capturing area deployed per dry mass allocated), height of the plant's canopy at maturity, and seed mass. All axes would be log-scaled. The strategy of a species would be described by its position in the volume formed by the three axes. The advantages of the LHS scheme can be understood by comparing it to Grime's CSR scheme, which has Competitors, Stress-tolerators and Ruderals at the corners of a triangle. The CSR triangle is widely cited as expressing important strategic variation between species. The C–S axis reflects variation in responsiveness to opportunities for rapid growth; in the LHS scheme, SLA reflects the same type of variation. The R axis reflects coping with disturbance; in the LHS scheme, height and seed mass reflect separate aspects of coping with disturbance. A plant ecology strategy scheme that permitted any species worldwide to be readily positioned within the scheme could bring substantial benefits for improved meta-analysis of experimental results, for placing detailed ecophysiology in context, and for coping with questions posed by global change. In the CSR triangle the axes are defined by reference to concepts, there is no simple protocol for positioning species beyond the reference datasets within the scheme, and consequently benefits of worldwide comparison have not materialized. LHS does permit any vascular land plant species to be positioned within the scheme, without time-consuming measurement of metabolic rates or of field performance relative to other species. The merits of the LHS scheme reside (it is argued) in this potential for worldwide comparison, more than in superior explanatory power within any particular vegetation region. The LHS scheme avoids also two other difficulties with the CSR scheme: (a) It does not prejudge that there are no viable strategies under high stress and high disturbance (the missing quadrant in the CSR triangle compared to a two-axis rectangle); (b) It separates out two distinct aspects of the response to disturbance, height at maturity expressing the amount of growth attempted between disturbances, and seed mass (inverse of seed output per unit reproductive effort) expressing the capacity to colonize growth opportunities at a distance. The advantage of LHS axes defined through a single readily-measured variable needs to be weighed against the disadvantage that single plant traits may not capture as much strategy variation as CSR's multi-trait axes. It is argued that the benefits of potential worldwide comparison do actually outweigh any decrease in the proportion of meaningful variation between species that is captured. Further, the LHS scheme opens the path to quantifying what proportion of variation in any other ecologically-relevant trait is correlated with the LHS axes. This quantification could help us to move forward from unprofitable debates of the past 30 years, where CSR opponents have emphasized patterns that were not accommodated within the scheme, while CSR proponents have emphasized patterns that the scheme did account for.
1,605 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of an extensive literature review on the topic of thermal adaptations in the built environment, most likely resulting from a combination of past thermal history in the buildings and differences in levels of perceived control.
1,261 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the antecedents of word-of-mouth (WOM) have been investigated and the consequences of these studies have been discussed, and the authors integrate that research into a contingency model and attempt to identify researchable gaps.
Abstract: Marketing practitioners and theorists routinely cite the power of the personal referral on customer behaviour. However, relatively few companies have tried to harness the power of word of mouth (WOM). Scholars have been pondering WOM over 2400 years, although modern marketing research into WOM started only relatively recently, in the post-war 1940s. WOM can be characterized by valence, focus, timing, solicitation and degree of management intervention. Most recent WOM research has been conducted from a customer-to-customer perspective, even though WOM is found in other contexts such as influence, employee and recruitment markets. Marketing research into WOM has attempted to answer two questions. What are the antecedents of WOM? What are the consequences of WOM? This paper integrates that research into a contingency model and attempts to identify researchable gaps in our knowledge.
906 citations
TL;DR: Island populations are more prone to extinction than mainland populations, with island endemic species having higher extinction rates than nonendemic species and inbreeding depression is one possible explanation for this.
Abstract: Island populations are more prone to extinction than mainland populations, with island endemic species having higher extinction rates than nonendemic species. Inbreeding depression is one possible expla- nation for this. Insular populations are expected to suffer increased inbreeding relative to mainland popula- tions due to bottlenecks at foundation and to lower subsequent population sizes. Inbreeding coefficients for 182 nonendemic and 28 endemic island populations were estimated from allozyme and microsatellite het- erozygosities in island and related mainland populations. Island populations were significantly inbred, with inbreeding coefficients significantly higher in endemic than nonendemic island populations. Many island populations showed levels of inbreeding associated with elevated extinction rates in domestic and laboratory species. Inbreeding depression cannot be excluded as a factor in the extinction proneness of island popula- tions.
624 citations
01 Oct 1998
TL;DR: Ownership types form a static type system that indicates object ownership, which provides a flexible mechanism to limit the visibility of object references and restrict access paths to objects, thus controlling a system's dynamic topology.
Abstract: Object-oriented programming languages allow inter-object aliasing. Although necessary to construct linked data structures and networks of interacting objects, aliasing is problematic in that an aggregate object's state can change via an alias to one of its components, without the aggregate being aware of any aliasing.Ownership types form a static type system that indicates object ownership. This provides a flexible mechanism to limit the visibility of object references and restrict access paths to objects, thus controlling a system's dynamic topology. The type system is shown to be sound, and the specific aliasing properties that a system's object graph satisfies are formulated and proven invariant for well-typed programs.
606 citations
TL;DR: A jury of artificial neural networks was trained to recognize the sequence context and surface accessibility of 299 known and verified mucin type O-glycosylation sites extracted from O-GLYCBASE, and the cross-validated NetOglyc network system correctly found 83% of the glycosylated and 90% ofThe non-glyCosylated serine and threonine residues in independent test sets, thus proving more accurate than matrix statistics and vector projection methods.
Abstract: The specificities of the UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases which link the carbohydrate GalNAc to the side-chain of certain serine and threonine residues in mucin type glycoproteins, are presently unknown. The specificity seems to be modulated by sequence context, secondary structure and surface accessibility. The sequence context of glycosylated threonines was found to differ from that of serine, and the sites were found to cluster. Non-clustered sites had a sequence context different from that of clustered sites. Charged residues were disfavoured at position – 1 and +3. A jury of artificial neural networks was trained to recognize the sequence context and surface accessibility of 299 known and verified mucin type O-glycosylation sites extracted from O-GLYCBASE. The cross-validated NetOglyc network system correctly found 83% of the glycosylated and 90% of the non-glycosylated serine and threonine residues in independent test sets, thus proving more accurate than matrix statistics and vector projection methods. Predictions of O-glycosylation sites in the envelope glycoprotein gp120 from the primate lentiviruses HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV are presented. The most conserved O-glycosylation signals in these evolutionary-related glycoproteins were found in their first hypervariable loop, V1. However, the strain variation for HIV-1 gp120 was significant. A computer server, available through WWW or E-mail, has been developed for prediction of mucin type O-glycosylation sites in proteins based on the amino acid sequence. The server addresses are http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc/ and netOglyc@cbs.dtu.dk.
500 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines changes in public sector financial management and accountability in four distinct settings, being: accrual financial reporting, accruality management systems, whole of government reporting, and accrually based budgeting.
Abstract: This paper presents a contextual. historical analysis of recent accrual accounting developments in the Australian Public Sector (APS). It takes a critical stance in that it questions the accrual accounting developments on a number of grounds. The paper examines changes in public sector financial management and accountability in four distinct settings, being: accrual financial reporting, accrual management systems, whole of government reporting, and accrual based budgeting. The findings show that already in Australia accrual accounting has made significant encroachments into some areas of annual financial and budget reporting. This influx has meant that terms such as ‘deficit’, ‘debt’, ‘liabilities’, ‘operating results’, ‘assets’, etc. have begun to change in meaning, which it is argued has important implications for the current process of transformation of aspects of the APS.
484 citations
TL;DR: The extraction and enrichment of membrane proteins for separation by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐D PAGE) after differential solubilization of an Escherichia coli cell lysate is described and 11 membrane proteins are identified from this pellet.
Abstract: We describe the extraction and enrichment of membrane proteins for separation by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) after differential solubilization of an Escherichia coli cell lysate. In a simple three-step sequential solubilization protocol applicable for whole cell lysates, membrane proteins are partitioned from other cellular proteins by their insolubility in solutions conventionally used for isoelectric focusing (IEF). As the first step, Tris-base was used to solubilize many cytosolic proteins. The resultant pellet was then subjected to conventional solubilizing solutions (urea, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate, dithiothreitol, Tris, carrier ampholytes). Following the completion of this step, 89% of the initial E. coli sample mass was solubilized. Finally, the membrane protein rich pellet was partially solubilized using a combination of urea, thiourea, tributyl phosphine and multiple zwitterionic surfactants. Using N-terminal sequence tagging and peptide mass fingerprinting we have identified 11 membrane proteins from this pellet. Two of these outer membrane proteins (Omp), OmpW and OmpX, have previously been known only as an open reading frame in E. coli, while OmpC, OmpT and OmpTOLC have not previously been identified on a 2-D gel. The prefractionation of an entire cell lysate into multiple fractions, based on solubility, results in simplified protein patterns following 2-D PAGE using broad-range pH 3.5-10 immobilized pH gradients (IPGs). Additional advantages of sample prefractionation are that protein identification and gel matching, for database construction, is a more manageable task, the procedure requires no specialized apparatus, and the sequential extraction is conducted in a single centrifuge tube, minimizing protein loss.
479 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that graphitized carbon as a solid phase extraction cartridge can be used for the purification of oligosaccharides (or their derivatives) from solutions containing one or more of the following contaminants.
Abstract: Desalting of sugar samples is essential for the success of many techniques of carbohydrate analysis such as mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, anion exchange chromatography, enzyme degradation and chemical derivatization. All desalting methods which are currently used have limitations: for example, mixed-bed ion-exchange columns risk the loss of charged sugars, precipitation of salt by a non-aqueous solvent can result in co-precipitation of oligosaccharides, and gel chromatography uses highly crosslinked packings in which separation of small oligosaccharides is difficult to achieve. We demonstrate that graphitized carbon as a solid phase extraction cartridge can be used for the purification of oligosaccharides (or their derivatives) from solutions containing one or more of the following contaminants: salts (including salts of hydroxide, acetate, phosphate), monosaccharides, detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100), protein (including enzymes) and reagents for the release of oligosaccharides from glycoconjugates (such as hydrazine and sodium borohydride). There is complete recovery of the oligosaccharides from the adsorbent which can also be used to fractionate acidic and neutral glycans. Specific applications such as clean-up of N-linked oligosaccharides after removal by PNGase F and hydrazine, desalting of O-linked glycans after removal by alkali, on-line desalting of HPAEC-separated oligosaccharides and beta-eliminated alditols prior to electrospray mass spectrometry, and purification of oligosaccharides from urine are described.
462 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that an Ne of 500–1000 is appropriate at this time for endangered species to retain their evolutionary potential, and the arguments for an effective size of 5000 are reviewed.
Abstract: Maintaining genetic variation for future evolutionary change is an important issue for conservation biology However, there is controversy over the effective population size (Ne) required for endangered species to retain their evolutionary potential, with proposed sizes ranging from 500 to 5000 The highest estimate is based on the assumption that 90% of mutations are deleterious We review the arguments for an effective size of 5000 and conclude that it assumes effective mutation rates that are too low, and heritabilities that are, in general, very high We conclude that an Ne of 500–1000 is appropriate at this time
374 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the study of dynamical quantum noise in Bose-Einstein condensates through numerical simulation of stochastic partial differential equations obtained using phase-space representations.
Abstract: We introduce the study of dynamical quantum noise in Bose-Einstein condensates through numerical simulation of stochastic partial differential equations obtained using phase-space representations. We derive evolution equations for a single trapped condensate in both the positive-P and Wigner representations and perform simulations to compare the predictions of the two methods. The positive-P approach is found to be highly susceptible to the stability problems that have been observed in other strongly nonlinear, weakly damped systems. Using the Wigner representation, we examine the evolution of several quantities of interest using from a variety of choices of initial stare for the condensate and compare results to those for single-mode models. [S1050-2947(98)06612-8].
20 Jul 1998
TL;DR: Using flexible alias protection, programs can incorporate mutable objects, immutable values, and updatable collections of shared objects, in a natural object oriented programming style, while avoiding the problems caused by aliasing.
Abstract: Aliasing is endemic in object oriented programming. Because an object can be modified via any alias, object oriented programs are hard to understand, maintain, and analyse. Flexible alias protection is a conceptual model of inter-object relationships which limits the visibility of changes via aliases, allowing objects to be aliased but mitigating the undesirable effects of aliasing. Flexible alias protection can be checked statically using programmer supplied aliasing modes and imposes no runtime overhead. Using flexible alias protection, programs can incorporate mutable objects, immutable values, and updatable collections of shared objects, in a natural object oriented programming style, while avoiding the problems caused by aliasing.
TL;DR: In this paper, a definition of weakω-categories based on a higher-order generalization of the apparatus of operads is presented, where weakω is defined as a class of weak operads.
TL;DR: The authors found a consistency effect in auditory word perception: words with phonological rimes that could be spelled in multiple ways produced longer auditory lexical decision latencies and more errors than did words with rimes which could be written only one way.
Abstract: Inconsistency in the spelling-to-sound mapping hurts visual word perception and reading aloud (i.e., the traditional consistency effect). In the present experiment, we found a consistency effect in auditory word perception: Words with phonological rimes that could be spelled in multiple ways produced longer auditory lexical decision latencies and more errors than did words with rimes that could be spelled only one way. This finding adds strong support to the claim that orthography affects the perception of spoken words. This effect was predicted by a model that assumes a coupling between orthography and phonology that is functional in both visual and auditory word perception.
TL;DR: The phenomenon called ecosystem engineering is considered with a case study of the mound building termite Macrotermes michaelseni, and it is argued that this species acts as an ecosystem engineer across a range of spatial scales.
Abstract: Many organisms create or alter resource flows that affect the com- position and spatial arrangement of current and future organismal diversity. The phenomenon called ecosystem engineering is considered with a case study of the mound building termite Macrotermes michaelseni. It is argued that this species acts as an ecosystem engineer across a range of spatial scales, from alteration of local infiltration rates to the creation of landscape mosaics, and that its impacts accrue because of the initiation of biophysical processes that often include feedback mech- anisms. These changes to resource flows are likely to persist for long periods and constrain the biological structure of the habitat. The value of ecosystem engineer- ing is discussed as a holistic way of understanding the complexity of tropical ecology.
TL;DR: In this article, the implications of the metaphors conventionally used to think and write about scale are considered, and some musical metaphors of geographical scale are used to sketch out the importance of scale as a relation.
Abstract: Summary The concept of geographical scale, despite being one of geography's foundational concepts, has been undertheorized compared to other core concepts such as environment, space and place. Two aspects of the concept of geographical scale (size and level) are relatively well recognized. A third aspect (scale as relation) is not. In this exploratory paper, the implications of the metaphors conventionally used to think and write about scale are considered, and some musical metaphors of geographical scale are used to sketch out the importance of scale as a relation.
TL;DR: DNA was extracted from 100g of soil using direct lysis with glass beads and SDS followed by potassium acetate precipitation, polyethylene glycol precipitation, phenol extraction and isopropanol precipitation and was compared to other DNA extraction methods with regard to DNA purity and size.
Abstract: Amplification of DNA from soil is often inhibited by co-purified contaminants. A rapid, inexpensive, large-scale DNA extraction method involving minimal purification has been developed that is applicable to various soil types (1). DNA is also suitable for PCR amplification using various DNA targets. DNA was extracted from 100g of soil using direct lysis with glass beads and SDS followed by potassium acetate precipitation, polyethylene glycol precipitation, phenol extraction and isopropanol precipitation. This method was compared to other DNA extraction methods with regard to DNA purity and size.
TL;DR: Tributyl phosphine improves protein solubility during isoelectric focusing, which results in shorter run times and increased resolution, and its use in the equilibration step allows the procedure to be simplified, incorporating reduction and alkylation in a single step.
Abstract: In this study, dithiothreitol was replaced by tributyl phosphine as the reducing agent in both the sample solution for the first-dimensional isoelectric focusing and during the immobilised pH gradient (IPG) equilibration procedure. Tributyl phosphine improves protein solubility during isoelectric focusing, which results in shorter run times and increased resolution. Tributyl phosphine is nonionic and thus does not migrate in the IPG, therefore maintaining reducing conditions during the course of the first-dimensional separation. The increased solubility provided by the maintenance of reducing conditions gives improved focusing and decreased horizontal streaking on the subsequent second-dimension gel. The use of tributyl phosphine in the equilibration step allows the procedure to be simplified, incorporating reduction and alkylation in a single step. This is possible because, in direct contrast to dithiothreitol (DTT), tributyl phosphine does not contain a free thiol and therefore does not react with thiol-specific alkylating reagents.
TL;DR: The Shanwang and Qixia basalts lie within the North China block and were erupted in Miocene to Pliocene time (18.1 to 4.3 Ma) and 6.4 to 5.9 Ma, respectively as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Shanwang and Qixia basalts lie within the North China block and were erupted in Miocene to Pliocene time (18.1 to 4.3 Ma) and Pliocene time (6.4 to 5.9 Ma), respectively. The Shanwang area lies astride the Tancheng-Lujiang (Tanlu) fault zone, a major lithospheric fault, whereas the Qixia area lies east of the fault zone. The basaltic rocks (alkali olivine basalts, basanites, nephelinites) carry abundant deep-seated xenoliths including spinel lherzolite (dominant), dunite, and pyroxenite, and a megacryst suite including augite, anorthoclase, phlogopite, ilmenite, and garnet. Xenoliths with coarse-grained microstructures are common in the Qixia xenolith suite, but are absent in Shanwang. Reconstructed bulk compositions of the lherzolites range from relatively depleted ( 12% modal diopside). Equilibration temperatures of 850° to 1020°C indicate entrainment of these lherzolites from depths ≤45 km, within the lithosphere; the geotherm may have been higher beneath Shanwang. T...
TL;DR: Olivine, low-Ca pyroxene, diopside, and spinel from a suite of protogranular lherzolite xenoliths from southeastern Australia have been analysed for their major and trace element compositions using electron microprobe and laser ablation ICPMS as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Olivine, low-Ca pyroxene, diopside, and spinel from a suite of protogranular lherzolite xenoliths from southeastern Australia have been analysed for their major and trace element compositions using electron microprobe and laser ablation ICPMS. Bulk compositions of the lherzolites range from fertile (12–13% modal diopside) to depleted (2–3% modal diopside), with equilibration temperatures of 850–900 °C indicating entrainment of these lherzolites from relatively shallow depths (probably ≤ 35 km) within the lithosphere. Mineral compositions and abundances indicate a primary control by partial melting, with decreasing abundance of modal diopside accompanied by increasing Mg# of olivine and pyroxene, decreasing Al and Ti contents of diopside, increasing Ni contents of olivine, and increasing Cr/Al of spinel. HREE, Y, and Ga in diopside also follow melting trends, decreasing in concentration with increasing Mg#. In contrast, highly incompatible elements such as LREE, Nb, and Th reveal divergent behaviour that cannot be ascribed entirely to partial melting. Diopsides from the fertile lherzolites have mantle-normalized patterns that are depleted in Th, Nb, and the LREE relative to Y and the HREE, whereas, diopsides from the cpx-poor samples are strongly enriched in Th, Nb and the LREE, and have elevated Sm/Hf and Zr/Hf, and low Ti/Nb. All diopsides have strongly negative Nb anomalies relative to Th and the LREE. Trace element patterns of diopside in the fertile lherzolites can be reproduced by ≤ 5% batch melting of a primitive source. The negative Nb anomalies are a consequence of this melting, and do not require special conditions or tectonic environments. The low concentrations of Y and HREE in diopside from the cpx-poor lherzolites cannot be produced by realistic degrees of batch melting, but can be accomplished by up to ∼20% fractional melting, suggesting multiple episodes of melt depletion. Os isotopic compositions of these lherzolites show that the melt depletion events occurred in the middle and late Proterozoic, demonstrating the long-term stability of lithospheric mantle beneath regions of eastern Australia. The LREE-enriched diopsides are well equilibrated and record metasomatic enrichment events that pre-date the magmatism that entrained these xenoliths. Trace element patterns of these pyroxenes suggest a carbonatitic melt as the metasomatic agent.
TL;DR: The debate has been resolved by a study of a wild butterfly population in Finland — and the evidence weighs down in favour of a significant role for inbreeding in the extinction of wild populations.
Abstract: Opinion on the question of whether genetic problems such as inbreeding contribute to the extinction of wild populations has been divided between two camps. On the one hand, inbreeding reduces reproductive success but, on the other hand, environmental events could causes extinctions before genetic factors come into play. The debate has now been resolved by a study of a wild butterfly population in Finland — and the evidence weighs down in favour of a significant role for inbreeding in the extinction of wild populations.
01 Dec 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the energy components of sixteen Soil-Vegetation Atmospheric Transfer (SVAT) schemes were analyzed and intercompared using 10 years of surface meteorological and radiative forcing data from the Red-Arkansas River basin in the Southern Great Plains of the United States.
Abstract: The energy components of sixteen Soil-Vegetation Atmospheric Transfer (SVAT) schemes were analyzed and intercompared using 10 years of surface meteorological and radiative forcing data from the Red-Arkansas River basin in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. Comparisons of simulated surface energy fluxes among models showed that the net radiation and surface temperature generally had the best agreement among the schemes. On an average (annual and monthly) basis, the estimated latent heat fluxes agreed (to within approximate estimation errors) with the latent heat fluxes derived from a radiosonde-based atmospheric budget method for slightly more than half of the schemes. The sensible heat fluxes had larger differences among the schemes than did the latent heat fluxes, and the model-simulated ground heat fluxes had large variations among the schemes. The spatial patterns of the model-computed net radiation and surface temperature were generally similar among the schemes, and appear reasonable and consistent with observations of related variables, such as surface air temperature. The spatial mean patterns of latent and sensible heat fluxes were less similar than for net radiation, and the spatial patterns of the ground heat flux vary greatly among the 16 schemes. Generally, there is less similarity among the models in the temporal (interannual) variability of surface fluxes and temperature than there is in the mean fields, even for schemes with similar mean fields.
TL;DR: The final Aem data processing step for mineral exploration is to assess the likelihood that any local anomaly corresponds to a desired economic target, which involves the extraction of target geometry and conductivity information from the AEM data.
Abstract: When airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data is acquired as a streamed or time-series data set, the great redundancy in the data favours compression as a first step in processing. Traditional data compression schemes are time windowing and spatial averaging. An alternative, more efficient data compression scheme is to transform time or frequency domain data to time-constant tau space, which has the effect of removing the waveform dependence of the AEM response. When there are many local anomalies and a variable background, the next stage of rapid processing is to transform the response to a conductivity-depth image (CDI) to facilitate geological interpretation of the background response. Use of the full time range of recorded data, particularly the inclusion of on-time data, improves the stability of the CDI process. The final AEM data processing step for mineral exploration is to assess the likelihood that any local anomaly corresponds to a desired economic target. This step involves the extraction of target geometry and conductivity information from the AEM data. The only economically feasible route at the present time is to parameterise both the data (using inductive and resistive limits) and the model to allow inversion of the local anomalies. A fit to one or two plate-like conductors can be achieved in seconds; fits to a block-like body take minutes on a fast PC. A significant research challenge remains to speed up and stabilise this process.
TL;DR: Analysis of yeast stained simultaneously with CY and PI or with Ox and PI demonstrated that PI and CY assays were in mutual agreement with respect to viability assessments, and permit physical selection of individual yeast cells from populations of mixed viability.
Abstract: Yeast suspensions were analysed by flow cytometry after dye staining for determination of total and viable cell densities Results were comparable to traditional colony counting and, in addition, provided further information on the percentage of total cells that were viable The flow cytometric methods provided results within 20 min whereas colony counts were not available until 36 h We evaluated a number of fluorescent dyes: ChemChrome Y (CY), oxonol (Ox), propidium iodide (PI), Fungolight and rhodamine 123, for accurate determination of viability of industrial yeast cultures and freshly re-hydrated high activity dried yeast (HADY) PI, Ox and CY gave the most conclusive live/dead discrimination and were the simplest to use Culturing after dye staining and cell sorting demonstrated that the yeast remained viable after cell sorting and incubation with PI, CY or Ox The methods, therefore, permit physical selection of individual yeast cells from populations of mixed viability Sorting demonstrated that PI stained non-culturable cells whilst CY stained culturable cells Analysis of yeast stained simultaneously with CY and PI or with Ox and PI demonstrated that PI and CY assays were in mutual agreement with respect to viability assessments The Ox assay was in agreement with CY and PI for live/heat-killed mixtures However, for re-hydrated HADY, Ox stained a significantly (P < or = 005) higher proportion of cells than did PI
TL;DR: The authors explored academic activities with particular reference to research in the accounting and management disciplines and explored emerging social constructions of the role of research in academic work and the concept of what is deemed to constitute "quality" research.
Abstract: This study explores academic activities with particular reference to research in the accounting and management disciplines. It explores emerging social constructions of the role of research in academic work and the concept of what is deemed to constitute “quality” research. To this end it presents the results of an exploratory set of interviews with a sample of “gatekeepers”, namely professors and heads of accounting and management departments in British and Australian universities. They offer insights into the factors determining their construction of what constitutes quality in an academic’s research and publishing record, their ranking of various publication types and of publication activity generally, and their assessment of the influence of government policy priorities on the social construction of research quality.
TL;DR: This review focuses on phosphorylation of serine, threonine and tyrosine, the most commonly phosphorylated amino acids in eukaryotes, and considers the speed, simplicity and sensitivity of tools for detection and identification, as well as quantitation and site characterisation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the spatial fidelity of ground-active invertebrate (ants and several beetle families): Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, Pselaphidae), vascular plant, and vertebrate assemblages (birds, small mammals, frogs, and reptiles) at 56 sites in a range of eastern Australian forest types.
Abstract: The design of a protected areas network that contains or represents as many species as possible (maximum complementarity of areas) is a first step toward in situ conservation of species biodiversity. In the absence of complete species inventories, however, area selection must employ surrogate data such as the distribution of plant or vertebrate species. The degree to which the use of these taxa results in a network of sites with maximum complementarity for others depends on levels of assemblage fidelity among taxa. Assemblage fidelity is defined here as the degree to which assemblages from different phylogenic groups co-occur in space and time. We examined the spatial fidelity of ground-active invertebrate (ants and several beetle families: Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, Pselaphidae), vascular plant, and vertebrate assemblages (birds, small mammals, frogs, and reptiles) at 56 sites in a range of eastern Australian forest types. We used unlogged (n = 32) and logged (n = 24) forest sites. Assemblage fidelity was assessed by ordination and Mantel correlation, and patterns of species richness and species turnover that helped explain the findings were analyzed by simple correlation, cluster analysis, and two indices of β diversity. Our analyses revealed general assemblage fidelity among plant, vertebrate, and invertebrate assemblages, and results were consistent in both unlogged and logged forest. In several forest types, however, fidelity among invertebrates and plants was low due to high invertebrate turnover. Overall levels of species turnover were much higher for vascular plants and invertebrates than for vertebrates. Species richness patterns at individual sites were generally uncorrelated among taxa. Our findings suggest that (1) the exclusion of invertebrates from biodiversity surveys cannot be justified on the assumption that plant and vertebrate assemblages act as surrogates for invertebrate species-level biodiversity or on the basis of cost-efficiency; (2) both spatial fidelity and species turnover are useful for evaluating the role of selected taxa as surrogates for the species-level biodiversity of others; (3) the selection of sites for in situ biodiversity conservation should consider taxa that exhibit high levels of species turnover; and (4) the inclusion of invertebrates in biodiversity surveys may offer considerable cost savings and be more representative of species biodiversity than conventional plant and vertebrate surveys.
Fidelidad Espacial de Ensamblajes de Plantas, Vertebrados e Invertebrados en Bosques de usos Multiples en Australia Oriental
El diseno de redes de areas protegidas que contengan o representen tantas expecies como sea posible (complementaridad maxima de areas) es un primer paso hacia la conservacion in situ de la biodiversidad de especies. Sin embargo, en ausencia de inventarios de especies completos, la seleccion del area debera emplear datos alternativos como son la distribucion de especies de plantas o vertebrados. El grado de resultado del empleo de estos datos en una red de sitios con maxima complementaridad para con otros dependera del nivel de fidelidad del ensamblaje entre datos. La fidelidad del ensamblaje se define aqui como el grado con el cual los ensamblajes de diferentes grupos filogeneticos co-ocurren en espacio y tiempo. Examinamos la fidelidad espacial de invetebrados activos del suelo (hormigas y varias familias de escarabajos: Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, Pselaphidae), plantas vasculares y ensamblajes de vertebrados (aves, mamiferos pequenos, ranas y reptiles) en 56 sitios de un rango de bosques de Australia oriental. Utilizamos sitios con bosques no talados (n = 32) y talados (n = 24). La fidelidad del ensamblaje se evaluo por medio de ordenacion y correlacion de Mantel, los patrones de riqueza y renovacion de especies que ayudaron a explicar los resultados fueron analizados mediante correlacion simple, analisis de conglomerados (clusters) y dos indices de diversidad β. Nuestros analisis revelan una fidelidad general entre esamblajes de plantas, vertebrados e invetebrados y que los resultados son consistentes tanto en areas taladas como en no taladas. Sin embargo, en diversos tipos de bosques, la fidelidad entre invertebrados y plantas fue baja debido a una elevada tasa de renovacion de invertebrados. En general, los patrones de riqueza de especies en sitios individuales no estuvieron correlacionados entre taxas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que: (1) la exclusion de invertebrados de los estudios de biodiversidad no puede ser justificada bajo la aserveracion de que los ensamblajes de plantas y vertebrados actuan como indicadores alternativos de biodiversidad para el nivel de especies de invertebrados, ni en base a costo-eficiencia; (2) tanto la fidelidad espacial como la tasa de renovacion son valiosos para la evaluacion del papel de los taxas seleccionados como alternativos para la biodiversidad a nivel de especie de otros taxas; (3) la seleccion de sitios para la conservacion de la biodiversidad in situ, debera considerar taxas que exhiban niveles altos de renovacion de especies y (4) la inclusion de invertebrados en estudios de biodiversidad podria ofrecer ahorros considerables en costos a la vez de ser mas representativos de la biodiversidad de especies que los estudios convencionales de plantas y vertebrados.
TL;DR: The data suggest that unconscious processes are at least partially involved in the transmission of trauma, and may establish these phenomena as a particular form of Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder.
Abstract: Objective: This study examines the phenomenology of intergenerational transmission of trauma with the aim of elucidating the interactional process of transmission within an object relations framework.Method: The method consisted of systematic textual analysis of semi-structured interviews with six Jewish women born after the war who were children of concentration camp interned Holocaust survivors.Results: Four superordinate themes were identified: heightened awareness of parents' Holocaust survivor status, parenting style, overidentification with parents' experiences and transmission of fear and mistrust. These were found despite the variation in parental communication.Conclusions: The data suggest that unconscious processes are at least partially involved in the transmission of trauma. A form of projective identification is proposed as an explanatory mechanism which brings together diverse aspects of the observed phenomena: projection by the parent of Holocaust-related feelings and anxieties into the chi...
TL;DR: This work has identified every site of glycosylation of CBHI from a high cellulase-producing mutant strain of T. reesei, ALKO2877, and characterised each site in terms of its modifying carbohydrate and site-specific heterogeneity.
Abstract: Cellobiohydrolase I is an industrially important exocellulase secreted in high yields by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. The nature and effect of glycosylation of CBHI and other cellulolytic enzymes is largely unknown, although many other structural and mechanistic aspects of cellulolytic enzymes are well characterised. Using a combination of liquid chromatography, electrospray mass spectrometry, solid-phase Edman degradation, and monosaccharide analysis we have identified every site of glycosylation of CBHI from a high cellulase-producing mutant strain of T. reesei, ALKO2877, and characterised each site in terms of its modifying carbohydrate and site-specific heterogeneity. The catalytic core domain comprises three N-linked glycans which each consist of a single N-acetylglucosamine residue. Within the glycopeptide linker domain, all eight threonines are variably glycosylated with between at least one, and up to three, mannose residues per site. All serines in this domain are at least partially glycosylated with a single mannose residue. This linker region has also been shown to be sulfated by a combination of ion chromatography and collision-induced dissociation electrospray mass spectrometry. The sulfate is probably mannose-linked. The biological significance of N-linked single N-acetylglucosamine in the catalytic core, and mannose sulfation in the linker region, is not known.
TL;DR: In this paper, the length effect in nonword reading aloud was investigated in order to assess whether that effect is driven by the number of letters in a string or by the graphemes in the string.
Abstract: In the work presented here, the length effect in nonword reading aloud was investigated in order to assess whether that effect is driven by the number of letters in a string or by the number of graphemes in a string Simulation work with the Dual-Route Cascaded (DRC) model (eg, Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993; Coltheart & Rastle, 1994) uncovered a surprising finding regarding the length effect; the same result was obtained in an experiment with human subjects The results are discussed in terms of the DRC model, with particular reference to serial processing and interphoneme inhibition, two properties critical to understanding the effect reported here