Manchester Metropolitan University

About: Manchester Metropolitan University is a education organization based out in Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 5435 authors who have published 16202 publications receiving 442561 citations. The organization is also known as: Manchester Polytechnic & MMU.

Age-related skeletal muscle dysfunction: causes and mechanisms.

Abstract: Age-related muscle weakening may ultimately result in the transition from an independent to a dependent life-style. The decline in muscle strength is larger than expected from the loss of muscle mass. Single fibre studies and in vitro motility assays indicate that part of the muscle dysfunction is due to modifications of the myosin molecule. A lower rate of protein turnover may increase the chance of post-translational modifications such as oxidation and glycation. The impaired regenerative capacity of old muscles is related to a lower differentiation capacity of myosatellite cells, which is most likely due to altered transcriptional activity of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). However, old myosatellite cells can be rejuvenated when exposed to serum from young individuals. This indicates that alterations in the environment of the satellite cells or circulating substances play an important role in impaired differentiation capacity of satellite cells in old age. It is proposed that systemic inflammation may be that factor. Indeed, the inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha: 1) impairs transcriptional regulation by MRFs, 2) suppresses myosatellite cell differentiation and 3) induces apoptosis. Moreover, muscle mass, strength and the response to strength training in old age are all inversely related to the degree of systemic inflammation.

Application of 3D body scanning technology to human measurement for clothing Fit

Abstract: Complications with garment sizing and poor fit inconvenience many consumers who become dissatisfied with such provision on the high street. It is evident that human measurement and classification of the human body based on size and shape are precedent to accurate clothing fit and therefore fundamental to production and consumption. With advancement in technology, automated 3D body scanners designed to capture the shape and size of a human body in seconds and further produce its true-to-scale 3D body model have been developed. The use of data generated is extensive; and include anthropometric dimensions and morphology for the creation of avatars and mannequins. This technology is currently viewed as the frontier in solving fit problems, for instance by generating accurate data for the development of size charts, enabling a pragmatic approach to the offer of mass customisation and also facilitating virtual model fit trials that enhance online clothing shopping experiences. Consumers have become savvier than ever and as the demand for well-fitted garments is increasing, 3D body scanning technology is being viewed as a significant bridge between craftsmanship and computer-aided design technologies. Currently being explored by academic research and not as yet widely implemented across retail sectors, it is expected to facilitate consumer satisfaction and reduce commercial waste due to ‘ill-fit’ returns. There is therefore a vital need to authenticate procedures and establish systems for practice. This paper seeks to assess the application of one such technology to human measurement for clothing provision and tests procedures for its implementation. The methodology presents a case study approach involving the use of one such stateof-the-art technology in the acquisition of measurement data at a metropolitan university in the UK, and advises on the application of the 3D body scanner in research and sampling activities.

Can I cut it? Medical students' perceptions of surgeons and surgical careers.

Abstract: Background Recent years have seen a significant drop in applications to surgical residencies. Existing research has yet to explain how medical students make career decisions. This qualitative study explores students' perceptions of surgery and surgeons, and the influence of stereotypes on career decisions. Methods Exploratory questionnaires captured students' perceptions of surgeons and surgery. Questionnaire data informed individual interviews, exploring students' perceptions in depth. Rigorous qualitative interrogation of interviews identified emergent themes from which a cohesive analysis was synthesized. Results Respondents held uniform stereotypes of surgeons as self-confident and intimidating; surgery was competitive, masculine, and required sacrifice. To succeed in surgery, students felt they must fit these stereotypes, excluding those unwilling, or who felt unable, to conform. Deviating from the stereotypes required displaying such characteristics to a level exceptional even for surgery; consequently, surgery was neither an attractive nor realistic career option. Conclusions Strong stereotypes of surgery deterred students from a surgical career. As a field, surgery must actively engage medical students to encourage participation and dispel negative stereotypes that are damaging recruitment into surgery.