Showing papers by "Makerere University published in 1977"
TL;DR: The pathological features of 14 cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) occurring in Uganda over an 8 year period are described in this article, where three cases were clinically proven and in all 14 cases a chronic meningoencephalitis was found.
Abstract: The pathological features of 14 cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) occurring in Uganda over an 8 year period are described. Three cases were clinically proven and in all 14 cases a chronic meningoencephalitis was found. In 2 cases there was histological evidence of ganglion radiculitis and in one of these chronic choroiditis and peripheral neuritis associated with chronic myositis were present. The cardiac lesions consisted of a chronic pancarditis of varying degree in 8 cases and in 3 a generalized valvulitis was observed. In 2 cases, specially investigated, generalized lesions of the conducting system were noticed.
42 citations
TL;DR: Observations indicate that YF is still present in Africa, and as such it still remains a potential menace to the human population.
Abstract: The results of the yellow fever immunity survey of Central and East Africa reported by SAWYER & WHITMAN in 1936 prompted scientists to undertake well-planned epidemiological studies on yellow fever in eastern Africa. A Yellow Fever Research Institute (the present East African Virus Research Institute) was established at Entebbe in 1936 for this purpose. One of the areas where much work has been carried out is a strip of typical tropical forest, the Zika Forest, 12 kilometres from the Institute. Routine surveillance work, particularly on the biting activity of the yellow fever vector mosquitoes, has been going on since 1946. It was during one of these studies in 1972 that the first yellow fever virus strain was isolated from Aedes africanus collected from the Zika and Sisa forests and one strain was isolated from Coquillettidia fuscopennata, also from the Zika Forest. Three sentinel rhesus monkeys, nomimmune to YF, which were kept in the Zika Forest during the time of the epizootic died of YF disease. The present observations indicate that YF is still present in Africa, and as such it still remains a potential menace to the human population. The epidemiological implications are discussed.
39 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate strongly that the monkeys in the Entebbe area were involved in the epizootic of 1972 of yellow fever, and the animal-to-animal cycle of the equatorial African forests involved the mild endemic infection characteristic of a virus in its natural habitat and infecting its natural host.
Abstract: During the 1972 yellow fever epizootic in Zika Forest, Uganda, sera from 21 monkeys shot in a number of forests around the Entebbe area were tested for the presence of a number of arbovirus antibodies. All sera were tested for antibodies against Chikungunya (CHIK), O'nyong-nyong (ONN), Zika, yellow fever (YF) West Nile (WN) and Wesselsbron (WESS) by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Because of the crossreaction within the flaviviruses (group B arboviruses) mouse protection test (PT) was also carried out on the sera against YF, WESS and Zika viruses. Serological studies carried out on monkey sera from different parts of Uganda, including the Entebbe area, during 1968 gave results which reflected a surprisingly low rate of YF immune monkeys (3%) throughout the country compared with the rate of over 40% immune monkeys obtained by Haddow et al. in 1951. 40% of the monkey sera collected during 1972 were immune to YF by the PT. Since no YF virus had been isolated between 1968 and 1972 the results indicate strongly that the monkeys in the Entebbe area were involved in the epizootic of 1972. No sick or dead monkeys were found in all the forests checked around Entebbe area during the epizootic. This indicates that the animal-to-animal cycle of the equatorial African forests involved the mild endemic infection characteristic of a virus in its natural habitat and infecting its natural host.
32 citations
TL;DR: The most characteristic feature was an orderly, wellcircumscribed, expansive downgrowth, leaving little stroma to be seen between the epithelial masses of tumor, which favors the view that giant condyloma is an intermediate lesion in the development of cancer in condylomata acuminata.
Abstract: Whole mount sections were made from all amputation specimen of patients treated for carcinoma of the penis in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, during a 21-month period in 1968-1970. Among a total of 55 cases four tumors were found which were large, but histologically showed low invasiveness suggestive of absence of metastatic spread. There were two giant condylomas, and two giant condylomas showing possible microinvasion. Two further cases showed a small squamous cell carcinoma together with a giant condyloma in the remainder of tumor. The most chracteristic feature was an orderly, well-circumscribed, expansive downgrowth, leaving little stroma to be seen between the epithelial masses to tumor. Within these limits, however, the spectrum of growth pattern, differentiation, and malignant change was very wide and much more varied than in tumors recorded form Western countries. This should be remembered when a presumptive diagnosis of the condition is to be made on small routine biopsies. Additional changes showing marked similarities to condylomata acuminata were often seen in superficial portions of tumor. This transition in histological picture within one tumor favors the view that giant condyloma is an intermediate lesion in the development of cancer in condylomata acuminata.
22 citations
TL;DR: An inverse relationship was noted between the median age at onset of BL and the incidence of the disease in different areas of Uganda, a finding consistent with intense malarial infection being a precipitating factor for BL.
Abstract: All hospital-treated cases of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), with onset of symptoms in the period 1963-68 and resident in the Lango and Acholi districts of Uganda, were identified. The average annual incidence of BL in the 6-year period was 1-87 X 10(-5), similar to that in the adjacent West Nile district. Contrary to findings in other areas of Uganda, there was no evidence of seasonal variation in the onset of cases, nor of space-time clustering, nor of a decline in the incidence of BL in the study period. An inverse relationship was noted between the median age at onset of BL and the incidence of the disease in different areas of Uganda, a finding consistent with intense malarial infection being a precipitating factor for BL. The variable observations with respect to space-time clustering of BL and seasonal variation in incidence in different areas remains unexplained, but it is suggested that a closer study of the patterns of malarial infection in these areas may help to account for the findings.
20 citations
TL;DR: Calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels were higher in young than in mature animals and the values obtained were similar to those in humans.
Abstract: 1. 1. Calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase have been measured in the serum of the African elephant. 2. 2. The overall mean serum calcium was found to be 11.23 mg/100 ml (range 9.4–13.1, N = 102 ), magnesium 4.41 mg/100 ml (range 2.6–6.2, N = 87 ) and phosphorus 8.62 mg/100 ml (range 3.9–13.3, N = 100 ). Some seasonal and geographical variation was observed in the calcium and phosphorus results. 3. 3. Alkaline phosphatase levels were higher in young than in mature animals. The values obtained were similar to those in humans.
9 citations
01 Dec 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, a 3D theory of eddy-current couplings with solid-iron drums, with a layer of copper at the air gap surface, is presented, and the theoretical torque/slip curves are compared and shown to agree.
Abstract: The paper gives a 3-dimensional theory of eddy-current couplings with solid-iron drums, with a layer of copper at the airgap surface. It is shown that the iron has a significant effect on performance and that this effect can be adequately accounted for using linear theory. General double-Fourier series are derived to describe the field distributions in the drum and airgap. These are then successively simplified by taking account of the practical range of values for the permeability and resistivity of copper and iron to give design equations from which power loss and torque can be easily calculated. It is demonstrated that, under limiting conditions, the 3-dimensional theory agrees with existing end-effect theories, and that these are special cases of the more general theory presented. Experimental and theoretical torque/slip curves are compared and shown to agree. Generalised curves are deduced from the theory, which are also shown to agree closely with test results.
9 citations
6 citations
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a wide consensus among the planners on the structural determinants of the macro variables selected as plan targets was found, and the difference in targets can be explained largely by the different values assumed by these determinants in the sample countries.
Abstract: Based on the targets given in the development plans and the national income data of twenty‐two tropical Africa countries in the late 1960s, this paper finds a wide consensus among the planners on the structural determinants of the macro variables selected as plan targets, so that difference in targets can be explained largely by the different values assumed by these determinants in the sample countries. The implementation record was poor, and may be traced in part to a domino effect inherent in the recursive structure of target selection. The analysis of the causes of implementation failure shows that most of the causes lie outside of the competence of the planners. Alternative methods to calculate plan targets are not likely to meet with superior fulfilment results.
6 citations
TL;DR: During a survey of disease due to M. ulcerans in a small rural community in Uganda in 1971 individuals were asked whether they had a cough and how long it had been present and the proportion was higher in females (9.8%) than in males (6.5%).
TL;DR: Case records were kept of 81 cattle suspected to be infected with East Coast fever andMicroscopical confirmation was obtained in 66 animals and the fate of 65 of these was known and drug treatment appeared ineffective.
Abstract: Case records were kept of 81 cattle suspected to be infected with East Coast fever. Microscopical confirmation was obtained in 66 animals and the fate of 65 of these was known. Forty-five cattle died or were slaughtered and 20 recovered. No significant difference in mortality was found in respect of age or grade. When the incidence of certain clinical signs in these two groups was compared, differences in respect of rectal temperature and observable vascular changes in certain visible mucous membranes were found. Enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes was the commonest clinical sign and the prescapular nodes were the most regularly involved. Drug treatment, where given, appeared ineffective. Among 20 recovered cases some were severely ill while others had very mild symptoms.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The importance of planning has been increasing rapidly over the last two decades, but the analysis of planning is lagging significantly behind reality as discussed by the authors, and this observation applies to planning at all levels of society (national, regional, urban, and enterprise).
Abstract: Whereas the importance of planning has been increasing rapidly over the last two decades, the analysis of planning has been lagging significantly behind reality. This observation applies to planning at all levels of society (national, regional, urban, and enterprise) as well as to all the various types of socio-economic systems beyond the socialist economies.
01 Aug 1977
TL;DR: Opinion is set up about the epidemiology and the aetiology of U.S. in a developing country, which is going to present at this Congress.
Abstract: After the Second World War it seemed that gonococcus was finally defeated in developed countries by the widespread use of PeniciIline; instead recent reports (CAUSSE, 1975; TERMINI, 1973) show an increase in the incidence of gonococcal urethritis (G. C.) and non specific urethritis (N.S.U.) in most countries in the world. In the U.S.A. gonorrhea alone is the most common reportable communicable disease. If we consider together the incidence of all sexually transmitted diseases (STD) we have to admit that after more than 20 centuries of a permanent struggle, mankind is almost impotent to get over it. In developing countries we do not have a real escalation of STD as such, in some countries indeed the incidence has decreased after heavy campaigning by WHO (RIDET, 1975). Therefore the worry about the increase of STD affects those countries in the same way as the rest of the world. What in strikingly different between industrialized and developing countries is the impact of complications of urethritis, such as stricture. Most african countries are hit by urethral stricture more than others and Uganda, unfortunatly, is, upon our opinion, one of the worse sufferers (ARYA, 1970; COLE, 1974; CHAMBERS, 1974; PIETERSE, 1973; TURNERWARWICK, 1960). From january to december 1974 we have examined and treated, as first or second instance, 4058 cases of urethral strictures in Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Using this large clinical base we have set up our opinion about the epidemiology and the aetiology of U.S. in a developing country, which we are going to present at this Congress.