Showing papers by "Mahidol University published in 1986"
TL;DR: Dyserythropoiesis and erythrophagocytosis were often present on admission but sometimes appeared after the parasitaemia had cleared and persisted for at least three weeks into convalescence, suggesting disturbances in iron metabolism and haemopoiedis are not completely explicable by red blood cell parasitisation.
Abstract: Ninety-four per cent of 169 patients with cerebral malaria developed anaemia (haematocrit less than 35 per cent) and 30 per cent required blood transfusion to maintain the haematocrit at more than 21 per cent. Anaemia was at its worst on admission in 58 patients (34 per cent); in the rest the haematocrit fell further, reaching its nadir one to 17 days later (mean 2.3 days). The mean lowest haematocrit was 24.3 +/- 7.2 per cent (+/- 1 SD) and the mean maximum fall was 7.9 +/- 5.6 per cent. Anaemia was more severe in patients with bacterial infection, retinal haemorrhages, schizontaemia and in pregnancy. The lowest haematocrit correlated with admission parasitaemia (r = -0.33, p less than 0.001), total serum bilirubin (r = -0.25, p less than 0.01) and serum creatinine (r = -0.22, p less than 0.01). In 23 patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria the mean serum iron on admission was 53 micrograms/dl (range 16-157) and the mean serum ferritin 1773 ng/ml (range 170-10 000). There was a significant (p less than 0.001) rise in serum iron 96 h after starting antimalarial treatment; the serum ferritin declined slowly over several weeks. Stainable iron was present in all marrows examined and in eight patients the characteristic pattern of the anaemia of chronic disorders was seen. Seventy-three per cent of patients had dyserythropoiesis which was moderate to gross in 36 per cent. Dyserythropoiesis and erythrophagocytosis were often present on admission but sometimes appeared after the parasitaemia had cleared and persisted for at least three weeks into convalescence. These disturbances in iron metabolism and haemopoiesis are not completely explicable by red blood cell parasitisation. They may contribute more to the anaemia than has previously been recognised.
231 citations
TL;DR: To fulfil its potential as the most versatile immunoassay technique in snake bite research, the test conditions of the ELISA will have to be much more stringently controlled in future.
138 citations
TL;DR: Three monospecific antivenom for Malayan pit viper (MPV) (Calloselasma rhodostoma) were compared in Southern Thailand, where this species is the most common cause of snake bite morbidity, and the clinical efficacy of these antivenoms against local necrosis remains equivocal.
Abstract: Three monospecific antivenoms for Malayan pit viper (MPV) (Calloselasma rhodostoma) were compared in Southern Thailand, where this species is the most common cause of snake bite morbidity. Forty-six patients with proved MPV bites and incoagulable blood, indicating systemic envenoming, were randomly allocated for treatment with Thai Red Cross (TRC), Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO), or Twyford Pharmaceutical monospecific antivenoms. Both GPO and Twyford antivenoms produced rapid and permanent restoration of blood coagulability, but TRC antivenom failed in 2/15 cases. Patients in the GPO group showed the greatest increase in plasma fibrinogen concentration during the first 24 hr and had fewer early anaphylactic reactions (6/15) compared with Twyford 8/16 and with TRC 13/15. Pyrogenic reactions occurred more frequently after TRC antivenom (8/15) than GPO (1/15) or Twyford (0/16). Patients requiring more than one dose of antivenom were identifiably more severely envenomed on admission. In an accompanying laboratory study the antivenoms were assessed in rodents using five WHO standard tests of neutralizing activity. Compared with the other two antivenoms TRC was significantly inferior in anti-lethal potency, GPO was superior in anti-hemorrhagic and anti-necrotic potency and Twyford was superior in anti-procoagulant and anti-defibrinogenating potency. The clinical efficacy of these antivenoms against local necrosis remains equivocal. GPO and Twyford antivenoms are recommended for the treatment of systemic envenoming by MPV in an initial dose of 5 ampoules.
96 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the blood-CSF barrier is essentially intact in patients with cerebral malaria and give no support to the idea that cerebral edema is the cause of coma.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that cerebral malaria is caused by blood-brain barrier inflammation and cerebral edema. In a group of 157 Thai patients with strictly defined cerebral malaria, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressures were normal in 79% and were lower in fatal cases than in survivors (means +/- 1 SD, 144 +/- 58 and 167 +/- 51 mm CSF, respectively, P = 0.051). CSF: serum albumin ratios (X 10(3)) in 39 of them were significantly higher than in 61 British controls (medians 8.5 and 5.5, respectively, P = 0.04), but were no higher in 7 fatal cases. In a group of 12 patients this ratio was not significantly higher during coma than after full recovery (means +/- 1 SD, 9.0 +/- 6.2 and 6.7 +/- 4.2, respectively, P greater than 0.1). CSF alpha 2-macroglobulin concentrations were always normal. CSF : serum 77Br- ratios were elevated in 11/19 comatose cases but fell to normal 4 to 9 days later in 11/11 cases. Dexamethasone treatment had no significant effect on bromide partition. The percentage of an intravenously administered dose of 125I-human serum albumin detectable per ml of CSF 6 hr after intravenous injection was 2.4 +/- 1.3 X 10(-5) in 14 comatose patients and 4.4 +/- 4.0 X 10(-5) in 9 of them during convalescence (P greater than 0.1). These results demonstrate that the blood-CSF barrier is essentially intact in patients with cerebral malaria and give no support to the idea that cerebral edema is the cause of coma.
85 citations
TL;DR: Control of opisthorchiasis through snail control does not appear practical because of the widespread distribution of the snails, their ability to survive in very unstable habitats, and for other reasons concerned with the existence of the fish host between snail and human hosts.
81 citations
TL;DR: This study confirms the value of ELISA-immunodiagnosis and the predominance of N. kaouthia as a cause of neurotoxic envenoming in the Bang Phli area and suggests that patients with neurotoxic signs should be given B. fasciatus antivenom if they fail to respond to cobra antivenoms.
Abstract: The monocellate Thai cobra (Naja kaouthia) is a major cause of snake bite mortality and morbidity throughout Thailand, but neither the local nor the systemic effects of its venom are diagnostic. Species diagnosis is important because only monospecific antivenoms are available for treatment in Thailand. We tested the ability of the ELISA technique to detect venom antigen in the sera of 58 acute snake bite cases including 4 fatalities, and venom antibody in 51 patients bitten between 1 month and 19 years previously. N. kaouthia venom antigen was found in 8 of 33 patients with only local envenoming and in 14 of 20 with local plus systemic (neurotoxic) envenoming, but the mean venom concentration was 33 times greater in the latter group. The serum of 1 fatal case contained banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) but no cobra venom antigen. N. kaouthia venom antibody was present in sera of patients bitten between 1 month and 7 years previously. Antibody was found in 6 of 8 patients who had had local envenoming alone but in only 19 of 41 who had had systemic envenoming treated by antivenom. The titer of antibody declined with an approximate half time of 2-3 years. One patient had a significant titer of B. fasciatus venom antibody. This study confirms the value of ELISA-immunodiagnosis and the predominance of N. kaouthia as a cause of neurotoxic envenoming in the Bang Phli area. However, the attribution of 1 fatal case to B. fasciatus bite suggests that patients with neurotoxic signs should be given B. fasciatus antivenom if they fail to respond to cobra antivenom.
78 citations
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, four novel diterpenes have been isolated from Jatropha curcus and the structures have been determined by NMR spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction.
71 citations
TL;DR: Two dosages of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, 100 mg and 150 mg given every 90 days, were compared in two groups of women with regard to effectiveness, reported complaints and reasons for discontinuation, showing little difference in efficacy and side effects.
69 citations
TL;DR: Rodney Phillips and David Warrell as discussed by the authors reviewed aspects of that work and attempt to unravel the mysteries of the pathophysiology of severe malaria in man, and found that an understanding of these mechanisms forms an important basis for the clinical management of affected patients.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-sectional acoustical investigation of the development of the voicing contrast in Thai word-initial stops was performed in seven 3-year-old children, seven 5-year old children, 7 7-yearold children and seven adults.
Abstract: This paper reports on a cross-sectional acoustical investigation of the development of the voicing contrast in Thai word-initial stops. Voice onset time (VOT) productions associated with three bilabial stops (/b p ph/), three alveolar stops (/d t th/), and two velar stops (/k kh/) were measured in seven 3-year-old children, seven 5-year-old children, seven 7-year-old children, and seven adults. Within each age group, differences in mean VOT between homorganic stop consonants indicated that 3-year-olds have acquired all voicing contrasts except /b/ vs. /p/ and /d/ vs. /t/. By age five, children have acquired all voicing contrasts. However, as measured by differences in mean VOT across age groups, 5-year-olds still do not produce /b/ or/d/ in an adult-like manner. Issues concerning the order of acquisition and nature of development of stop consonants are discussed.
TL;DR: The results suggest that nedocromil sodium may be a potentially useful therapeutic agent and is worthy of further evaluation for the treatment of reversible obstructive airways disease.
Abstract: Summary
In this double-blind placebo controlled crossover study the protective effect of nedocromil sodium against bronchial allergen challenge was evaluated in ten asthmatic patients. Single doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg nedocromil sodium, administered as a pressurized aerosol 3 hr prior to challenge, were each significantly more effective than placebo in inhibiting allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. The 1.0 and 2.0 mg doses of the active drug were significantly more effective than the 0.5 mg dose. No significant difference was demonstrated between the 1.0 and 2.0 mg doses. Duration of protection beyond 3 hr was not tested. The results suggest that nedocromil sodium may be a potentially useful therapeutic agent and is worthy of further evaluation for the treatment of reversible obstructive airways disease.
TL;DR: Jirds were vaccinated by three to five subcutaneous injections of infective larvae of Brugia pahangi which had been irradiated at 25, 45 or 90 krads from a 60Co source and found resistance to SC challenge worms.
Abstract: Jirds were vaccinated by three to five subcutaneous (SC) injections of infective larvae of Brugia pahangi which had been irradiated at 25, 45 or 90 krads from a 60 Co source. They were challenged either SC or intraperitoneally. Vaccination with four doses of 50 larvae irradiated with 25 krads produced 49·3% resistance to IP challenge worms and 39·8% against SC challenge worms. Five doses of larvae irradiated with 45 krads produced 62% resistance to SC challenge. Three doses of larvae irradiated with 90 krads produced 74·9% resistance to SC challenge and five doses produced 76·2% resistance. The reasons why irradiated larvae produce resistance whereas normal larvae do not are discussed.
TL;DR: CTPD patients have partial C-peptide reserve, which may protect against ketosis and contribute to ketosis resistance in CTPD, and the results suggest that CTPD patients require insulin treatment.
Abstract: Serum C-peptide levels were measured during a glucagon stimulation test in ten normal nonobese controls and 54 diabetic patients with recent onset of diabetes under 30 years of age. Diabetic patients were comprised of 13 CTPD, 23 IDDM, and 18 NIDDM. As similar to IDDM patients, serum C-peptide concentrations did not rise significantly (P > 0.05) in response to glucagon administration in CTPD-patients. Mean baseline and peak serum C-peptide concentrations in CTPD-patients were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the values in normal controls and NIDDM patients, but were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in IDDM patients. We conclude that CTPD patients have partial C-peptide reserve, which may protect against ketosis and contribute to ketosis resistance in CTPD. Our results also suggest that CTPD patients require insulin treatment. Neither baseline nor peak C-peptide levels after glucagon could discriminate CTPD from IDDM and CTPD from NIDDM.
TL;DR: Hyperinsulinaemia, which caused sustained hypoglycaemia in a 32-year-old post-partum Thai patient who was receiving intravenous quinine for falciparum malaria, was suppressed within 30 min of starting SMS 201-995, and the patient became fully conscious.
TL;DR: Mice and rats given a lethal dose of nimbolide died of a marked and sudden drop in arterial blood pressure and respiratory paralysis within about 1-18 min, and nimbic acid was less toxic to mice with an i.p. and i.v. LD50 value of 265 mg/kg body wt.
TL;DR: Development and survival of immature anopheline mosquitoes were studied in 4 rice fields in northern Thailand and adding food to rice-field water shortened the larval duration and increased pupal size of Anopheles peditaeniatus in predatorfree cages.
Abstract: Development and survival of immature anopheline mosquitoes were studied in 4 rice fields in northern Thailand. Adding food to rice-field water shortened the larval duration and increased pupal size of Anopheles peditaeniatus in predatorfree cages. The mean survival of natural populations of Anopheles (Anopheles) (mostly peditaeniatus and sinensis ) from larval hatch to adult emergence was estimated to be 2% (range 0–6%) using vertical age-grading methods. Mortality attributable to aquatic predators was variable among fields (19–54%) and was correlated positively with the abundance of aquatic predators (excluding Cyclopoida). Surface predators were a minor mortality factor (0–10%). Nonpredator-related mortality was greater than predator-related mortality in 2 of 4 rice fields. The floating plant Azolla imbricata increased mortality among An. peditaeniatus and An. sinensis larvae in the laboratory.
TL;DR: The effects of gossypol acetic acid on human and monkey sperm motility in vitro were studied by using multiexposure photography technique to find that motility of human spermatozoa was not completely suppressed by gOSSypol even at the highest concentration used and longest duration of exposure.
TL;DR: It was found that caffeine significantly increased the rate of appearance as well as the maximum concentration of salicylate in the plasma by about 25% and 17% in the subjects given the drug combination as compared to those given aspirin alone.
Abstract: The effects of caffeine on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of aspirin were studied in 12 healthy adult male volunteers The subjects received 650 mg of aspirin or 650 mg of aspirin with 120 mg of caffeine citrate orally It was found that caffeine significantly increased the rate of appearance as well as the maximum concentration of salicylate in the plasma by about 25% and 17%, respectively Moreover, area under the plasma concentration-time curve of salicylate was significantly higher in the subjects given the drug combination as compared to those given aspirin alone There was no change in the plasma half-life, volume of distribution and clearance of salicylate
TL;DR: Cytogenetic study of his bone marrow revealed a new chromosomal translocation (1;3)(q36;q21), which has only recently been described in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome.
TL;DR: Females of Anopheles minimus Theobald at a site in northern Thailand that were caught on man or domestic bovids and were released showed a significant tendency to return to the type of host upon which they were first caught.
Abstract: Females of Anopheles minimus Theobald at a site in northern Thailand that were caught on man or domestic bovids and were released showed a significant tendency to return to the type of host upon which they were first caught (P = 0·03). From a total of 3526 individuals marked and released, 51 were recaptured. A simple explanation is that the taxon is in fact a mixture of two or more morphologically cryptic species, a suggestion already indicated by previous studies.
TL;DR: In this paper, two new lathyranes have been isolated from Jatrophu curcus and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, respectively.
TL;DR: Results clearly indicate that vitamin A deficiency interferes with the transport of IgA antibodies into the bile of A- rats, which are rendered vitamin A deficient following withdrawal of Retinoic acid from the diet of retinoate-cycled animals.
Abstract: The effect of vitamin A deficiency on biliary secretion of IgA was investigated. Rats used in this study were rendered vitamin A deficient following withdrawal of retinoic acid from the diet of retinoate-cycled animals. This procedure allows a precise control of both the onset of deficiency and dietary protein-energy input. Defective synthesis and transport of IgA antibodies into the bile was evident when vitamin A-deficient rats (A-) were immunized by injections of either Brucella abortus or sheep red blood cells directly into the Peyer's patches. Antibody titers in the bile of A- animals were significantly lower than those of A+ controls (P less than 0.01). These A- rats also had significantly lower levels of total IgA in the bile compared with A+ controls (P less than 0.05). Moreover, the transport of labeled rat IgA injected intravenously was adversely affected in these animals. These results, together with our previous report on the impaired intestinal antibody in A- rats, clearly indicate that vitamin A deficiency interferes with the transport of IgA antibodies into the bile of these animals.
TL;DR: Suggestions are made that the anterior pituitary is another target organ of melatonin, which is converted into other active material which exerts its action in the testis and prostate gland and melatonin and its active derivative exert their action through the nuclei of their respective cells.
TL;DR: Comparison of the surface morphology of adult Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese, Philippine and Indonesian strains) by scanning electron microscopy shows that among males there are differences in the number and distribution of papillae and the pattern of ridges and among females, the surfaces of females are relatively similar.
TL;DR: Prognosis in scar carcinoma may be related to tumor differentiation and the degree of host response with small lymphocytes to the tumor, rather than to the universally poor prognosis recorded in the past.
Abstract: Twelve cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in scars of the skin are analyzed. Correlation of tumor aggressiveness, tumor differentiation, intensity of small lymphocyte infiltration, and nature of adjacent collagen tissue to tumor stroma was investigated. All tumors were predominantly well differentiated. Nine patients had no metastasis or recurrence after surgical treatment of the primary tumor. Three patients developed widespread metastases and died less than 2 years after operation. The tumors of these latter patients contained areas of pleomorphic and spindle cells and had minimal infiltrates of small lymphocytes. In contrast, the 9 patients who remained free of tumor had moderate infiltrates of small lymphocytes, and in just 1 of 9 was an area of pleomorphic tumor cells found. Prognosis in scar carcinoma, therefore, may be related to tumor differentiation and the degree of host response with small lymphocytes to the tumor, rather than to the universally poor prognosis recorded in the past.
TL;DR: The lethal effect was associated at least in part with the damage of the surface tegument as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopic examination, in which the stubby microvilli swelled within 15 min of exposure to fresh normal human serum.
TL;DR: There was a large increase in the transport of l-glucose into infected erythrocytes, which raises the possibility of the presence of a new pathway other than simple diffusion, or the carrier-mediated pathway revealed by cytochalasin B or phloretin inhibition.
TL;DR: The scientific output of major institutions in Thailand was examined from the number of international publications covered by SCI, publications inJournal of the Science Society of Thailand and abstracts presented at the annual symposium of the science society of Thailand.
Abstract: The scientific output of major institutions in Thailand was examined from the number of international publications covered byScience Citation Index (SCI), publications inJournal of the Science Society of Thailand (J. Sci. Soc. Thailand) and abstracts presented at the annual symposium of the Science Society of Thailand. A good correlation (r=0.92) was observed between the number of publications covered bySCI and inJournal of the Science Society of Thailand, while a poorer correlation (r=0.73) was observed between the former and the number of symposium abstracts.
TL;DR: Levels and types of collagen from normal and Opisthorchis viverrini infected hamster livers were compared and both collagen types increased gradually with duration of infection and reached plateau after 4 months of infection.