Showing papers by "Medical Research Council published in 1969"
TL;DR: The life experience of 104 patients with Fredrickson's type-II hyperbetalipo-proteinaemia has been compared with 41 patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and the risks were lower but the risk of peripheral vascular disease was increased.
549 citations
TL;DR: The stomach was sterile in most fasting normal people; only in patients with gastric achlorhydria was any bacterial colonization of the stomach seen; in the people studied who had gastric acid, the upper small intestine was virtually free from bacteria except after a meal.
546 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that telephoning has a minimal effect on the more automatized driving skills, but that perception and decision-making may be critically impaired by switching between visual and auditory inputs.
Abstract: 224 men were given the task of judging whether to drive through gaps which might be larger or smaller than the car, and a telephoning task of checking the accuracy of short sentences. Interference between the concurrently performed tasks was investigated. Telephoning mainly impaired judgments of "impossible" gaps. The control skills employed in steering through "possible" gaps were not reliably degraded, although speed of driving was reduced. Driving increased errors and prolonged RTs on the sentence-checking task. It is concluded that telephoning has a minimal effect on the more automatized driving skills, but that perception and decision-making may be critically impaired by switching between visual and auditory inputs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
294 citations
TL;DR: Benign and malignant lesions of the large bowel which show a constant relationship between certain diseases in different geographical areas or in different socio-economic groups are examined and it is suggested that there is epidemiological and other evidence to incriminate low-residue diet as a major aetiological factor.
266 citations
TL;DR: A small proportion of the total activity of hen brain hydrolysing phenyl phenylacetate in vitro was shown to be due to an enzyme different from two others previously described, and it was deduced that the active site is the phosphorylation site associated with the genesis of delayed neurotoxicity.
Abstract: 1. Organophosphorus compounds that produce a delayed neurotoxic effect in hens phosphorylate a specific site in the brain soon after administration. 2. Phosphorylation of the specific site by di-isopropyl [(32)P]phosphorofluoridate in vitro is blocked by the prior addition of phenyl phenylacetate. 3. A small proportion of the total activity of hen brain hydrolysing phenyl phenylacetate in vitro was shown to be due to an enzyme different from two others previously described. 4. This enzyme is only slightly inhibited in vitro by concentrations of tetraethyl pyrophosphate and paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate) up to 64mum and is completely inhibited by 6mum-di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate and 128mum-mipafox. 5. It is also inhibited in vivo by effective doses of neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds but not by high doses of non-neurotoxic analogues. 6. It is deduced that the active site of this enzyme is the phosphorylation site associated with the genesis of delayed neurotoxicity.
260 citations
259 citations
TL;DR: Profound arterial hypotension was induced in 15 rhesus monkeys under pentobarbital anaesthesia, by a ganglion-blocking agent, head-up tilt and arterial bleeding, and lesions in the cerebral arterial boundary zones appear to result from a profound local reduction in cerebral blood flow which leads to a correspondingly localized metabolic disturbance, later recognisable as ‘ischaemic cell change’.
196 citations
TL;DR: The calcium-oxalate crystalluria in the recurrent stone-formers was mainly of octahedral crystals of calcium oxalate dihydrate, often in aggregates up to 200 μ in diameter, whereas in the controls the calcium Oxalate was in the form of very small particles with little or no aggregation.
190 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the serum-calcium represents an equilibrium value at which the rates of calcium input and output from the bloodstream are equal, and that this equilibrium value is largely determined by the kidneys.
181 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that in this trial radical radiotherapy has given, in terms of survival, a somewhat better result than surgery in the treatment of patients with small-celled or oat-CElled carcinoma of the bronchus diagnosed preoperatively on bronchial biopsy and judged to be operable.
177 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the absorption of both oxalic acid and calcium may be increased in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria.
TL;DR: Freshly removed testis tubules are treated with hypotonic citrate solution and fixed in 3∶1 acetic alcohol without undue rupture and slides are stained with lacto-acetic orcein.
Abstract: Freshly removed testis tubules are treated with hypotonic citrate solution and fixed in 3∶1 acetic alcohol without undue rupture. The material is transferred to 60% acetic acid and the resulting suspension is air-dried onto warm slides using a micropipette. Finally the slides are stained with lacto-acetic orcein. — Provided suitable storage is made, slides need not be prepared in the same week as fixation and this may facilitate the collection of material during field study.
TL;DR: This review does not cover the whole of this literature as it is particularly concerned with the effects of beta‐blocking drugs in man, and summarizes the adverse reactions so far reported with these drugs.
Abstract: In the short period of time since their introduction into clinical practice, almost 1,000 scientific papers have been written concerning beta‐receptor‐blocking drugs. This review does not cover the whole of this literature as it is particularly concerned with the effects of beta‐blocking drugs in man. To simplify presentation the review is divided into six main sections. The first deals with the nature of beta blockade and the second with structure activity relationships among beta‐blocking drugs. The third section is an account of the pharmacology of beta‐blocking drugs, mainly from the standpoint of their action on vascular, bronchial, and cardiac muscle and is chiefly derived from animal data. The fourth section deals with the clinical pharmacology, particularly circulatory and metabolic aspects, but it also includes some relevant animal data, especially that concerned with metabolic effects. The fifth and largest section deals with the clinical use of beta‐blocking drugs. The final section summarizes the adverse reactions so far reported with these drugs.
TL;DR: A fast method is presented for finding a fundamental set of cycles for an undirected finite graph and is similar to that of Gotlieb and Corneil and superior to those of Welch and Welch.
Abstract: A fast method is presented for finding a fundamental set of cycles for an undirected finite graph. A spanning tree is grown and the vertices examined in turn, unexamined vertices being stored in a pushdown list to await examination. One stage in the process is to take the top element v of the pushdown list and examine it, i.e. inspect all those edges (v, z) of the graph for which z has not yet been examined. If z is already in the tree, a fundamental cycle is added; if not, the edge (v, z) is placed in the tree. There is exactly one such stage for each of the n vertices of the graph. For large n, the store required increases as n2 and the time as ng where g depends on the type of graph involved. g is bounded below by 2 and above by 3, and it is shown that both bounds are attained.In terms of storage our algorithm is similar to that of Gotlieb and Corneil and superior to that of Welch; in terms of speed it is similar to that of Welch and superior to that of Gotlieb and Corneil. Tests show our algorithm to be remarkably efficient (g = 2) on random graphs.
TL;DR: A test system in vitro indicates that part of a neurotoxic dose of di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate will be covalently bound in vivo to a specific component in the brain and spinal cord as the initial biochemical event in the genesis of the lesion.
Abstract: 1. It is proposed that part of a neurotoxic dose of di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate will be covalently bound in vivo to a specific component in the brain and spinal cord as the initial biochemical event in the genesis of the lesion. 2. A test system in vitro was devised that removes many di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate-binding sites and indicates that the specific component may be a protein present in brain at a concentration comparable with that of the cholinesterases. 3. The site was found to be present and capable of binding di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate in vitro in brain samples taken from either normal hens or those dosed with organophosphorus esterase inhibitors that are not neurotoxic. 4. Very little of the specific binding activity was found in brain samples from hens pre-dosed with a variety of neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds. 5. A solubilized preparation of the active brain component was obtained, suitable for further purification and study.
TL;DR: Plasma (F.F.A.) free-fatty-acid concentrations and urinary catecholamine-excretion rates were estimated in thirty-five consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction and it should, therefore, be possible to evaluate the role of high F.F-A.A. values in the production of cardiac arrhythmias by a controlled clinical trial, using intravenous glucose in patients with Chronic Myocardial Infarction.
TL;DR: It is not known whether the intestinal effects observed after ingestion of PGE1 are relevant to the mechanism of diarrhea in patients with prostaglandin-secreting tumors, but further research should be done on the action of P GE1 on the gut.
TL;DR: The analysis of birthweights was based on the records of 52,004 legitimate, single births in the City of Aberdeen during the years 1948-64, and it is suggested that it would be profitable to go back to the original case records in order to obtain more detailed information.
TL;DR: It is proposed that barbiturate effects on heart rate control arc is achieved primarily in the central nervous system, and perhaps at the heart itself.
Abstract: The effects of anesthesia on the setting and sensitivity of baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate in man were studied. Modest increases in systemic arterial blood pressure were produced transiently by small amounts of phenylephrine intravenously. The quantitative relationship between individual systolic arterial pressure pulses and subsequent cardiac cycle lengths was evaluated as an index of reflex performance.Thiopental produced a decrease in baroreflex sensitivity, associated with tachycardia. Halo-thane and nitrous oxide resulted in marked reflex resetting, permitting the combination of bradycardia and reduced blood pressure. The mechanisms which may produce baroreflex resetting during anesthesia are discussed. We propose that barbiturate effects on heart rate control arc achieved primarily in the central nervous system, and perhaps at the heart itself. Halothane and nitrous oxide could operate at baroreceptor sites in addition.
TL;DR: A functional model in which different types of interference between stimuli can be enumerated, and those operating in the sorting task isolated are isolated.
Abstract: When subjects sort cards by the number of symbols on the cards, the nature of the symbols interferes with the sorting in ways which are similar to those shown by Klein (1964) using a variant of the Stroop test. When the symbols have names, such as letters and words, there is a decrement in performance; when the symbols are digits the decrement is increased. These and related results form the basis of a functional model in which different types of interference between stimuli can be enumerated, and those operating in the sorting task isolated.
The features of the final model are: (1) sorting proceeds via a verbal mediation; (2) the process of recognition of familiar named symbols is autonomous and results in the availability of the name of the symbol; (3) this name enters the same store as the mediating response and so can delay it; (4) in the present range of tasks there is no interference prior to the availability of the symbol name; (5) learning to reduce interference does result in a change prior to this stage; (6) the interference effects are analogous to word recognition phenomena.
TL;DR: It is suggested that it is the action of parathyroid hormone on renal tubular reabsorption of calcium which is mainly responsible for plasma-calcium homœostasis in man.
TL;DR: Investigation of the immunological reactions of Gambians constantly exposed to infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria found that antigens are probably derived from the malaria parasite, but red-blood-cell antIGens may also be involved.
TL;DR: The most likely interpretation for these findings is that CS2 causes a rapid alteration in the cytochrome P-450 leading to loss of its spectrum and of its activity in drug oxidation and that the altered Cytochrome (or its haem moiety) is lost from the damaged membranes at a slow rate.
TL;DR: In this article, 50 patients with irritable-bowel syndrome were seen at two-monthly intervals for a period of twelve to thirty-one months, with onset usually before middle age, and the severity of the symptoms varied during the follow-up period.
TL;DR: Trounce et al. as mentioned in this paper found that the ganglion cells in the lower segment of the oesophagus were normal but sometimes reduced in number, and showed that the response to drugs correlated with the histology of each strip.
Abstract: DYSPHAGIA occurs in achalasia of the cardia because the cardiac sphincter does not relax in response to a swallow and because peristalsis in the body of the oesophagus is ineffective (Butin, Olsen, Moersch, and Code, 1953; Creamer, Olsen, and Code, 1957; Edwards and Rowlands, 1959) It is generally agreed that achalasia of the cardia is associated with degeneration of the myenteric nervous plexus (Hurst and Rake, 1929-30; Cross, 1952) although Trounce, Deuchar, Kauntze, and Thomas (1957) found that the ganglion cells in the lower segment of the oesophagus were normal but sometimes reduced in number These authors also studied the in vitro pharmacological responses of strips of human oesophageal muscle removed at operations from patients with and without achalasia (Trounce, Deuchar, Kauntze, and Thomas, 1957; Ellis, Kauntze, Nightingale, and Trounce, 1960; Adams, Brain, Ellis, Kauntze, and Trounce, 1961) This original approach yielded important new information about the nature of the lesion in achalasia, but the work has never been repeated and needs to be interpreted more fully in the light of present knowledge of aand ^5-adrenergic receptors (Ahlquist, 1948, 1966) We have therefore carried out pharmacological studies on isolated muscle strips taken from the cardiac sphincter of patients with and without achalasia, and have correlated responses to drugs with the histology of each strip