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Institution

Medical Research Council

GovernmentLondon, United Kingdom
About: Medical Research Council is a government organization based out in London, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Malaria. The organization has 16430 authors who have published 19150 publications receiving 1475494 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Under all load conditions and in all subjects, grip force was modulated in parallel with, and thus anticipated, fluctuations in load force despite the marked variation in the form of the load function, indicating that the CNS is able to predict the load force and the kinematics of hand movement on which the load depends.
Abstract: We investigated the issue of whether or not the CNS makes use of an internal model of the motor apparatus in planning and controlling arm movements. In particular, we tested the ability of subjects to predict different hand-held loads by examining grip force adjustments used to stabilize the load in the hand during arm movements. Subjects grasped a manipulandum using a precision grip with the tips of the thumb and index finger on either side. The grip force (normal to the contact surfaces) and the load force (tangential to the surfaces) were measured, along with the trajectory of the hand. The manipulandum was attached to two servo-controlled linear motors used to create inertial and viscous loads as well as a composite load, including inertial, viscous, and elastic components. The form of the hand trajectory was independent of load for some subjects but varied systematically across load conditions in others. Nevertheless, under all load conditions and in all subjects, grip force was modulated in parallel with, and thus anticipated, fluctuations in load force despite the marked variation in the form of the load function. This indicates that the CNS is able to predict the load force and the kinematics of hand movement on which the load depends. We suggest this prediction is based on an internal model of the motor apparatus and external load and is used to determine the grip forces required to stabilize the load.

695 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Adding shear-wave (SW) elastographic features to BI-RADS feature analysis improved specificity of breast US mass assessment without loss of sensitivity.
Abstract: Adding consideration of mass stiffness, as determined with shear-wave elastographic qualitative or quantitative features, can help reduce unnecessary biopsies of low-suspicion Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4a masses.

694 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors’ analysis suggests that the mean treatment effect from a random-effects meta-analysis will only seldom be an appropriate representation of the efficacy expected in a future implementation, and modelers should consider either the predictive distribution of a future treatment effect or the future implementation itself.
Abstract: This article shows that the interpretation of the randomeffects models used in meta-analysis to summarize heterogeneous treatment effects can have a marked effect on the results from decision models. Sources of variation in metaanalysis include the following: random variation in outcome definition(amountingtoaformofmeasurementerror),variation between the patient groups in different trials, variation between protocols, and variation in the way a given protocol isimplemented.Eachofthesealternativesleadstoadifferent model for how the heterogeneity in the effect sizes previously observed might relate to the effect size(s) in a future implementation. Furthermore, these alternative models require differentcomputationsand,whenthenetbenefitsarenonlinearintheefficacyparameters,resultindifferentexpectednet benefits. The authors’ analysis suggests that the mean treatmenteffectfromarandom-effectsmeta-analysiswillonlyseldom be an appropriate representation of the efficacy expected in a future implementation. Instead, modelers should consider either the predictive distribution of a future treatment effect, or they should assume that the future implementation will result in a distribution of treatment effects. A worked example, in a probabilistic, Bayesian posterior framework, is used to illustrate the alternative computations and to show how parameter uncertainty can be combined with variation between individuals and heterogeneity in meta-analysis.Keywords:variation;uncertainty;randomeffects; meta-analysis; probabilistic decision analysis; Bayesian. (Med Decis Making 2005;25:646–654)

694 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work describes some general purpose software that is currently developing for implementing Gibbs sampling: BUGS (Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling), written in Modula-2 and runs under both DOS and UNIX.
Abstract: Gibbs sampling has enormous potential for analysing complex data sets However, routine use of Gibbs sampling has been hampered by the lack of general purpose software for its implementation Until now all applications have involved writing one-off computer code in low or intermediate level languages such as C or Fortran We describe some general purpose software that we are currently developing for implementing Gibbs sampling: BUGS (Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling) The BUGS system comprises three components: first, a natural language for specifying complex models; second, an 'expert system' for deciding appropriate methods for obtaining samples required by the Gibbs sampler; third, a sampling module containing numerical routines to perform the sampling S objects are used for data input and output BUGS is written in Modula-2 and runs under both DOS and UNIX

691 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of datasets for multiple psychiatric disorders showed a significant association of the microduplication with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism, while the reciprocal microdeletion was associated only with autism and developmental disorders.
Abstract: Recurrent microdeletions and microduplications of a 600-kb genomic region of chromosome 16p11.2 have been implicated in childhood-onset developmental disorders1, 2, 3. We report the association of 16p11.2 microduplications with schizophrenia in two large cohorts. The microduplication was detected in 12/1,906 (0.63%) cases and 1/3,971 (0.03%) controls (P = 1.2 10-5, OR = 25.8) from the initial cohort, and in 9/2,645 (0.34%) cases and 1/2,420 (0.04%) controls (P = 0.022, OR = 8.3) of the replication cohort. The 16p11.2 microduplication was associated with a 14.5-fold increased risk of schizophrenia (95% CI (3.3, 62)) in the combined sample. A meta-analysis of datasets for multiple psychiatric disorders showed a significant association of the microduplication with schizophrenia (P = 4.8 10-7), bipolar disorder (P = 0.017) and autism (P = 1.9 10-7). In contrast, the reciprocal microdeletion was associated only with autism and developmental disorders (P = 2.3 10-13). Head circumference was larger in patients with the microdeletion than in patients with the microduplication (P = 0.0007).

689 citations


Authors

Showing all 16441 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Shizuo Akira2611308320561
Trevor W. Robbins2311137164437
Richard A. Flavell2311328205119
George Davey Smith2242540248373
Nicholas J. Wareham2121657204896
Cyrus Cooper2041869206782
Martin White1962038232387
Frank E. Speizer193636135891
Michael Rutter188676151592
Richard Peto183683231434
Terrie E. Moffitt182594150609
Kay-Tee Khaw1741389138782
Chris D. Frith173524130472
Phillip A. Sharp172614117126
Avshalom Caspi170524113583
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
20236
20229
2021262
2020243
2019231
2018309