Showing papers by "Max Planck Society published in 1991"
TL;DR: A form for the exchange-correlation potential in local-density band theory, appropriate for Mott insulators, and finds that all late-3d-transition-metal monoxides, as well as the parent compounds of the high-${\mathit{T}$ compounds, are large-gap magnetic insulators of the charge-transfer type.
Abstract: We propose a form for the exchange-correlation potential in local-density band theory, appropriate for Mott insulators The idea is to use the ``constrained-local-density-approximation'' Hubbard parameter U as the quantity relating the single-particle potentials to the magnetic- (and orbital-) order parameters Our energy functional is that of the local-density approximation plus the mean-field approximation to the remaining part of the U term We argue that such a method should make sense, if one accepts the Hubbard model and the success of constrained-local-density-approximation parameter calculations Using this ab initio scheme, we find that all late-3d-transition-metal monoxides, as well as the parent compounds of the high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ compounds, are large-gap magnetic insulators of the charge-transfer type Further, the method predicts that ${\mathrm{LiNiO}}_{2}$ is a low-spin ferromagnet and NiS a local-moment p-type metal The present version of the scheme fails for the early-3d-transition-metal monoxides and for the late 3d transition metals
5,481 citations
TL;DR: Each MHC class I allele has its individual rules to which peptides presented in the groove adhere, and this information about the contents of MHC grooves is now provided.
Abstract: The crystal structures of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules contain a groove occupied by heterogeneous material thought to represent peptides central to immune recognition, although until now relatively little characterization of the peptides has been possible. Exact information about the contents of MHC grooves is now provided. Moreover, each MHC class I allele has its individual rules to which peptides presented in the groove adhere.
2,577 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the genomic DNA sequences encoding the particular channel segment of all subunits harbor a glutamine codon (CAG), even though an arginine codon is found in mRNAs of three subunits.
1,445 citations
TL;DR: This article found that participants who had to recall 12 examples of assertive (unassertive) behaviors, which was difficult, rated themselves as less assertive and less unassertive than subjects who had only recall 6 examples, which were easy.
Abstract: Experienced ease of recall was found to qualify the implications of recalled content. Ss who had to recall 12 examples of assertive (unassertive) behaviors, which was difficult, rated themselves as less assertive (less unassertive) than subjects who had to recall 6 examples, which was easy In fact, Ss reported higher assertiveness after recalling 12 unassertive rather than 12 assertive behaviors. Thus, self-assessments only reflected the implications of recaUed content if recall was easy The impact of ease of recall was eliminated when its informational value was discredited by a misattribution manipulation. The informative functions of subjective experiences are discussed.
1,367 citations
TL;DR: The expression pattern of Pax-6 during embryogenesis and the isolation of cDNA clones spanning the entire coding region are described and, in addition to the paired domain, a paired-type homeodomain is contained.
Abstract: A multigene family of paired-box-containing genes (Pax genes) has been identified in the mouse. In this report, we describe the expression pattern of Pax-6 during embryogenesis and the isolation of cDNA clones spanning the entire coding region. The Pax-6 protein consists of 422 amino acids as deduced from the longest open reading frame and contains, in addition to the paired domain, a paired-type homeodomain. Beginning with day 8 of gestation, Pax-6 is expressed in discrete regions of the forebrain and the hindbrain. In the neural tube, expression is mainly confined to mitotic active cells in the ventral ventricular zone along the entire anteroposterior axis starting at day 8.5 of development. Pax-6 is also expressed in the developing eye, the pituitary and the nasal epithelium.
1,270 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1991TL;DR: This work presents a meta-analyses of motivation and action in a large sample of teenagers from around the globe, showing clear trends in motivation research and in particular in the areas of power motivation and self-regulation.
Abstract: 1. Motivation and action: introduction and overview J. Heckhausen and H. Heckhausen 2. Historical trends in motivation research H. Heckhausen 3. Trait theories of motivation D. Scheffer and H. Heckhausen 4. Situational determinants of behavior J. Beckmann and H. Heckhausen 5. Motivation as a function of expectancy and incentive J. Beckmann and H. Heckhausen 6. Achievement motivation J. C. Brunstein and H. Heckhausen 7. Social bonding: affiliation motivation and intimacy motivation K. Sokolowski and H. Heckhausen 8. Power motivation H.-D. Schmalt and H. Heckhausen 9. Implicit and explicit motives J. C. Brunstein 10. Biopsychological aspects of motivation O. C. Schultheiss and M. M. Wirth 11. Motivation and volition in the course of action A. Achtziger and P. M. Gollwitzer 12. Individual differences in self-regulation J. Kuhl 13. Intrinsic motivation and flow F. Rheinberg 14. Causal attribution of behavior and achievement J. Stiensmeier-Pelster and H. Heckhausen 15. Motivation and development J. Heckhausen and H. Heckhausen.
1,239 citations
TL;DR: Article de synthese sur l'architecture fonctionnelle de the retine chez les mammiferes: topographie de la retine; localisation, morphologie, fonctions and connections des cellules horizontales, bipolaires, amacrines and des cellule ganglionnaires.
Abstract: Article de synthese sur l'architecture fonctionnelle de la retine chez les mammiferes: topographie de la retine; localisation, morphologie, fonctions et connections des cellules horizontales, bipolaires, amacrines et des cellules ganglionnaires
1,072 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the identity of a vertebral segment is specified by a combination of functionally active Hox genes, a "Hox code," and that exogenous RA interferes with the normal establishment of Hox codes and thus with axial specification.
993 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes the cloning and expression of a Xenopus homolog of Brachyury, Xbra, and shows that expression of Xbra occurs as a result of mesoderm induction in Xenopus, both in Response to the natural signal and in response to the Mesoderm-inducing factors activin A and basic FGF.
983 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1991TL;DR: Anatomical research on the cerebral cortex, which has been undertaken by the Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, is interpeted and summarized in this text and shows that the whole organization in the cortical "skeleton" of pyramidal cells corresponds well to the idea of an associative memory and to the theory of cell assemblies.
Abstract: Anatomical research on the cerebral cortex, which has been undertaken by the Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, is interpeted and summarized in this text. By means of quantitative analysis of the tissue components, it presents an overall picture of the cortical network, which is then related to various theories on cortical function. While most other publications in this field support the concept of cortical circuits, this particular work is centered around the idea of a diffuse network in a fairly homogeneous population of excitatory neurons, that of the pyramidal cells. It shows that the whole organization in the cortical "skeleton" of pyramidal cells corresponds well to the idea of an associative memory and to the theory of cell assemblies. A similar theory also applies to a small proportion of inhibitory interneurons in the cortex. The theoretical points are made on the basis of experimental results. The reader not only obtains knowledge about quantitative neuroanatomy, but also details of methods used, particularly those varying from the standard.
924 citations
TL;DR: Response synchronization has now been shown to occur also between neurons in area 17 of the right and left cerebral hemispheres, and this synchronization is mediated by corticocortical connections, compatible with the hypothesis that temporal synchrony of neuronal discharges serves to bind features within and between the visual hemifields.
Abstract: Neurons in area 17 of cat visual cortex display oscillatory responses that can synchronize across spatially separate columns in a stimulus-specific way. Response synchronization has now been shown to occur also between neurons in area 17 of the right and left cerebral hemispheres. This synchronization was abolished by section of the corpus callosum. Thus, the response synchronization is mediated by corticocortical connections. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that temporal synchrony of neuronal discharges serves to bind features within and between the visual hemifields.
TL;DR: The isolation and characterization of Pax‐3 is described, a novel murine paired box gene expressed exclusively during embryogenesis that specifically recognizes the e5 sequence present upstream of the Drosophila even‐skipped gene.
Abstract: We describe the isolation and characterization of Pax-3, a novel murine paired box gene expressed exclusively during embryogenesis. Pax-3 encodes a 479 amino acid protein with an Mr of 56 kd containing both a paired domain and a paired-type homeodomain. The Pax-3 protein is a DNA binding protein that specifically recognizes the e5 sequence present upstream of the Drosophila even-skipped gene. Pax-3 transcripts are first detected in 8.5 day mouse embryos where they are restricted to the dorsal part of the neuroepithelium and to the adjacent segmented dermomyotome. During early neurogenesis, Pax-3 expression is limited to mitotic cells in the ventricular zone of the developing spinal cord and to distinct regions in the hindbrain, midbrain and diencephalon. In 10-12 day embryos, expression of Pax-3 is also seen in neural crest cells of the developing spinal ganglia, the craniofacial mesectoderm and in limb mesenchyme of 10 and 11 day embryos.
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of a monolayer on the water surface modifies the Brewster angle condition, and light reflection is observed, and areas of different brightness due to different molecular density and/or refractive index in the monolayers have been recorded with a video system as micrographic pictures.
Abstract: No light is reflected from the air-water interface under Brewster angle incidence if p-polarized light is used. With constant angle of incidence, the formation of a monolayer on the water surface modifies the Brewster angle condition, and light reflection is observed. Reflectivity-area isotherms of arachidic acid monolayers on pure water and on aqueous solution of different pH have been measured. Areas of different brightness due to different molecular density and/or refractive index in the monolayer have been recorded with a video system as micrographic pictures. This Brewster angle microscopy enables us also to detect monolayer inhomogeneities and the reversible formation of solid-phase domains upon compression of monolayers of DMPE
TL;DR: The physiological and pathophysiological functions of neurotrophins and CNTF are discussed in the context of their potential use for the treatment of traumatic and degenerative diseases of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
TL;DR: The properties of heteromeric wild-type and mutant GluRs revealed that the dominance of GluR-B is due to the arginine residue in the TM2 region, and the steady-state current-voltage relations of glutamate- and kainate-induced currents through homomeric channels fell into two classes.
Abstract: Functional glutamate receptor (GluRs) were transiently expressed in cultured mammalian cells from cloned complementary DNAs encoding GluR-A, -B, -C, or -D polypeptides. The steady-state current-voltage (I-V) relations of glutamate- and kainate-induced currents through homomeric channels fell into two classes: channels composed of either the GluR-A, -C, and -D subunits showed doubly rectifying I-V curves, and channels composed of the GluR-B subunits displayed simple outward rectification. The presence of GluR-B subunits in heteromeric GluRs determined the I-V behavior of the resulting channels. Site-directed mutagenesis identified a single amino acid difference (glutamine to arginine) in the putative transmembrane segment TM2 responsible for subunit-specific I-V relationships. The properties of heteromeric wild-type and mutant GluRs revealed that the dominance of GluR-B is due to the arginine residue in the TM2 region.
TL;DR: The CIDI was judged to be acceptable for most subjects and was appropriate for use in different kinds of settings, and no significant numbers of diagnostic disconcordances were found with lifetime, six-month, and four-week time frames.
Abstract: The CIDI is a fully standardised diagnostic interview designed for assessing mental disorders based on the definitions and criteria of ICD-10 and DSM-III-R. Field trials with the CIDI have been conducted in 18 centres around the world, to test the feasibility and reliability of the CIDI in different cultures and settings, as well as to test the inter-rater agreement for the different types of questions used. Of 590 subjects interviewed across all sites and rated by an interviewer and observer, 575 were eligible for analysis. The CIDI was judged to be acceptable for most subjects and was appropriate for use in different kinds of settings. Many subjects fulfilled criteria for more than one diagnosis (lifetime and six-month). The most frequent lifetime disorders were generalised anxiety, major depression, tobacco use disorders, and agoraphobia. Percentage agreements for all diagnoses were above 90% and the kappa values were all highly significant. No significant numbers of diagnostic disconcordances were found with lifetime, six-month, and four-week time frames.
TL;DR: Recently determined crystal structures of chicken cystatin and human stefin B established a new mechanism of interaction between cysteine proteinases and their inhibitors which is fundamentally different from the standard mechanism for serine proteinase inhibitors and their inhibitor.
Book•
01 Jan 1991TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a semi-empirical SCF method to estimate the Independent Electron Approximation (IE) with respect to the ground state energy.
Abstract: 1. Introduction.- 2. The Independent-Electron Approximation.- 2.1 Starting Hamiltonian.- 2.2 Basis Functions and Basis Sets.- 2.3 Self-Consistent Field Approximation.- 2.4 Simplified SCF Calculational Schemes.- 2.4.1 Semi-empirical SCF Methods.- 2.4.2 Pseudopotentials.- 2.5 Koopmans' Theorem.- 2.6 Homogeneous Electron Gas.- 2.7 Local Exchange Potential - The Xa Method.- 2.8 Shortcomings of the Independent-Electron Approximation.- 2.9 Unrestricted SCF Approximation.- 3. Density Functional Theory.- 3.1 Thomas-Fermi Method.- 3.2 Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham Theory.- 3.3 Local-Density Approximation.- 3.4 Results for Atoms, Molecules, and Solids.- 3.5 Extensions and Limitations.- 4. Quantum-Chemical Approach to Electron Correlations.- 4.1 Configuration Interactions.- 4.1.1 Local and Localized Orbitals.- 4.1.2 Selection of Double Substitutions.- 4.1.3 Multireference CI.- 4.2 Many-Body Perturbation Theory.- 5. Cumulants, Partitioning, and Projections.- 5.1 Cumulant Representation.- 5.1.1 Ground-State Energy.- 5.1.2 Perturbation Expansion.- 5.2 Projection and Partitioning Techniques.- 5.2.1 Coupled-Electron-Pair Approximations.- 5.2.2 Projections Based on Local Operators.- 5.2.3 Method of Increments.- 5.3 Coupled-Cluster Method.- 5.4 Comparison with Various Trial Wavefunctions.- 5.5 Simplified Correlation Calculations.- 6. Excited States.- 6.1 CI Calculations and Basis Set Requirements.- 6.2 Excitation Energies in Terms of Cumulants.- 6.3 Green's Function Method.- 6.3.1 Perturbation Expansions.- 6.3.2 The Projection Method.- 6.4 Local Operators.- 7. Finite-Temperature Techniques.- 7.1 Approximations for Thermodynamic Quantities.- 7.1.1 Temperature Green's Function.- 7.1.2 The Projection Method for T ? 0.- 7.2 Functional-Integral Method.- 7.2.1 Static Approximation.- 7.3 Monte Carlo Methods.- 7.3.1 Sampling Techniques.- 7.3.2 Ground-State Energy.- 8. Correlations in Atoms and Molecules.- 8.1 Atoms.- 8.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules.- 8.2.1 Analytic Expressions for Correlation-Energy Contributions.- 8.2.2 Simplified Correlation Calculations.- 8.3 Molecules Consisting of First-Row Atoms.- 8.4 Strength of Correlations in Different Bonds.- 8.5 Polymers.- 8.5.1 Polyethylene.- 8.5.2 Polyacetylene.- 8.6 Photoionization Spectra.- 9. Semiconductors and Insulators.- 9.1 Ground-State Correlations.- 9.1.1 Semi-empirical Correlation Calculations.- 9.1.2 Ab Initio Calculations.- 9.2 Excited States.- 9.2.1 Role of Nonlocal Exchange.- 9.2.2 The Energy Gap Problem.- 9.2.3 Hedin's GW Approximation.- 10. Homogeneous Metallic Systems.- 10.1 Fermi-Liquid Approach.- 10.2 Charge Screening and the Random-Phase Approximation.- 10.3 Spin Fluctuations.- 11. Transition Metals.- 11.1 Correlated Ground State.- 11.2 Excited States.- 11.3 Finite Temperatures.- 11.3.1 Single-Site Approximation.- 11.3.2 Two-Sites Approximation.- 11.3.3 Beyond the Static Approximation.- 12. Strongly Correlated Electrons.- 12.1 Molecules.- 12.2 Anderson Hamiltonian.- 12.2.1 Calculation of the Ground-State Energy.- 12.2.2 Excited States.- 12.2.3 Noncrossing Approximation.- 12.3 Effective Exchange Hamiltonian.- 12.3.1 Schrieffer-Wolff Transformation.- 12.3.2 Kondo Divergency.- 12.3.3 Fermi-Liquid Description.- 12.4 Magnetic Impurity in a Lattice of Strongly Correlated Electrons.- 12.5 Hubbard Hamiltonian.- 12.5.1 Ground-State: Gutzwiller's Wavefunction and Spin-Density Wave State.- 12.5.2 Excitation Spectrum.- 12.5.3 The Limits of One Dimension and Infinite Dimensions.- 12.6 The t - J Model.- 12.7 Slave Bosons in the Mean-Field Approximation.- 12.8 Kanamori's t-Matrix Approach.- 13. Heavy-Fermion Systems.- 13.1 The Fermi Surface and Quasiparticle Excitations.- 13.1.1 Large Versus Small Fermi Surface.- 13.2 Model Hamiltonian and Slave Bosons.- 13.3 Application of the Noncrossing Approximation.- 13.4 Variational Wavefunctions.- 13.5 Quasiparticle Interactions.- 13.6 Quasiparticle-Phonon Interactions Based on Strong Correlations.- 14. Superconductivity and the High-Tc Materials.- 14.1 The Superconducting State.- 14.1.1 Pair States.- 14.1.2 BCS Ground State.- 14.1.3 Pair Breaking.- 14.2 Electronic Properties of the High-Tc Materials.- 14.2.1 Electronic Excitations in the Cu-O Planes.- 14.2.2 Calculation of the Spectral Weight by Projection Techniques.- 14.2.3 Size of the Fermi Surface.- 14.3 Other Properties of the Cuprates.- 14.3.1 Loss of Antiferromagnetic Order.- 14.3.2 Optical Conductivity.- 14.3.3 Magnetic Response.- 14.4 Heavy Fermions in Nd2_xCexCuO4.- B. Derivation of Several Relations Involving Cumulants.- C. Projection Method of Mori and Zwanzig.- D. Cross-Over from Weak to Strong Correlations.- E. Derivation of a General Form for ??).- F. Hund's Rule Correlations.- G. Cumulant Representation of Expectation Values and Correlation Functions.- H. Diagrammatic Representation of Certain Expectation Values.- I. Derivation of the Quasiparticle Equation.- J. Coherent-Potential Approximation.- K. Derivation of the NCA Equations.- L. Ground-State Energy of a Heisenberg Antiferromagnet on a Square Lattice.- M. The Lanczos Method.- References.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new detector for atom interferometers, constructed with the aid of modern quantum optics, provides a way around the obstacle of position-momentum uncertainty relation and allows the investigation of other mechanisms that enforce complementarity.
Abstract: Simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviour is prohibited, usually by the position–momentum uncertainty relation New detectors, constructed with the aid of modern quantum optics, provide a way around this obstacle in atom interferometers, and allow the investigation of other mechanisms that enforce complementarity
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1, Johns Hopkins University2, University of Rochester3, Georgetown University4, University of Minnesota5, University of Pennsylvania6, Harvard University7, University of California, Los Angeles8, National Institutes of Health9, University of Pittsburgh10, Northwestern University11, University of California, San Diego12, World Health Organization13, University College London14, Columbia University15, Max Planck Society16
TL;DR: These definitions have been developed in conjunction with the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10, unpublished draft of the World Health Organization) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, unpublishedDraft of the American Psychiatric Association) and are not identical.
Abstract: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) has been associated with avariety of neurologic disorders thought to be caused, directly or indirectly, by HIV-1.1-6 Although these disorders have been described clinically, there is no consensus terminology or criteria for diagnosis. To develop consensus nomenclature and case definitions for HIV-1-associated neurologic conditions for research purposes, the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force convened a working group of neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, and sociologists that included representatives of the American Neurological Association, the World Federation of Neurology, the International Neuropsychological Society, the National Academy of Neuropsychology, the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the World Health Organization, and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). These definitions have been developed in conjunction with the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10, unpublished draft of the World Health Organization) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, unpublished draft of the American Psychiatric Association). Although consistent with the ICD-10, the definitions are not identical. HIV-2 may cause similar disorders, but the neurologic manifestations of HIV-2 are unknown and are not addressed in this article.
TL;DR: In the presence of high concentrations (> 3 M) of divalent cations, where the electrostatic force can be completely ignored, another repulsive force was observed with silicon nitride tips on mica and this repulsion is attributed to the hydration force.
TL;DR: It is found that a change in the number of 3d electrons in Fe is only screened to about 50% inside the Fe atom where the change was made, although perfect screening was expected for a metallic system like Fe.
Abstract: The effective Coulomb interaction between the localized electrons is calculated for Fe and Ce. It is found that a change in the number of 3d electrons in Fe is only screened to about 50% inside the Fe atom where the change was made, although perfect (100%) screening was expected for a metallic system like Fe. In Ce, on the other hand, the screening is very efficient. The difference is discussed. For Ce the calculated Coulomb interaction (6 eV) is in satisfactory agreement with experiment, while the result (6 eV) for Fe is surprising large.
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: Two-dimensional molecular patterns were obtained by the adsorption of long-chain alkanes, alcohols, fatty acids, and a dialkylbenzene from organic solutions onto the basal plane of graphite.
Abstract: Two-dimensional molecular patterns were obtained by the adsorption of long-chain alkanes, alcohols, fatty acids, and a dialkylbenzene from organic solutions onto the basal plane of graphite. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies revealed that these molecules organize in lamellae with the extended alkyl chains oriented parallel to a lattice axis within the basal plane of graphite. The planes of the carbon skeletons, however, can be oriented either predominantly perpendicular to or predominantly parallel with the substrate surface, causing the lamellar lattice to be either in or near registry with the substrate (alkanes and alcohols) or not in registry (fatty acids and dialkylbenzenes). In the case of the alcohols and the dialkylbenzene the molecular axes are tilted by +30 degrees or -30 degrees with respect to an axis normal to the lamella boundaries, giving rise to molecularly well-defined domain boundaries. Fast STM image recording allowed the spontaneous switch between the two tilt angles to be observed in the alcohol monolayers on a time scale of a few milliseconds.
TL;DR: These findings challenge the widespread view that children initially map spatial words directly to nonlinguistic spatial concepts, and suggest that they are influenced by the semantic organization of their language virtually from the beginning.
TL;DR: A review of the state of the art in the field of chemistry of the NO 3 radical is presented in this paper, with a focus on the relationship between the laboratory and the atmospheric studies.
TL;DR: It is shown that staufen protein is one of the first molecules to localize to the posterior pole of the oocyte, perhaps in association with oskar RNA.
TL;DR: A novel method has been developed to allow cloning of protein targets for receptors with tyrosine kinase activity by utilizing the carboxy-terminal tail of EGF receptor as a probe to screen lambda gt11 expression libraries, several EGFR-binding proteins have been cloned.
TL;DR: In this paper, the kinetics of O 2 reduction accompanying oxidation of organic compounds on photocatalytic semiconductor particles are analyzed and the rate-controlling processes are defined and the electron reactivities are derived for two cases: A, electrons moving freely in the semiconductor particle and reacting with O 2 anywhere on its surface and B, electrons trapped at or near the surface of the polysilicon particle and transferred from the traps only to nearby O 2 molecules
Abstract: The kinetics of O 2 reduction accompanying oxidation of organic compounds on photocatalytic semiconductor particles is analyzed. The rate-controlling processes are defined and the electron reactivities are derived for two cases: A, electrons moving freely in the semiconductor particle and reacting with O 2 anywhere on its surface and B, electrons trapped at or near the surface of the semiconductor particle and transferred from the traps only to nearby O 2 molecules
TL;DR: Atoms prepared in a coherent superposition of a ground- (or excited-) state doublet can produce a large resonant index of refraction with vanishing absorption.
Abstract: Atoms prepared in a coherent superposition of a ground- (or excited-) state doublet can produce a large resonant index of refraction with vanishing absorption.