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Institution

McGill University

EducationMontreal, Quebec, Canada
About: McGill University is a education organization based out in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 72688 authors who have published 162565 publications receiving 6966523 citations. The organization is also known as: Royal institution of advanced learning & University of McGill College.


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Journal ArticleDOI
Eric Fombonne1
01 Jan 2003-JAMA
TL;DR: The findings of a survey that found a rate of 34 per 10000 for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) among 3to 10-year-old children in metropolitan Atlanta suggest that these differences might reflect new diagnostic criteria for autism and increased availability of developmental disability services for children with autism in the 1990s.
Abstract: THE NUMBER OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AUtism has increased in recent years, including in the United States, where investigators are now catching up in what has traditionally been a weak area of child psychiatric research in North America. In this issue of THE JOURNAL, Yeargin-Allsopp et al report the findings of a survey, which was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, that found a rate of 34 per 10000 for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) among 3to 10-year-old children in metropolitan Atlanta. The strengths of the survey include use of multiple ascertainment sources and large sample size (ie, 987 confirmed ASD cases compared with a median sample size of 50 in 32 previous studies), thereby allowing the authors to have good precision in the estimates and to conduct meaningful subgroup analyses. In addition, this study is the first to derive a robust population-based estimate for the rate of ASD in black children, which is comparable to other racial groups. Other findings are typical of those found in previous surveys with ASD cases, with a strong overrepresentation of boys, cognitive impairments in more than two thirds of cases, and a relatively high rate (8%) of epilepsy. Approximately 18% of the sample did not have a previous diagnosis or were not suspected of having ASD, and children from black, younger, or less educated mothers were more often identified through schools as the only source of case finding. These findings highlight the need to rely on multiple ascertainment sources in epidemiological studies of ASD and caution against findings that are based on single service provider databases. The prevalence rate of 34 per 10000 is, however, likely to be an underestimate. First, as the authors point out, children with milder or high-functioning (ie, normal IQ) ASD subtypes are likely to have been missed. Second, the lower prevalence in 3and 4-year-olds may reflect lower sensitivity of case identification among younger children for developmental disorders that often are diagnosed later. Third, there was an unexpected decrease in prevalence among 9and 10-year-olds. Although it would be tempting to interpret this age trend as indicative of a secular increase in the rate of ASD (ie, the younger the birth cohort, the higher the prevalence), such an explanation is both unlikely and biologically implausible because rates plateaued for birth cohorts aged 5 through 8. Rather, the authors suggest that these differences might reflect new diagnostic criteria for autism and increased availability of developmental disability services for children with autism in the 1990s. What this means, however, is that the rate of 41 to 45 in 10000 obtained for the 5to 8-year-olds might be more accurate. This rate also is more in line with those of 3 recent surveys that yielded prevalence estimates in the range of 60 per 10000. High prevalence rates from more recent epidemiological surveys have fueled the debate about a possible epidemic of autism. However, 4 separate issues need to be addressed. The first issue concerns the best current estimate for the prevalence of autism and related disorders. Increasing and consistent evidence from recent surveys shows that the prevalence rate for ASDs (including not only autism disorder but also Asperger disorder and pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise specified) is approximately 60 per 10000; the study results from Yeargin-Allsopp et al concur with this conclusion. This estimate translates to approximately 425000 children younger than age 18 years with ASDs in the United States, including 114000 children younger than 5 years. The second issue is whether the prevalence of ASD has increased over time. Surveys conducted in the 1960s and 1970s only dealt with autism disorder (as opposed to ASD) and with a rather narrow definition of autism, as per Kanner’s descriptions, and not accounting for autism occurring in subjects who are not mentally retarded. Thus, comparisons of rates over time generally deal with studies that have used different case definitions, making interpretation of time trends difficult. The closest estimate of ASD prevalence available in the late 1970s was 20 per 10000 in a survey from the United Kingdom that was limited to the severely impaired children with ASD. Comparing rates for subtypes of ASD provide another avenue for estimation over time especially for autism disorder, but as shown by Yeargin-Allsopp et al and other surveys, the breakdown in ASD subtypes is not always reli-

718 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Chemotherapy appears to be an effective primary postoperative treatment for many malignant brain tumors in young children and a comparison of cognitive evaluations obtained at base line and after one year of chemotherapy revealed no evidence of deterioration in cognitive function.
Abstract: Background Among patients with malignant brain tumors, infants and very young children have the worst prognosis and the most severe treatment-related neurotoxic effects. Therefore, in 1986, the Pediatric Oncology Group began a study in which postoperative chemotherapy was given in order to permit a delay in the delivery of radiation to the developing brain. Methods Children under 36 months of age with biopsy-proved malignant brain tumors were treated postoperatively with two 28-day cycles of cyclophosphamide plus vincristine, followed by one 28-day cycle of cisplatin plus etoposide. This sequence was repeated until the disease progressed or for two years in 132 children under 24 months of age at diagnosis and for one year in 66 children 24 to 36 months of age at diagnosis. After this, the patients received radiation therapy. The response to the first two cycles of chemotherapy was measured in 102 patients with residual postoperative disease. Results The first two cycles of cyclophosphamide and vincristine...

718 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Green chemistry for chemical synthesis addresses the future challenges in working with chemical processes and products by inventing novel reactions that can maximize the desired products and minimize by-products.
Abstract: Green chemistry for chemical synthesis addresses our future challenges in working with chemical processes and products by inventing novel reactions that can maximize the desired products and minimize by-products, designing new synthetic schemes and apparati that can simplify operations in chemical productions, and seeking greener solvents that are inherently environmentally and ecologically benign

717 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived phenomenological bounds on the Lorentz-violating ultraviolet cutoff, which must apply to low-energy effective theories of ghosts, in order to keep the instability at unobservable levels.
Abstract: It has been suggested that a scalar field with negative kinetic energy, or ``ghost,'' could be the source of the observed late-time cosmological acceleration. Naively, such theories should be ruled out by the catastrophic quantum instability of the vacuum. We derive phenomenological bounds on the Lorentz-violating ultraviolet cutoff $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ which must apply to low-energy effective theories of ghosts, in order to keep the instability at unobservable levels. Assuming only that ghosts interact at least gravitationally, we show that $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\lesssim}3\mathrm{MeV}$ for consistency with the cosmic gamma ray background. We also show that theories of ghosts with a Lorentz-conserving cutoff are completely excluded.

717 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Consensus guidelines are presented on central aspects of CAR assessment, including objective control of sampling accuracy/adherence, participant instructions, covariate accounting, sampling protocols, quantification strategies as well as reporting and interpreting of CAR data.

716 citations


Authors

Showing all 73373 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Karl J. Friston2171267217169
Yi Chen2174342293080
Yoshua Bengio2021033420313
Irving L. Weissman2011141172504
Mark I. McCarthy2001028187898
Lewis C. Cantley196748169037
Martin White1962038232387
Michael Marmot1931147170338
Michael A. Strauss1851688208506
Alan C. Evans183866134642
Douglas R. Green182661145944
David A. Weitz1781038114182
David L. Kaplan1771944146082
Hyun-Chul Kim1764076183227
Feng Zhang1721278181865
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
2023342
2022998
20219,055
20208,668
20197,828
20187,237