Showing papers by "Manchester Metropolitan University published in 2003"
TL;DR: The author looks at both the methods to code data in two rather different projects in which the data were collected mainly by in-depth interviewing and concludes that the choice will be dependent on the size of the project, the funds and time available, and the inclination and expertise of the researcher.
Abstract: Data analysis is the most difficult and most crucial aspect of qualitative research. Coding is one of the significant steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data. This paper examines the use of manual and electronic methods to code data in two rather different projects in which the data were collected mainly by in-depth interviewing. The author looks at both the methods in the light of her own experience and concludes that the choice will be dependent on the size of the project, the funds and time available, and the inclination and expertise of the researcher.
1,213 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the characteristics of SAP opened up certain opportunities and facilitated changes which were already taking place within the company, and called for further longitudinal case studies of the implementation of ERP systems to study how these characteristics facilitate and reinforce processes of management accounting change in other companies.
Abstract: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, such as SAP, have become widely used in recent years, especially in large companies. Although a considerable amount has been written about them in the professional accounting and computing literature, somewhat surprisingly comparatively little attention has been given to them in accounting research journals. However, the field studies which are beginning to appear suggest that ERP systems are having only a relatively moderate impact on the character of management accounting and the work of management accountants. However, it is argued in this paper that as such studies adopt a relatively 'static' approach, they do not explore the processes of management accounting change or study how opportunities are opened up by the implementation of ERP systems. The paper reports a longitudinal case study of the implementation of SAP in the European division of a large US multinational, in which management accounting change is viewed as an evolutionary process. In this case, ...
543 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that aging significantly affects human skeletal muscle architecture and these structural alterations are expected to have implications for muscle function in old age.
Abstract: The effect of aging on human gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle architecture was evaluated by comparing morphometric measurements on 14 young (aged 27-42 yr) and on 16 older (aged 70-81 yr) physically active men, matched for height, body mass, and physical activity. GM muscle anatomic cross-sectional area (ACSA) and volume (Vol) were measured by computerized tomography, and GM fascicle length (Lf) and pennation angle (theta) were assessed by ultrasonography. GM physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was calculated as the ratio of Vol/Lf. In the elderly, ACSA and Vol were, respectively, 19.1% (P < 0.005) and 25.4% (P < 0.001) smaller than in the young adults. Also, Lf and were found to be smaller in the elderly group by 10.2% (P < 0.01) and 13.2% (P < 0.01), respectively. When the data for the young and elderly adults were pooled together, significantly correlated with ACSA (P < 0.05). Because of the reduced Vol and Lf in the elderly group, the resulting PCSA was found to be 15.2% (P < 0.05) smaller. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that aging significantly affects human skeletal muscle architecture. These structural alterations are expected to have implications for muscle function in old age.
508 citations
TL;DR: It is shown for the first time that strength training in old age increases the stiffness and Young's modulus of human tendons and has implications for contractile force production and the rapid execution of motor tasks.
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of strength training on the mechanical properties of the human patella tendon of older individuals. Subjects were assigned to training (n = 9; age 74.3 +/- 3.5 years, body mass 69.7 +/- 14.8 kg and height 163.4 +/- 9.1 cm, mean +/- S.D.) and control (n = 9; age 67.1 +/- 2 years, body mass 73.5 +/- 14.9 kg and height 168.3 +/- 11.5 cm) groups. Strength training (two series of 10 repetitions at 80 % of five-repetition maximum) was performed three times per week for 14 weeks using leg extension and leg press exercises. Measurements of tendon elongation during a ramp isometric knee extension were performed before and after training and control periods in vivo using ultrasonography. Training caused a decreased tendon elongation and strain at all levels of force and stress (P 0.05). This study shows for the first time that strength training in old age increases the stiffness and Young's modulus of human tendons. This may reduce the risk of tendon injury in old age and has implications for contractile force production and the rapid execution of motor tasks.
474 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the decision making of Adult Female Generation Y consumers using Sproles and Kendall's (1986) Consumer Styles Inventory (CSI) and used the CSI as a basis for segmenting consumers into five distinct decision-making groups: recreational quality seekers, discount seekers, trend setting loyals, shopping and fashion uninterested, and confused time/money conserving.
Abstract: Since environmental factors have influenced Generation Y shoppers (those born after 1977) to make them different from older groups, this study examines the decision making of Adult Female Generation Y consumers using Sproles and Kendall’s (1986) Consumer Styles Inventory (CSI). The study uses the CSI as a basis for segmenting Generation Y consumers in to five meaningful and distinct decision‐making groups, namely: “recreational quality seekers”, “recreational discount seekers”, “trend setting loyals”, “shopping and fashion uninterested” and “confused time/money conserving”. Implications for retailers and marketing practitioners targeting Generation Y consumers are discussed.
457 citations
TL;DR: The mechanics of the locomotion cannot be simply described using the models for walking and running because step frequency, the proportion of step duration during which the foot is in contact with the ground, the position of the limbs, the force exerted on the ground and the time of its application are all different.
Abstract: Walking and running, the two basic gaits used by man, are very complex movements. They can, however, be described using two simple models: an inverted pendulum and a spring. Muscles must contract at each step to move the body segments in the proper sequence but the work done is, in part, relieved by the interplay of mechanical energies, potential and kinetic in walking, and elastic in running. This explains why there is an optimal speed of walking (minimal metabolic cost of about 2 J.kg–1·m–1 at about 1.11 m.s–1) and why the cost of running is constant and independent of speed (about 4 J.kg–1.m–1). Historically, the mechanical work of locomotion has been divided into external and internal work. The former is the work done to raise and accelerate the body centre of mass (m) within the environment, the latter is the work done to accelerate the body segments with respect to the centre of m. The total work has been calculated, somewhat arbitrarily, as the sum of the two. While the changes of potential and kinetic energies can be accurately measured, the contribution of the elastic energy cannot easily be assessed, nor can the true work performed by the muscles. Many factors can affect the work of locomotion - the gradient of the terrain, body size (height and body m), and gravity. The partitioning of positive and negative work and their different efficiencies explain why the most economical gradient is about –10% (1.1 J.kg–1.m–1 at 1.3 m.s–1 for walking, and 3.1 J.kg–1.m–1 at between 3 and 4 m·s–1 for running). The mechanics of walking of children, pigmies and dwarfs, in particular the recovery of energy at each step, is not different from that of taller (normal sized) individuals when the speed is expressed in dynamically equivalent terms (Froude number). An extra load, external or internal (obesity) affects internal and external work according to the distribution of the added m. Different gravitational environments determine the optimal speed of walking and the speed of transition from walking to running: at more than 1 g it is easier to walk than to run, and it is the opposite at less than 1 g. Passive aids, such as skis or skates, allow an increase in the speed of progression, but the mechanics of the locomotion cannot be simply described using the models for walking and running because step frequency, the proportion of step duration during which the foot is in contact with the ground, the position of the limbs, the force exerted on the ground and the time of its application are all different.
402 citations
TL;DR: The case study illustrates that CRM is a complex and holistic concept, organised around business processes and the integration of information technologies, and that implementing CRM requires effective leadership, sourcing, targeting and evaluation strategies.
Abstract: The number of customer relationship management (CRM) implementations has grown dramatically in recent years. However, few academic studies of the issues associated with the implementation of the concept are available. This paper offers a modest contribution through the analysis of a case study of a CRM implementation at a UK‐based manufacturing company. The case study illustrates that CRM is a complex and holistic concept, organised around business processes and the integration of information technologies. The study also highlights that implementing CRM requires effective leadership, sourcing, targeting and evaluation strategies.
351 citations
TL;DR: Hypertrophy cannot alone justify the increase in torque, and other factors, such as an increase in individual fibre-specific tension (in the case of KE), a decrease in antagonist muscles' coactivation, an improved co-ordination and an increased neural drive of the other heads of quadriceps may have contributed to the increments in strength.
Abstract: Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the improvements of muscle strength and power induced by a 16-week resistive programme in a population of 16 older men aged 65-81 years. Methods: Training was performed three times per week at an intensity of 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM) and consisted of both calf raise and leg press exercises. Before-, during- and after-training, maximum isometric and isokinetic torques, maximum power, 1RM, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and electromyographic activity (EMG) of the plantar flexors (PF) and knee extensors (KE) were examined. Results: For the KE and PF, respectively, training resulted in a 29.9 ± 4.4% (mean ± SE) and 21.6 ± 5.4% increase in 1RM (P < 0.001-0.01), a 19.4 ± 4.3 and 12.4 ± 4.7% (P < 0.001-0.05) increase in maximum isometric torque, and a 24.1 ± 6.3 and 33.1 ± 10.9% (P < 0.05) increase in maximum muscle power, calculated from torque-angular velocity curves. The large increase in torque and power was partly accounted by a significant increase in the CSA of the PF (5.0 ± 0.7%) and KE (7.4 ± 0.7%), while no significant changes in integrated EMG activity of vastus lateralis and soleus muscles, and in extrapolated maximum shortening velocity were found. After training, a significant increase in torque/CSA (10.3 ± 4%, P < 0.05) was found for the KE but not for the PF. Conclusion: Hence, hypertrophy cannot alone justify the increase in torque, and other factors, such as an increase in individual fibre-specific tension (in the case of KE), a decrease in antagonist muscles' coactivation, an improved co-ordination and an increased neural drive of the other heads of quadriceps may have contributed to the increments in strength. The significant increase in muscle power seems particularly noteworthy with respect to daily activities involving the displacement of the body over time, namely, the generation of muscle power.
309 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the force–length relation of the in vivo human gastrocnemius muscle is limited to the ascending limb of the bell‐shaped force-length curve obtained from experiments on isolated material.
Abstract: In this study, the force-length characteristics of the in vivo medial (GM) and lateral (GL) heads of the human gastrocnemius muscle were estimated from measurements in eight healthy male subjects. This involved: 1) dynamometry-based measurements of the moment generated during maximal isometric plantar flexion; 2) ultrasound-based measurements of fascicular length and pennation angle; and 3) ultrasound-based calculations of moment arm lengths. All measurements were taken over the ankle angle range from 20 degrees of dorsiflexion to 30 degrees of plantar flexion. Tendon forces were calculated by dividing the moments recorded by the muscle moment arm lengths, and fascicular forces were calculated by dividing the tendon forces estimated by the cosine of pennation angle. In the transition from 30 degrees of plantar flexion to 20 degrees of dorsiflexion, the GM muscle fascicular length and force increased linearly from 24 to 39 mm and from 222 to 931 N, respectively. Over the same ankle angle range, the GL muscle fascicular length and force increased linearly from 30 to 47 mm and from 139 to 393 N, respectively. Estimates of the sarcomeric lengths corresponding to the fascicular lengths measured indicated that the two muscles operated in the range 1.4-2.2 microm, below the optimal length region for force generation according to the cross-bridge mechanism of contraction. These results indicate that the force-length relation of the in vivo human gastrocnemius muscle is limited to the ascending limb of the bell-shaped force-length curve obtained from experiments on isolated material.
245 citations
TL;DR: The quasi-isometric behavior of fascicles during eccentric muscle actions suggests that the series elastic component acts as a mechanical buffer during active lengthening, which decreases with increasing contraction velocity.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the behavior of human muscle fascicles during dynamic contractions. Eight subjects performed maximal isometric dorsiflexion contractions at six ankle...
240 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the isokinetic MVC method should not be adopted by gait researchers or clinicians as it does not reduce intra- or inter-individual variability anymore than existing normalisation methods, nor does it provide a more representative measure of muscle activation during gait than the isometric M VC method.
TL;DR: The techniques used and practical challenges faced when accessing participants within a socially deprived community for a qualitative research project on social capital and the value of a stakeholder analysis are described.
Abstract: Accessing participants for research projects is often treated as unproblematic. However the experience outlined here of negotiating access to participants within a community setting illustrates the inherent difficulties of recruitment. The authors describe the techniques used and practical challenges faced when accessing participants within a socially deprived community for a qualitative research project on social capital. They used a number of different strategies to generate a diverse sample including advertising, snowballing, accessing gatekeepers, and street surveys. The value of a stakeholder analysis is described alongside issues surrounding the use of gatekeepers. Rather than acting as outsiders seeking participants at every available opportunity, a more fortuitous strategy involved the ethnographic approach of "being there" as active contributors to community life. Here, the cornerstones of credibility and trust were addressed in a process of continually negotiating access from a semi-insider position.
TL;DR: Poor outcome was associated with a decline in performance on visuo-spatial tasks and a failure to improve on frontal-temporal tasks during the follow-up period, and changes in both these patterned deficits are predictive of clinical outcome.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided an overview of the recent advances on polymeric photoinitiators for UV curing, in particular, a variety of macromolecules containing the two main types of free radical photoINitiators: hydrogen-abstracting and photofragmenting chromophores (benzoin ether, acylphosphine oxides) are described.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the recent advances on polymeric photoinitiators for UV curing. During the last decade, significant developments have been achieved in the synthesis of macrophotoinitiators, due to the advantages derived of their macromolecular nature, in comparison with their corresponding low molecular weight analogues. In particular, a variety of macromolecules containing the two main types of free radical photoinitiators: hydrogen-abstracting (thioxanthone, benzil, anthraquinone, camphorquinone) and photofragmenting chromophores (benzoin ether, acylphosphine oxides) are described. For hydrogen-abstracting photoinitiator, the photoinitiation activity have been examined in terms of volume and nature of substituent in the polymeric coil, and their influence to prevent the recombination of radicals favouring their reaction with the monomer. Also, copolymers bearing chromophore and amine groups with potential synergistic effects of activity are reported. It has been found that the approach of the tertiary amine to the chromophore to produce the corresponding exciplexes is dependent on both the monomeric or polymeric nature of chromophore and the tertiary amine. Type II polymeric photoinitiators, such as benzoin ether derivatives having the benzoin methyl ether moieties connected to the main chain through the benzyl aromatic are reported. And a fragmentation mechanism involving the formation of an stable quinoid structure and aliphatic acyl radical is proposed for the above copolymers, which would justified their lower initiating efficiency than the corresponding low molecular weight model. In addition, polymers bearing phosphine oxide moieties are described. The efficiency in the polymerisation of all photoinitiators was found to be similar and irrespective of the presence of flexible spacer in their structure. However, it was found that the flexible oligomethylene spacer enhanced the compatibility of the new polymeric photoinitiators in acrylic adhesive formulations. Finally, polysilanes as photoinitiators are reported. Under UV irradiation, polysilanes undergo main-chain scission leading to free silyl radicals capable of reacting with olefinic monomers. The silyl radicals generated by photolysis can be oxidised by appropriate onium salts to yield cationic initiating species (photoinitiated radical promoted cationic polymerisation). The photoinitiation efficiency of polysilanes having different aliphatic and aromatic side groups has been investigated and compared with commercial low molecular weight photoinitiators as benzoin.
TL;DR: The Cartesian cut cell method is described, which provides a flexible and efficient alternative to traditional boundary fitted grid methods and is described with applications to problems involving both moving bodies and moving material interfaces.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that muscle fibre type is significantly related to both the speed and the amplitudes of the V̇O2 response at the onset of constant-load sub-maximal exercise.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that muscle fibre type influences the oxygen uptake (.VO(2)) on-kinetic response (primary time constant; primary and slow component amplitudes) during moderate, heavy and severe intensity sub-maximal cycle exercise. Fourteen subjects [10 males, mean (SD) age 25 (4) years; mass 72.6 (3.9) kg; .VO(2peak) 47.9 (2.3) ml kg(-1) min(-1)] volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects underwent a muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis for histochemical determination of muscle fibre type, and completed repeat "square-wave" transitions from unloaded cycling to power outputs corresponding to 80% of the ventilatory threshold (VT; moderate exercise), 50% (heavy exercise) and 70% (severe exercise) of the difference between the VT and .VO(2peak). Pulmonary .VO(2) was measured breath-by-breath. The percentage of type I fibres was significantly correlated with the time constant of the primary .VO(2) response for heavy exercise (r=-0.68). Furthermore, the percentage of type I muscle fibres was significantly correlated with the gain of the .VO(2) primary component for moderate (r=0.65), heavy (r=0.57) and severe (r=0.57) exercise, and with the relative amplitude of the .VO(2) slow component for heavy (r=-0.74) and severe (r=-0.64) exercise. The influence of muscle fibre type on the .VO(2) on-kinetic response persisted when differences in aerobic fitness and muscle capillarity were accounted for. This study demonstrates that muscle fibre type is significantly related to both the speed and the amplitudes of the .VO(2) response at the onset of constant-load sub-maximal exercise. Differences in contraction efficiency and oxidative enzyme activity between type I and type II muscle fibres may be responsible for the differences observed.
TL;DR: Training‐induced adaptations on patella tendon viscoelastic properties have implications for maximal muscle force, rate of force development, and metabolic cost of locomotion.
Abstract: The effect of strength training for 14 weeks on patella tendon viscoelastic properties was investigated in a group of elderly individuals. Participants were assigned to training (age [mean +/- SD] 73.6 +/- 3.4 years; n = 7) or control (age 66.4 +/- 1.7 years; n = 7) groups. Training was performed three times per week and consisted of two series of 10 repetitions of leg-extension and leg-press exercises at 80% of the 5-repetition maximum. Tendon elongation during an isometric knee-extension contraction-relaxation was measured using ultrasonography. Tendon stiffness was calculated from the gradient of the estimated force-elongation relationship and mechanical hysteresis was calculated as the area between loading-unloading curves. Knee-flexor coactivation, estimated from biceps femoris muscle electromyographic activity, was unaltered (P > 0.05) after the training and control periods. No changes (P > 0.05) were observed in stiffness or hysteresis after the control period. In contrast, tendon stiffness increased from 1376 +/- 811 to 2256 +/- 1476 N x mm(-1) (P < 0.01) and hysteresis decreased from 33 +/- 5 to 24 +/- 4% (P < 0.05), after training. These training-induced adaptations have implications for maximal muscle force, rate of force development, and metabolic cost of locomotion.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the use of celebrity endorsement in the formation of the retail image of leading European grocery distribution group J. Sainsbury, in particular, the process of transference of celebrity images to the product's image.
Abstract: This case study examines the use of celebrity endorsement in the formation of the retail image of leading European grocery distribution group J. Sainsbury, in particular, the process of transference of celebrity images to the product’s image. The incorporation of Jamie Oliver (well known as television celebrity The Naked Chef) into the promotions of one of Britain’s leading grocery chains involves a high profile campaign that has been adopted in order to imbue the company’s products with an image of quality. The success of the campaign has been replicated in New Zealand by another grocery retail “giant”, Foodstuffs, who have also adopted The Naked Chef to endorse their products. The case draws on field research with consumers and key informant interviews with advertising agency personnel who identified the criterion for the choice of Jamie Oliver. The extent to which the market place recognises and consumers associate themselves with the image Jamie projects as a celebrity endorser for J. Sainsbury is explored.
Book•
11 Sep 2003TL;DR: Mentoring for social inclusion: Issues for policy, practice, and research as discussed by the authors The rise of the mentoring movement, the emergence of engagement mentoring, and the transformation of mentors' dispositions.
Abstract: Introduction Part 1. The rise of the mentoring movement 1. The emergence of engagement mentoring 2. Unravelling myths of Mentor Part 2. The mentor relationship 3. New Beginnings: An engagement mentoring scheme 4. 'I know I'm only young, but I know what I want': Resistance and agency on the part of the mentees 5. 'To suffer and be still': Surveillance, self-surveillance and the transformation of mentors' dispositions 6. Love's labour's lost? Mentoring as an impossible fiction Part 3. A new analysis of mentoring 7. Mentoring for social inclusion: Empowerment or control? 8. Mentoring for social inclusion: Issues for policy, practice and research
TL;DR: It is concluded that hypoxia is a potent stimulus for CD105 gene expression in vascular endothelial cells, which in turn attenuates cell apoptosis and thus contributes to angiogenesis.
Abstract: CD105, a marker of endothelial cells, is abundantly expressed in tissues undergoing angiogenesis and is a receptor for transforming growth factorbeta. The pivotal role of CD105 in the vascular system was demonstrated by the severe vascular defects that occur in CD105-knockout mice, but the exact mechanisms for CD105 regulation of vascular development have not been fully elucidated. In light of the function of CD105 and the importance of hypoxia in neovascularisation, we speculated that CD105 is involved in hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Using tissue-cultured human microvascular endothelial cells, we have investigated the effects of hypoxic stress on CD105 gene expression. Hypoxia induced a significant increase in membrane-bound and secreted CD105 protein levels. CD105 mRNA and promoter activity were also markedly elevated, the latter returning to the basal level after 16 hours of hypoxic stress. Hypoxia induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phases and massive cell apoptosis after 24 hours through a reduction in the Bcl-2 to Bax ratio, downregulation of Bcl-XL and Mcl-1, and upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-8. The consequence of CD105 upregulation was revealed using an antisense approach and a TUNEL assay. Suppression of CD105 increased cell apoptosis under hypoxic stress in the absence of TGFbeta1. Furthermore, hypoxia and TGFbeta1 synergistically induced apoptosis in the CD105-deficient cells but not in the control cells. We conclude that hypoxia is a potent stimulus for CD105 gene expression in vascular endothelial cells, which in turn attenuates cell apoptosis and thus contributes to angiogenesis.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore links between the firm's financial structure, corporate governance, and the management of labour, and develop a model that identifies how financial institutions and pressures impact upon labour management.
Abstract: This article explores links between the firm's financial structure, corporate governance, and the management of labour. It reviews various literatures, in particular drawing from financial economics and political economy, and combines these with industrial relations, and human resource management. We develop a model that identifies how financial institutions and pressures impact upon labour management. Managerial discretion is at the centre of the model, and six key influences and constraints upon management are identified. We present evidence from comparative analysis of labour management which illustrates how management decisions and practices are affected. A benefit of this approach is that it can take account of within-country variations.
TL;DR: This special issue of Coral Reefs stems from a thematic session held at the European Meeting of the International Society for Reef Studies held in Cambridge in September 2002 as discussed by the authors, where a wide range of papers were presented, covering aspects of oceanography, sediment transport and accumulation, sedimentary settings, species assemblages, coral physiology, and geological evolution.
Abstract: This special issue of Coral Reefs stems from a thematic session held at the European Meeting of the International Society for Reef Studies held in Cambridge in September 2002. A wide range of papers were presented, covering aspects of oceanography, sediment transport and accumulation, sedimentary settings, species assemblages, coral physiology, and geological evolution. These presentations emphasized the diversity and potential significance of the coral communities that occur in a wide range of what might be described as ‘‘marginal’’ settings, and demonstrated the geological and ecological significance of marginal and non-reefbuilding coral environments. Most papers published in this issue were submitted from researchers who presented work at the Cambridge meeting; however, some additional contributions were also accepted. When we were organizing the thematic session on ‘‘marginal’’ and non-reef-building coral environments at Cambridge, and then in editing this Special Issue, we wondered whether the title of this Special Issue, and specifically the word ‘‘marginal,’’ could be a little misleading (we expand a little on this thought in sections below). In this introductory paper, the term ‘‘marginal’’ marine is used in a broad sense, to describe settings where coral communities or framework reefs occur either close to well-understood (or strongly perceived) environmental thresholds for coral survival (sensu Kleypas et al. 1999) or in areas characterized by ‘‘suboptimal’’ or fluctuating environmental conditions. These include settings characterized by high or low temperatures, salinities, or nutrient levels, or by low light penetration or low aragonite saturation states. We are aware that much of this issue generally considers only one component of an ecological biota, so the use of the term ‘‘coral communities’’ here and in many of the papers in this issue might equally be read as ‘‘coral biotopes,’’ ‘‘coral assemblages,’’ or ‘‘ecological assemblages of corals.’’ Further, we use ‘‘framework reefs’’ here to explicitly denote those coral assemblages that have produced accretion through the production of reef framework, and we do not intend this as a contribution to any debate on what does or does not constitute a reef. The settings under consideration in this issue include settings where external factors act to change parameters such as temperature, salinity, nutrient load, and suspended sediment concentrations over a variety of magnitudes and timescales (e.g. ‘‘permanently,’’ seasonally, over lunar and other cycles, and episodically). Such settings may be considered by some as ‘‘marginal’’ in terms of reef-building potential, for example, the production of reef framework, but they are clearly important for maintaining a rich diversity of coral community and reef types, and as localized sites of coral and carbonate sediment production and, in some cases, accumulation.
TL;DR: Despite a wealth of research and policy initiatives on "workfamily", "work-life balance" or what we prefer to call work-personal life integration, societies seem stuck about how to make equitable, satisfactory and sustainable changes in the ways in which paid work can be combined with the rest of life.
Abstract: Despite a wealth of research and policy initiatives on “work‐family”, “work‐life balance” or what we prefer to call work‐personal life integration, societies seem stuck about how to make equitable, satisfactory and sustainable changes in the ways in which paid work can be combined with the rest of life. So what is holding back satisfactory change? And how can people move beyond this apparent deadlock in workplaces and other institutions and really go forward? This paper looks at some of the reasons why issues about work‐personal life integration have become so pressing and then reflects on implications for working towards more fundamental changes at many different levels. It highlights sticking points holding back change and argues that these could be developed into new levers for change by emphasising the need to rethink and question many deeply held – but outdated – assumptions about working practices, families, culture and personal lives.
TL;DR: In this paper, urban sediment samples were analysed from both inner and outer city road surfaces of Manchester, UK, to identify sources, signatures and pathways of urban particulates, which indicate inputs of anthropogenic origin, primarily particulates derived from automobiles, as being the dominant source to the urban sediment system.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a tutorial on reliability in research and clinical practice, defined as the quality of a measure that produces reproducible scores on repeat administrations of a test.
TL;DR: Regular applications of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate to areas of acidic and calcareous grassland in the Derbyshire Peak District over a period of 6 years have resulted in significant losses in both overall plant cover and the abundance of individual species, associated with clear and dose-related increases in shoot nitrogen content.
TL;DR: In conclusion, ‘priming’ exercise has the potential to significantly enhance exercise tolerance and athletic performance, and the optimal combination of the intensity, duration and mode of ‘warm-up’ Exercise, andThe recovery period allowed before the criterion exercise challenge, remain to be determined.
Abstract: 'Warm-up' activity is almost universally performed by athletes prior to their participation in training or competition. However, relatively little is known about the optimal intensity and duration for such exercise, or about the potential mechanisms primed by warm-up that might enhance performance. Recent studies demonstrate that vigorous warm-up exercise that normally results in an elevated blood and presumably muscle lactate concentration has the potential to increase the aerobic energy turnover in subsequent high-intensity exercise. The reduced oxygen deficit is associated with a reduction in both the depletion of the intramuscular phosphocreatine stores and the rate at which lactic acid is produced. Furthermore, the oxygen uptake 'slow component' that develops during high-intensity, ostensibly submaximal, exercise is attenuated. These factors would be hypothesised to predispose to increased exercise tolerance. Interestingly, the elevation of muscle temperature by prior exercise does not appear to be implicated in the altered metabolic and gas exchange responses observed during subsequent exercise. The physiological mechanism(s) that limit the rate and the extent to which muscle oxygen uptake increases following the onset of exercise, and which are apparently altered by the performance of prior heavy exercise, are debated. However, these mechanisms could include oxygen availability, enzyme activity and/or availability of metabolic substrate, and motor unit recruitment patterns. Irrespective of the nature of the control mechanisms that are influenced, 'priming' exercise has the potential to significantly enhance exercise tolerance and athletic performance. The optimal combination of the intensity, duration and mode of 'warm-up' exercise, and the recovery period allowed before the criterion exercise challenge, remain to be determined.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine different forms of spiritual practice which seek to re-enchant the everyday and the ordinary by considering the duality of sacred and profane as the relational outcome of both embodied action and the action of other objects or things that are nominally valued as profane.
Abstract: In this paper I examine different forms of spiritual practice which seek to (re)enchant the everyday and the ordinary. By considering the duality of sacred and profane as the relational outcome of both embodied action and the action of other objects or things that are nominally valued as profane, an account is sought which acknowledges the corporeal enacting and sensing of the sacred both in and of the everyday. Taking empirical examples from New Age spiritual seekers, I trace the ways in which profane spatialities and temporalities are reconfigured into sacred topologies and how these seekers realise spiritual enlightenment through a reinhabited appropriation or articulation of the world. The source of signification of this spiritual comportment lies in embodied practices of the everyday that are sensed as the spiritually ‘correct’ or ‘true’ way of doing things. New ways of thinking everyday spiritual practice are thus sought and elaborated upon.
TL;DR: A system aimed at reducing cardiovascular deconditioning wherein gravity is simulated by the centrifugal acceleration generated by the motion of two counter rotating bicycles ridden by the astronauts on the inner wall of a cylindrical space module is described.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore links between the firm's financial structure, corporate governance, and the management of labour, and develop a model that identifies how financial institutions and pressures impact upon labour management.
Abstract: This article explores links between the firm's financial structure, corporate governance, and the management of labour. It reviews various literatures, in particular drawing from financial economics and political economy, and combines these with industrial relations, and human resource management. We develop a model that identifies how financial institutions and pressures impact upon labour management. Managerial discretion is at the centre of the model, and six key influences and constraints upon management are identified. We present evidence from comparative analysis of labour management which illustrates how management decisions and practices are affected. A benefit of this approach is that it can take account of within-country variations.