Institution
Medical Research Council
Government•London, United Kingdom•
About: Medical Research Council is a government organization based out in London, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Malaria. The organization has 16430 authors who have published 19150 publications receiving 1475494 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
More filters
1,061 citations
TL;DR: The variation in the response of different organs to the carcinogenic nitroso compounds is of interest in relation to the biochemical changes that may be essential for the initiation of a carcinogenic change.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of some of the relevant chemistry (general chemistry, preparation methods, and analytical methods) of the nitroso carcinogenic compounds and discusses the pathological lesions induced by these compounds and their mutagenic activity. Experimental studies on compounds like dimethylnitrosamine showed that they cause liver necrosis in rats, accompanied by hemorrhages into the liver and lungs and frequently an associated hemorrhagic ascites and blood in the lumen of the gut. Acute toxicity of other dialkyl and related nitrosamines cause liver damage, hemorrhagic lung lesions, convulsions, and coma. The neoplastic changes in the body organs (live, kidney, bladder, nose and nasal sinuses, lungs and bronchi, alimentary canal, nervous system, and skin) and the development of the malignant lesion caused by carcinogenic nitroso compounds are also illustrated in the chapter with the help of animal models. The variation in the response of different organs to the carcinogenic nitroso compounds is of interest in relation to the biochemical changes that may be essential for the initiation of a carcinogenic change. Many carcinogenic nitroso compounds are mutagenic. The nitroso mutagens act by the alkylation of the genetic material. The chapter also discusses the metabolism of nitroso carcinogens both in vivo and in vitro, along with their biochemical effects. The induction of cancers by single doses of rapidly eliminated nitroso carcinogens implies an interaction between the carcinogen and/or a product of its decomposition with some component or components of the cells, which must occur within a short time after administration. The nature of the proximate carcinogen and some of its possible interactions with cellular components and some serious carcinogenic hazards caused by the nitroso compounds are also discussed in the chapter.
1,060 citations
TL;DR: The paper emphasizes that statistical methods exist which can contribute to an understanding of the extent and possible reasons for differences between institutions and urges caution by discussing the limitations of such methods.
Abstract: SUMMARY In the light of an increasing interest in the accountability of public institutions, this paper sets out the statistical issues involved in making quantitative comparisons between institutions in the areas of health and education. We deal in detail with the need to take account of model-based uncertainty in making comparisons. We discuss the need to establish appropriate measures of institutional 'outcomes' and base-line measures and the need to exercise care and sensitivity when interpreting apparent differences. The paper emphasizes that statistical methods exist which can contribute to an understanding of the extent and possible reasons for differences between institutions. It also urges caution by discussing the limitations of such methods.
1,051 citations
1,043 citations
Vanderbilt University1, University of Southern California2, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center3, University of Wisconsin-Madison4, University of California, Los Angeles5, National Center for Genome Resources6, Portland VA Medical Center7, University of Colorado Boulder8, University of Pennsylvania9, Hannover Medical School10, Johns Hopkins University11, Oregon Health & Science University12, Cornell University13, University of Michigan14, University of Tennessee Health Science Center15, Washington University in St. Louis16, University of Toronto17, University of Memphis18, Medical Research Council19, University of Massachusetts Medical School20, Hebrew University of Jerusalem21, Université de Montréal22, Purdue University23, University of California, Davis24, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic25, University at Buffalo26, Emory University27, University of Cincinnati28, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center29, New York University30, University of Groningen31, Rutgers University32, Stanford University33, Max Planck Society34, National Institutes of Health35, University of Alabama at Birmingham36, International Livestock Research Institute37, Heidelberg University38, Medical College of Wisconsin39, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai40, Oak Ridge National Laboratory41, Charité42, University of Antwerp43, RWTH Aachen University44, Paul Sabatier University45, University of California, San Francisco46, McGill University47, Pasteur Institute48, University of Western Australia49, Yale University50, University of Oxford51, Case Western Reserve University52, Roswell Park Cancer Institute53, University of Kentucky54, University of Helsinki55, University of Nebraska–Lincoln56, Harvard University57, Merck & Co.58, King's College London59, Northwestern University60, Shriners Hospitals for Children61, Thomas Jefferson University62, Novartis63, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill64, Southern Illinois University Carbondale65, University of Rochester66
TL;DR: The Collaborative Cross will provide a common reference panel specifically designed for the integrative analysis of complex systems and will change the way the authors approach human health and disease.
Abstract: The goal of the Complex Trait Consortium is to promote the development of resources that can be used to understand, treat and ultimately prevent pervasive human diseases. Existing and proposed mouse resources that are optimized to study the actions of isolated genetic loci on a fixed background are less effective for studying intact polygenic networks and interactions among genes, environments, pathogens and other factors. The Collaborative Cross will provide a common reference panel specifically designed for the integrative analysis of complex systems and will change the way we approach human health and disease.
1,040 citations
Authors
Showing all 16441 results
| Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shizuo Akira | 261 | 1308 | 320561 |
| Trevor W. Robbins | 231 | 1137 | 164437 |
| Richard A. Flavell | 231 | 1328 | 205119 |
| George Davey Smith | 224 | 2540 | 248373 |
| Nicholas J. Wareham | 212 | 1657 | 204896 |
| Cyrus Cooper | 204 | 1869 | 206782 |
| Martin White | 196 | 2038 | 232387 |
| Frank E. Speizer | 193 | 636 | 135891 |
| Michael Rutter | 188 | 676 | 151592 |
| Richard Peto | 183 | 683 | 231434 |
| Terrie E. Moffitt | 182 | 594 | 150609 |
| Kay-Tee Khaw | 174 | 1389 | 138782 |
| Chris D. Frith | 173 | 524 | 130472 |
| Phillip A. Sharp | 172 | 614 | 117126 |
| Avshalom Caspi | 170 | 524 | 113583 |