Showing papers by "Makerere University published in 1970"
TL;DR: Fifteen consecutive cases of termination of pregnancy with intravenous infusions of prostaglandin F 2α (50 μg per minute) are described, with abortion successful in fourteen cases and complete in thirteen.
304 citations
TL;DR: The data provide support for the hypothesis that antecedent viral-hepatitis infection may play some role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in Uganda.
177 citations
TL;DR: The effect of prostaglandin E2 on the activity of the pregnant human uterus in vivo has been studied in 50 women at or near term and in need of induction.
135 citations
TL;DR: This study showed that single doses of CTX are capable of inducing long remissions in patients with localized disease and the prognosis is improved in stage III patients who undergo surgical reduction of tumor bulk prior to chemotherapy.
Abstract: The results of therapy of 57 previously untreated patients with Burkitt's tumor seen over a 2-year period at the Lymphoma Treatment Center, Kampala, Uganda are reported. Thirty-seven patients were randomized to either a single dose or multiple doses of intravenous cyclophosphamide (CTX) 40 mg/kg. Ten of 11 patients with localized (stage I-II) disease have continued in complete remission regardless of drug schedule. Among stage III patients, remission duration was shorter and relapse was more common in the group receiving a single dose. Intrathecal chemotherapy using methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside was successfully employed in the management of 12 patients with malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. However, more aggressive and prolonged therapy is indicated to prevent relapse. Secondary chemotherapy using vincristine, methotrexate, and cytosine arabinoside produced complete responses in 90% of patients relapsing on multiple-dose CTX. This study showed that: 1. single doses of CTX are capable of inducing long remissions in patients with localized disease; 2. multiple doses of CTX do not appear harmful in the maintenance of remissions in patients with localized tumors; 3. multiple doses of CTX result in fewer relapses and longer remissions in patients with visceral (stage III) disease compared with a single-dose regimen; 4. the prognosis is improved in stage III patients who undergo surgical reduction of tumor bulk prior to chemotherapy; and 5. recognition and aggressive treatment of patients in relapse, particularly those with central nervous system involvement, are important considerations in the long term management of Burkitt's tumor.
114 citations
TL;DR: The relatively low proportion of polyenoic acids in meat from domestic animals may be attributable to infiltration of muscle by adipose tissue, and the findings are discussed in relation to human diets vis-a-vis (a) modern and (b) evolutionary contexts.
94 citations
90 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that PPP is a selective antagonist to the prostaglandins on these tissues, for contractions produced by other agonists, such as acetylcholine, angiotensin, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin were not reduced by concentrations of PPP which markedly antagonized responses to the limbs.
Abstract: 1. The antagonism of the smooth muscle stimulating actions of PGF2a and PGE2 by polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) was studied on several isolated smooth muscle preparations and on the blood pressure of the anaesthetized rabbit.
2. PPP (2·5-20 μg/ml) reversibly inhibited contractions of the jird colon produced by PGE2 or PGF2a; PGF2a was more readily antagonized than PGE2.
3. PPP (2·5-30 μg/ml) reversibly antagonized contractions produced by PGE2 and PGF2a on the isolated rabbit jejunum and uterus. In these preparations PPP antagonized PGE2 as readily as PGF2a.
4. It is concluded that PPP is a selective antagonist to the prostaglandins on these tissues, for contractions produced by other agonists, such as acetylcholine, angiotensin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin were not reduced by concentrations of PPP which markedly antagonized responses to the prostaglandins.
5. Intravenous injections of PPP (25-200 mg/kg) resulted in a variable antagonism to the fall in blood pressure produced by intravenous injections of PGF2a in the anaesthetized rabbit; vasodepressor responses produced by PGE2 and acetylcholine were not antagonized.
6. The mechanism of this antagonism by PPP is not clear and must await further investigation.
83 citations
TL;DR: Thirty-five of 77 patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma presented or developed evidence of central nervous system involvement by tumor, which points to direct tumor extension to intracranial structures (duraarachnoid) as the pathogenesis of these lesions.
81 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the role attributed to the vasodilator nerves, anticipatory to muscle exercise, are played by other mechanisms in species lacking sympathetic cholinergic vasodillator nerves.
Abstract: The lumbar sympathetic chain was electrically stimulated in different species before and after blocking the adrenergic vasoconstrictor nervous response. Blood flow in the hind limb skeletal muscles was measured. In all species studied, fox, sheep, goat, monkey (five different strains), polecat, rat, badger, opossum rat and hare, stimulation of the lumbar chain before adrenergic blockade resulted in a vasoconstriction. After blocking the vasoconstrictor nervous response stimulation elicited a blood flow increase in fox, sheep and goat. After atropine, the response to stimulation was blocked, indicating that sympathetic cholinergic nerves had been activated. In the other species studied no vasodilator response was observed upon sympathetic chain stimulation. The results suggest that the role attributed to the vasodilator nerves, anticipatory to muscle exercise, are played by other mechanisms in species lacking sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves.
60 citations
TL;DR: Electrophoretic separation is described for acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase, leucine amino peptidase, lactase, malate, α-glutamate, glucose-6-ph phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases from adults of four populations of Schistosoma mansoni and one population of S. haematobium, finding clear qualitative differences between species.
52 citations
TL;DR: The isolated non‐pregnant cervix has been shown to exhibit spontaneous isotonic and isometric contractility and to respond to drugs.
TL;DR: High concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2α have been found in human amniotic fluid following spontaneous abortion at 13–23 weeks gestation and their possible role in premature labour leading to spontaneous abortion is discussed.
TL;DR: PP in concentrations of 5–10 μm/ml was found to selectively antagonise the actions of F prostaglandins on the jird colon.
TL;DR: Adult females urinate much more often than males and this is thought to be a behavioural adaptation whereby the males can tell whether or not a female is in heat.
Abstract: Summary
Warthog activity was recorded at 4-min intervals for continuous periods of 14 h on three consecutive days. The major activities were feeding or lying down and walking. The amount of time spent in feeding is related to the size of the animal and maximum-intensity feeding occurs in the early morning and in the late afternoon and evening. The animals drank usually only once each day. Adult females urinate much more often than males and this is thought to be a behavioural adaptation whereby the males can tell whether or not a female is in heat.
TL;DR: The Hadza, a small tribe living near Lake Eyasi, Tanzania, lived by hunting and gathering until 1964–1965 when most of them were persuaded to settle, with data on neighbouring peoples and other hunter-gatherers, especially the Bushmen of southern Africa.
Abstract: The Hadza, a small tribe living near Lake Eyasi, N. Tanzania, lived by hunting and gathering until 1964–1965 when most of them were persuaded to settle. The data reported here were collected in 1966 and 1967 and cover both settled Hadza and those still nomadic. In the dry season (1966) most of the malaria infections were in children and most of them were due to P. malariae. At the end of the wet season (1967) a higher proportion of adults were infected and about half the infections were with P. falciparum. All of 132 representative sera tested for malarial antibodies were positive. No systematic difference in malaria incidence was found between nomadic and settled groups. 72·2% of serological tests for Toxoplasma were positive and there was no significant difference between nomadic and settled groups. Trypanosomes were not detected in any of the blood films and serological tests revealed only one positive. Stool examinations showed Entamoeba coli to be more frequent in the settled than in the nomadic Hadza. Entamoeba histolytica cysts were seldom found (1·4–8·6%) and were least frequent in the nomads. Serological tests, however, were commonly positive, but again lowest in the nomads. Hookworm, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Enterobius, Taenia and Schistosoma mansoni were found only rarely. Trichuris was relatively frequent in the males of one nomadic group. Ova of S. haematobium were found in only 2 295 urine specimens and serological tests also indicated a low incidence of schistosomiasis. Few of the subjects had haemoglobin levels below 10 g. per 100 ml. The levels in adult males of the nomadic group were close to European norms and probably higher than in the settled Hadza. The levels of IgA, IgG and especially IgM are higher in the Hadza than in British subjects. The distributions of IgA and IgM levels show increased skewing as age increases. Ig levels did not appear to be raised in subjects with malaria parasitaemia or splenomegaly or in those serologically positive for schistosomiasis or amoebiasis. The results are compared with 3 earlier, more restricted, surveys of the Hadza, with data on neighbouring peoples and other hunter-gatherers, especially the Bushmen of southern Africa.
TL;DR: It is suggested that infection with the long-incubation serum-hepatitis virus may be of pathogenic importance in the development of cirrhosis and the complement-fixation method proved useful in detecting patients with low titres of circulating antigen.
TL;DR: Haemophilus influenzae type b was isolated from 4·5% of outpatient children living in various parts of Kampala city and its surroundings, indicating that in ordinary open communities the transmission of this serotype from one household to another may be an extremely rare event.
Abstract: Haemophilus influenzae type b was isolated from 4·5% of outpatient children living in various parts of Kampala city and its surroundings. In contrast, this serotype was carried by up to 53% (average 29%) of 14 to 18 children living as a group in an orphanage. This finding indicates that the high carriage rate for this serotype demonstrated by Turk (1963) in a group of orphanage infants in Jamaica was not an isolated finding, and that it may be expected where large groups of children live together.
H. influenzae type b did not appear to be a readily transmitted organism even in that group of children with a high carriage rate. This suggests that in ordinary open communities the transmission of this serotype from one household to another may be an extremely rare event.
TL;DR: Anthropologists have generally accepted Gluckman's analysis of “intercalary” authority roles, notably that of the village headman, but a more flexible paradigm is needed that will permit an assessment of the headman's often considerable room for maneuver.
Abstract: Anthropologists have generally accepted Gluckman's analysis of “intercalary” authority roles, notably that of the village headman. But Gluckman emphasizes conflicting demands to the exclusion of sources of support and does not take account of the processual aspects of administration. A more flexible paradigm is needed, one that will permit an assessment of the headman's often considerable room for maneuver.
TL;DR: The web of the fruit bat Eidolon helvum contains a number of small muscles which have proved very suitable for the detailed study of muscle regeneration, in light and electron microscopy, and for the quantitation of recovering lesions.
Abstract: Much is known of the processes involved in the regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury. Yet in most accounts, the results are expressed in general or relative terms. Thus Adams, Denny-Brown & Pearson (1962) state that provided the architecture of the muscle survives, the reconstruction of ‘considerable lengths’ of muscle fibre is feasible. Wright (1963) makes a plea for the application of quantitation, with the choice of ‘some muscle that is sufficiently small for counting and measuring techniques to be reasonably applicable…’ The web of the fruit bat Eidolon helvum (Kerr) contains a number of small muscles which have proved very suitable for the detailed study, in light and electron microscopy, of muscle regeneration (Church & Noronha, 1965; Church, Noronha & Allbrook, 1966) (Fig. 1 A–D), and for the quantitation of recovering lesions (Church, 1968). Satellite cells (Mauro, 1961), which are possibly the main source of myoblasts in regenerating muscle, have often been observed, yet again their numbers have only been expressed in general terms.
TL;DR: In this article, the conventional view of pools and riffles in straight channels being identified with bends and inflections in meander trains is challenged; the alternative identification, pools and rudders inflections and bends is argued.
Abstract: The conventional view of pools and riffles in straight channels being identified with bends and inflections in meander trains is challenged; the alternative identification, pools and riffles inflections and bends is argued. Difficulties inherent in the conventional view are outlined and it is shown that the alternative is consistent with Bagnold9s idea of “breakaways” when the radius of curvature is in the region of 2–3. The conflict could be resolved by experimental observation.
TL;DR: The Malayan Civil Service (M.C.S) as discussed by the authors was a group of men who were represented by a very small and oddly assorted group, quite separate and different from, and only loosely controlled by, the official colonial establishment in the Straits Settlements.
Abstract: When the British first became involved officially in the Malay States in 1874 they were represented there by a very small and oddly assorted group of men quite separate and different from, and only loosely controlled by, the official colonial establishment in the Straits Settlements. By the time of the Japanese occupation this had grown to a group which was very large by normal British colonial standards and had become much more homogeneous, conformed much more closely to general Colonial Office type, and also ruled in the Colony. It is the aim of this paper to trace this development, with an eye to the part played by the M.C.S. (as the Malayan Civil Service was always called) in Malayan history during the early twentieth century. I would myself contend that the corporate role of the M.C.S. was so important that this period of Malayan history, and especially the events of the 1920s and 1930s, cannot be understood without it. But I shall not here have time to explore this role fully, merely to indicate the sphere in which it was important and how it came to be so. The main themes will be the growth in numbers, the emergence of a distinctive esprit de corps, and the efforts, largely successful, to maintain a certain degree of independence–or at any rate internal self-government–which sometimes led it into disputes or open clashes with Whitehall, with the High Commissioner in Singapore, or with the rest of the European community in Malaya itself.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Earth current technique has been used to study the geomagnetic field with periods between 10 seconds and a few minutes for the year 1966 at Makerere University College, Kampala, Uganda.
TL;DR: The swamp worm Alma emini can withstand totally anaerobic conditions for up to 72 hr and seems to be an adaptation to an environment in which oxygen is always scarce and to short periods of complete anoxia.
TL;DR: Amniotic fluid examination was useful in assessing fetal maturity in patients for whom induction of labour or elective Caesarean section was planned and was particularly valuable for distinguishing between immature and small‐for‐dates infants.
TL;DR: Oculotrema hippopotami is a Polystomatid Monogenean that lives around the eye of the Hippopotamus, and tests have shown that red colour is due to haemoglobin.
Abstract: Oculotrema hippopotami is a Polystomatid Monogenean that lives around the eye of the Hippopotamus. The anterior two-thirds of the body of mature worms is a dark red colour, while the posterior part, including the haptor, is almost colourless. Tests have shown that red colour is due to haemoglobin. Haemoglobin has been recorded in Turbellaria1 and Digenea2 among other invertebrates, but this is apparently the first record from a Monogenean. O. hippopotami feeds on epithelial cells and exudates. No blood is found in the gut caeca, so any haemoglobin that is detected must be of parasitic origin.