Showing papers by "Makerere University published in 1971"
TL;DR: Corneal epithelium, nonetheless, has considerable healing capacity, which is achieved primarily by migration of epithelial cells, and should correspond to higher demands on the generative capacity of the corneal basal cells compared with skin.
Abstract: THE human cornea is covered by a five-layered epithelium. Cells are continually shed from its surface and replaced by division of the basal cells, which has a mean generation time estimated to be about 4 days1. Because of the papillae in the skin, the relation between the area of the basal cell layer and the surface is about 20 : 1. Because it must be refractive, there can be no papillae on the cornea, and the relation between the basal cell layer and the surface is accordingly 1 : 1. This should correspond to higher demands on the generative capacity of the corneal basal cells compared with skin. The epidermal basal cells are in close contact with a well developed capillary network. There are no vessels in the cornea, and so it can be assumed that the supply of its epithelium is poorer. Corneal epithelium, nonetheless, has considerable healing capacity, which is achieved primarily by migration of epithelial cells.
617 citations
413 citations
TL;DR: Differing histological patterns were found to correlate with the four clinical types of involvement and the lymph‐adenopathic variety occurred mainly in children where lymph‐node involvement was usually the sole manifestation, and in young adults where skin involvement was seen concomitantly.
Abstract: Thirty-seven Ugandan Africans with Kaposi's sarcoma were studied prospectively and a clinical classification was devised based on the clinical presentation of the disease and the appearance of the cutaneous tumours. The disease could be sub-classified into four major groups. The first consisted of patients with nodular disease which was associated with a relatively benign clinical course. Patients in the next two groups (florid and infiltrative) had more aggressive disease with extensive cutaneous lesions on one or more extremities, generally associated with involvement of adjacent bone. Cutaneous lesions in the florid group were exophytic tumours while in the infiltrative group deep lesions associated with dense fibrosis predominated, Finally, the lymph-adenopathic variety occurred mainly in children where lymph-node involvement was usually the sole manifestation, and in young adults where skin involvement was seen concomitantly. Differing histological patterns were found to correlate with the four clinical types of involvement.
299 citations
TL;DR: In 45 women pregnancy was terminated in the first and second trimesters and in 10 labour was induced at term by the intravaginal administration of prosta‐glandins E2 and F2α.
114 citations
TL;DR: The human u te rus se rves many important func t ions .
Abstract: The human u te rus se rves many important func t ions . These include: i) p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e process of mens t r u a t i o n # ii) de l ive ry of t h e l i v e f e t u s a f t e x maintaining pregnancy f o r n ine mon ths , i i i ) r e j e c t i o n of pregnancy spontaneous abor t ion o r expuls ion of t h e f e t u s before it becomes v i ab le . I n o rde r t o se rve t h e s e f u n c t i o n s f t h e u t e rus has t o produce r egu la r and rhythmic con t r ac t ions .
111 citations
TL;DR: Male-female interactions were found to change very little, qualitatively or quantitatively, with the reproductive state of the female, and Sykes' monkeys changed frequency of male-female interaction when they were mating, but the content of the interaction was unchanged except that they were seen to mate at these times.
62 citations
TL;DR: Intravaginal administration of prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α in twelve women who had passed their expected day of menstruation by two to seven days was carried out and induced menstruation in eleven women.
57 citations
TL;DR: Both the non‐pregnant and the pregnant uterus during early pregnancy showed a similar sensitivity to prostaglandin E2 and prostag landin F2α, and the non-preg pregnant uterus was not inhibited by prostaglandsin E1 at any dose level.
56 citations
55 citations
TL;DR: The dose–response curves for the production of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes have been determined for radiation exposure both in vitro and in vivo, with essentially the same results after irradiation in vivo and in vitro.
Abstract: SummaryThe dose–response curves for the production of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes have been determined for radiation exposure both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro response with 2 MeV x-rays follows approximately dose-squared kinetics over a range of 0–300 R. At low doses peripheral blood from an individual gives essentially the same results after irradiation in vivo and in vitro, but differences exist between individuals, though the response of blood cells from patients with cancer did not differ in this respect from controls. Extrapolation of in vivo data to doses higher than 50 R on the basis of the available in vitro data cannot yet be done with any certainty. More information is required on the shape of the in vivo dose–response curve, on the effect of the time after exposure at which the sample is taken and other possible factors that may cause variations.
51 citations
TL;DR: The effects of oral administration of prostaglandins E2 and F2α have been studied in 42 male and non‐pregnant female volunteers and in pregnant women.
TL;DR: A randomized trial of cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of florid and infiltrative types of Kaposi's sarcoma shows superiority of the latter form of therapy, with patients with florID lesions responded more rapidly and completely than those with infiltrative lesions.
Abstract: A randomized trial of cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of florid and infiltrative types of Kaposi's sarcoma is reported. One of 10 patients treated with cyclophosphamide and nine of 12 patients treated with actinomycin D had tumour regression, demonstrating the superiority of the latter form of therapy. Patients with florid lesions responded more rapidly and completely than those with infiltrative lesions. Histologically, those tumours with the monocellular pattern accompanied by marked fibrosis or those with anaplastic variants proved to be refractory to therapy.
TL;DR: The results show that 5HT, histamine, and catecholamine concentrations were within normal limits, but prostaglandin‐like materials was found in all Kaposi's sarcoma tissue tested, and the presence of this substance may explain the occurrence of persistent abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Abstract: Nine patients with Kaposi's sarcoma had tumor tissue, blood, and urine examined for the presence of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5HT), histamine, catecholamines, and prostaglandins to determine if an overproduction of any of these substances might be associated with some of the clinical features of the tumor. The features vary from pricking pains, itching, and increased local sweating to edema of the affected limb. In addition, a small percentage of patients develop gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. The results show that 5HT, histamine, and catecholamine concentrations were within normal limits. But prostaglandin‐like materials was found in all Kaposi's sarcoma tissue tested. The presence of this substance may explain the occurrence, in some patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, of persistent abdominal pain and diarrhea.
TL;DR: Active valley meanders are identified and some of their physical and hydrological characteristics described in this paper, where a detailed study of a small catchment shows the channel morphology and valley floor to be in equilibrium.
Abstract: Active valley meanders are identified and some of their physical and hydrological characteristics described. A detailed study of a small catchment shows the channel morphology and valley floor to be in equilibrium. The implications of the active valley meanders are considered in terms of previously described fossil forms in high latitudes and in terms of the normal development of a fluvial landscape with incising streams. The appearance of a flood-plain may be independent of the hydrological regime of a basin and the cause of a reduction in flow effectiveness rather than the result of a real reduction in flow. Effective flows in valley meander formation have a recurrence interval from 10 to 50 yrs, and this constitutes a chanel-full flow that shapes the meanders. Identification of such flows with a recurrence interval from 1 to 2 yrs (as for bankfull flow in alluvial streams) may have led to overestimates of the past discharges and climatic parameters.
TL;DR: Measurements of respiratory oxygen uptake, net photosynthesis rates and density changes, in a series of unripe to just-sunk fruits of P. richardi, suggest that this light-dependence of floating fruits is connected with the maintenance of constant volume and density through gaseous relations within an intact cuticle.
Abstract: Summary
The drupes or achenes of Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn. and P. richardi Solms. can float for long periods and germination only occurs naturally once the fruits have sunk. The factors controlling their floating, sinking and germination have been investigated. After brief reference to water depths at which these species occur in Uganda, fruit structure is described. The epicarp and mesocarp are initially green in both species and remain green in ripe, floating fruits of P. schweinfurthii. The sheathed embryo lies along the rim of the stony endocarp beneath a lid which can be detached by surgery.
Of the factors relating to buoyancy and sinking in P. schweinfurthii, daylight compared with almost total darkness decreased the rate of discoloration of the green floating fruits, the rate at which the pericarp disintegrated and the rate of sinking. Measurements of respiratory oxygen uptake, net photosynthesis rates and density changes, in a series of unripe to just-sunk fruits of P. richardi, suggest that this light-dependence of floating fruits is connected with the maintenance of constant volume and density through gaseous relations within an intact cuticle. During prolonged darkness, fruit density increased at constant mass by shrinkage of the soft parts, caused by degenerative changes and absence of photosynthesis.
Neither species germinated in the dark, compared with 100% of light-stored, sunken fruits or with similarly stored fruit from which epicarp and mesocarp had been scraped. In the light, substantial germination also occurred in both freshly shed and older floating fruits after surgical exposure of the embryo. No after-ripening period is required.
Presumptive evidence was obtained for the promoting effect of red light on germination in P. schweinfurthii. Using a calibrated Schwarz thermopile and narrow-band interference filters, the promoting effect of 0.05 J/cm2 of red light was established for P. richardi fruits with exposed embryos. Photoreversibility was established by similar doses of far-red.These irradiation values are characteristic of the phytochrome system. Embryos within the intact stony endocarp require an irradiation of 8–10 J/cm2 (652 nm) for promotion and an equivalent dose of far-red for reversal.
These findings are discussed in relation to the ecology and distribution of the species.
TL;DR: This study carried out in seven women with intrauterine death of the fetus in the third trimester of pregnancy and in four women in whom therapeutic termination of pregnancy in the second trimester was planned, finding inhibited uterine activity initiated and maintained by an infusion of either prostaglandin E2 or prostaglandsin F2α was discussed.
TL;DR: The cardiovascular effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2α administered by different routes were studied in 22 normal healthy male and female volunteers and a single intravenous infection raised the arterial blood pressure, but intravenous infusion of up to 4 μg/kg/min PGF2α or subcutaneous and intramuscular injections of 20 mg P GF2α had no effect on the cardiovascular system.
Abstract: The cardiovascular effects of prostaglandins (PG) E2 and F2α administered by different routes were studied in 22 normal healthy male and female volunteers Rapid intravenous injection of 100 μg or more of PGE2 or slow continuous infusion of 0·8 μg/kg/min PGE2 increased the heart rate and produced a fall in blood pressure Similar effects were produced with 5 mg PGE2 injected either intramuscularly or subcutaneously In contrast, a single intravenous infection of 500 μg PGF2α raised the arterial blood pressure, but intravenous infusion of up to 4 μg/kg/min PGF2α or subcutaneous and intramuscular injections of 20 mg PGF2α had no effect on the cardiovascular system
TL;DR: There are still many countries with a high beekeeping potential, as yet largely unexploited as discussed by the authors, and a number of these are in Africa, and at the moment the focus of much attention; they have the added interest of a long beekeeping tradition.
Abstract: There are still many countries with a high beekeeping potential, as yet largely unexploited. A number of these are in Africa, and at the moment the focus of much attention; they have the added interest of a long beekeeping tradition. The author carried out the survey below, with the help of his students, while he was Lecturer in Agricultural Botany at Makerere.
TL;DR: The origin of columnar jointing in basalt has been discussed by several authors1, but the origin of many features of the columnar basalts is still controversial as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: THE origin of columnar jointing in basalt has been discussed by several authors1, but the origin of many features of the columnar basalts is still controversial. Some magnetic studies of individual columns have been made by Brown et al.2 to detect any susceptibility anisotropy and by Symons3 to find any changes in the magnetic and petrological properties across a column. Simple magnetic techniques4,5 have recently been developed for granulometric studies and these have been used to investigate the columnar basalts of Bombay. We have found a systematic variation in the magnetic properties which could provide more information about the formation of these basalts.
TL;DR: A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of malaria prophylaxis in tropical splenomegaly syndrome showed a significant reduction in spleen size and an improvement of anaemia and symptoms in patients treated with antimalarials compared with control subjects receiving placebo.
Abstract: A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial of malaria prophylaxis in tropical splenomegaly syndrome showed a significant reduction in spleen size and an improvement of anaemia and symptoms in patients treated with antimalarials compared with control subjects receiving placebo. This study confirms the observations from West Africa and provides further indirect evidence for a malarial aetiology of tropical splenomegaly syndrome.
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that the degree of familiarity influenced classificatory behavior in some ways and that the overall trend of development was similar in both samples in both the tasks.
Abstract: 243 Ibusa and Glasgow school children aged from about 6 to 12 years were given two classificatory tasks: the sorting of a collection of objects which were familiar to Ibusa children but not as familiar to Glasgow children, and the sorting of models of animals which were equally familiar to both groups. The results indicated that the degree of familiarity influenced classificatory behavior in some ways and that the overall trend of development was similar in both samples in both the tasks.
TL;DR: Holotrich ciliates from the stomach contents of Hippopotamus amphibius are described, including details of their infraciliature.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. Holotrich ciliates from the stomach contents of Hippopotamus amphibius are described, including details of their infraciliature. They are placed in 4 families: subclass Holotrichia, order Gymnostomatida, suborder Rhabdophorina, family Buetschliidae: Blepharozoum binucleatum n.sp., Cucurbella vivax n.g., n.sp.; order Trichostomatida, family Plagiopylidae: Paraplagiopyla kiboko n.g., n.sp.; family Paraisotrichidae: Paraisotricha minuta Hsiung, 1930; family Blepharocorythidae: Charonina hippopotami n.sp.
Paraisotricha minuta appears identical to the form found in the cecum and colon of the horse; Blepharozoum binucleatum, Cucurbella vivax and Charonina hippopotami also approach species found in the digestive tract of Equidae. By contrast, Paraplagiopyla kiboko resembles species that are free-living or are commensal in the digestive tract of Echinodermata.
TL;DR: Test the possibility that the chemoreceptors involved in blood identification receive an ANS stimulus from a source associated with, but not within the RBC, to investigate how ANS gain egress to contact theChemoreceptor surfaces and induce feeding.
Abstract: RED blood corpuscles (RBC) suspended in saline induce gorging in many haematophagous insects because of their high intrinsic concentration of adenine nucleotides (ANS)1–6. ANS are bound firmly inside the intact RBC, which raises the question of how they gain egress to contact the chemoreceptor surfaces and induce feeding. It has been suggested that saliva or secretions of the chemoreceptor surfaces act as ANS releasing agents1. ANS release by haemolysis is discounted by the fact that all RBC found in the gut immediately after feeding are intact. Further, stereoscan electron microscopy of tsetse fly gustatory sensilla does not suggest that they operate by piercing the erythrocytes7,8. Thus we decided to test the possibility that the chemoreceptors involved in blood identification receive an ANS stimulus from a source associated with, but not within the RBC.
TL;DR: Cerebrospinal meningitis has been most prevalent in that region consisting of south-western Uganda, northern Tanganyika, western Kenya and northern Uganda, following the direction of the “meningitis curve” of East Africa.
Abstract: A review of cerebrospinal meningitis in East Africa in the period 1911–1965 has been made and the following points became apparent. In East Africa it has been most prevalent in that region consisting of south-western Uganda, northern Tanganyika, western Kenya and northern Uganda. This is what may be termed the “meningitis curve” of East Africa. Major epidemic outbreaks affected Kenya in the latter 7 months of 1913 and Uganda in 1917. An epidemic wave swept through East African countries, starting in northern Tanganyika in 1939 passing through Kenya and arriving in Uganda in 1942, in general, following the direction of the “meningitis curve.” This wave, constituting a major epidemic in Tanganyika and in Uganda and only a minor one in Kenya, covered the entire period, 1939–1953. In East Africa, as in the “meningitis belt”, cerebrospinal meningitis has been predominantly a problem of rural areas.
TL;DR: The presence or absence of the two faster moving malate dehydrogenase bands varies within samples from a small community and possibly even between worms in one host.
Abstract: 1. 1. Malate dehydrogenase occurs as two or four isoenzymes in East African Schistosoma mansoni . 2. 2. The presence or absence of the two faster moving malate dehydrogenase bands varies within samples from a small community and possibly even between worms in one host. 3. 3. Non-specific esterase varies quantitatively between isolates and is affected in female worms by mating.
TL;DR: In this paper, a quantitative analysis was made of the spatial arrangement of 149 explosion craters in the western rift of Uganda, and a variety of methods demonstrate that the spatial pattern of the craters reveals significant structural patterns that have guided volcanism to the surface.
Abstract: A quantitative analysis was made of the spatial arrangement of 149explosion craters in the western rift of Uganda. A variety of methods demonstrate that the spatial pattern of the craters reveals significant structural patterns that have guided volcanism to the surface. It is shown that the east-west elements in the field affected location, and the main rift fault is resolved into two main components. Tentatively, a possible dextral transform fault is identified that affected the relative location of the two main zones of activity. Grouping techniques demonstrate that crater groups obey an exponential rank-size rule and allow a mapping of the craters into energy classes that reveals a concentric pattern of energy in the field. The effect of the topography on energy levels and crater size show that only topography greater than 11,000ft could have prevented all eruptive activity, but the smaller energies and craters are sensitive to height differences on the order of the height of the rift wall, about 1000ft. Total energy in each crater class size is roughly constant, and the field energy could create one or two single craters comparable in size to small central volcanoes.
TL;DR: Pathogenicity tests have shown that Verticillium dahliae Kleb.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Pathogenicity tests have shown that Verticillium dahliae Kleb. causes a vascular wilt disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Uganda. Isolates of V. dahliae from cacao, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Medik.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) induced similiar symptoms on artificially inoculated cacao seedlings.
External symptoms of the disease include acute wilting, foliar chlorosis and abscission, stunting of roots and shoots, and production of suckers at lower nodes of severely affected plants. The internal symptoms are vascular discoloration, tylosis, and presence of gum deposits and mycelium of V. dahliae in xylem vessels.
TL;DR: The status of the Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp in Uganda and their control was discussed in this paper, with a focus on cowpeas.
Abstract: (1971). The Status of Insect Pests of Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) in Uganda and their control. PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 194-197.
TL;DR: In this article, milk composition and yield characteristics of Mpwapwa Cattle were investigated. But the authors focused on the characteristics of the milk composition of the cattle and not the yield characteristics.
Abstract: (1971). Milk Composition and Yield Characteristics of Mpwapwa Cattle. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 290-295.