Showing papers by "Memorial University of Newfoundland published in 2018"
University of Leeds1, California Institute of Technology2, University of California, Irvine3, University of Washington4, Durham University5, University of Grenoble6, Goddard Space Flight Center7, University of Bristol8, University of Colorado Boulder9, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland10, University at Buffalo11, National Space Institute12, University of South Florida13, University of Texas at Austin14, University College London15, Dresden University of Technology16, Georgia Institute of Technology17, University of Lincoln18, University of Arizona19, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research20, Technische Universität München21, Danish Meteorological Institute22, Memorial University of Newfoundland23, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology24, University of Magallanes25, Remote Sensing Center26, Bergen University College27, Newcastle University28, University of Toronto29, University of Bonn30, Delft University of Technology31, Seoul National University32, University of Urbino33, University of Stuttgart34
TL;DR: This work combines satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance to show that the Antarctic Ice Sheet lost 2,720 ± 1,390 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2017, which corresponds to an increase in mean sea level of 7.6‚¬3.9 millimetres.
Abstract: The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance to show that it lost 2,720 ± 1,390 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2017, which corresponds to an increase in mean sea level of 7.6 ± 3.9 millimetres (errors are one standard deviation). Over this period, ocean-driven melting has caused rates of ice loss from West Antarctica to increase from 53 ± 29 billion to 159 ± 26 billion tonnes per year; ice-shelf collapse has increased the rate of ice loss from the Antarctic Peninsula from 7 ± 13 billion to 33 ± 16 billion tonnes per year. We find large variations in and among model estimates of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment for East Antarctica, with its average rate of mass gain over the period 1992–2017 (5 ± 46 billion tonnes per year) being the least certain.
725 citations
TL;DR: This review summarized the structural features, properties, dietary sources, metabolism, and bioavailability of omega-3 PUFAs and their effects on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, depression, visual and neurological development, and maternal and child health.
Abstract: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) include α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 ω-3), stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4 ω-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5 ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3). In the past few decades, many epidemiological studies have been conducted on the myriad health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs. In this review, we summarized the structural features, properties, dietary sources, metabolism, and bioavailability of omega-3 PUFAs and their effects on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, depression, visual and neurological development, and maternal and child health. Even though many health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs have been reported in the literature, there are also some controversies about their efficacy and certain benefits to human health.
611 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that ecological grief is a natural and legitimate response to ecological loss, and one that may become more common as climate impacts worsen, and offer future research directions for the study of ecological grief.
Abstract: Climate change is increasingly understood to impact mental health through multiple pathways of risk, including intense feelings of grief as people suffer climate-related losses to valued species, ecosystems and landscapes. Despite growing research interest, ecologically driven grief, or ‘ecological grief’, remains an underdeveloped area of inquiry. We argue that grief is a natural and legitimate response to ecological loss, and one that may become more common as climate impacts worsen. Drawing upon our own research in Northern Canada and the Australian Wheatbelt, combined with a synthesis of the literature, we offer future research directions for the study of ecological grief. Climate change has a gradual influence on landscapes and ecosystems that may lead to feelings of loss for those with close ties to the natural environment. This Perspective describes existing research on ecological grief and outlines directions for future inquiry.
496 citations
University of Edinburgh1, Aarhus University2, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research3, University of Colorado Boulder4, National Ecological Observatory Network5, Smithsonian Institution6, Lund University7, VU University Amsterdam8, University of Lapland9, Northern Arizona University10, Bigelow Laboratory For Ocean Sciences11, University of British Columbia12, University of Washington13, Grand Valley State University14, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research15, Max Planck Society16, University of Zurich17, Université de Sherbrooke18, University of Greifswald19, University of Parma20, Memorial University of Newfoundland21, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières22, University of Gothenburg23, Leiden University24, University of California, Riverside25, Qatar University26, Mississippi State University27, University of Barcelona28, Umeå University29, Utrecht University30, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań31, University of Alaska Anchorage32, Wageningen University and Research Centre33, Alaska Department of Fish and Game34, University of Tromsø35, University of Vienna36, University of Copenhagen37, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ38, University of Oulu39, Spanish National Research Council40, Queen's University41, Saint Mary's University42, Oak Ridge National Laboratory43, University of Aberdeen44, University of Saskatchewan45, Vrije Universiteit Brussel46, University of Victoria47, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology48, Norwegian University of Science and Technology49, Research Institute for Nature and Forest50, Florida International University51, Moscow State University52, University of Alaska Fairbanks53, University of Waterloo54, Laval University55, Deakin University56, University of Bonn57, United States Forest Service58, Simon Fraser University59, University of Iceland60, University Centre in Svalbard61, United States Fish and Wildlife Service62, Colorado State University63, University of Texas at El Paso64, University of Stirling65, University of Innsbruck66, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory67, University of Oxford68, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory69, University of Camerino70, University of Insubria71, University of New South Wales72, University of Manchester73, National University of Cordoba74, University of Arizona75, Santa Fe Institute76, Harvard University77, King Juan Carlos University78, Estonian University of Life Sciences79, Kyoto University80, World Agroforestry Centre81, Radboud University Nijmegen82, Forschungszentrum Jülich83, Macquarie University84, University of Regensburg85, University of Sydney86, University of Minnesota87, Santa Clara University88, Algoma University89, Komarov Botanical Institute90, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire91
TL;DR: Biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits across the tundra and over time show that community height increased with warming across all sites, whereas other traits lagged behind predicted rates of change.
Abstract: The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature-trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our findings highlight the challenge of using space-for-time substitution to predict the functional consequences of future warming and suggest that functions that are tied closely to plant height will experience the most rapid change. They also reveal the strength with which environmental factors shape biotic communities at the coldest extremes of the planet and will help to improve projections of functional changes in tundra ecosystems with climate warming.
425 citations
Ponta Grossa State University1, Memorial University of Newfoundland2, Oregon State University3, University of Auckland4, Spanish National Research Council5, Hokkaido University6, Ghent University7, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey8, Universiti Putra Malaysia9, University of Reading10, University of Georgia11, Jiangnan University12, Norwich University13
TL;DR: Better understanding and application of in vitro screening methods should help design of future research studies on 'bioactive compounds'.
360 citations
University of Salford1, University of Queensland2, University of Western Australia3, Queensland University of Technology4, University of Lausanne5, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust6, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society7, University of Évora8, University of Freiburg9, University of Melbourne10, University of Plymouth11, Mississippi State University12, Australian Institute of Marine Science13, Griffith University14, Zurich University of Applied Sciences/ZHAW15, University of British Columbia16, Duke University17, Finnish Environment Institute18, University of Adelaide19, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals20, IFREMER21, University of California, Davis22, Technical University of Madrid23, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research24, Memorial University of Newfoundland25, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds26, University of Kansas27, University of California, Merced28, University of the Sunshine Coast29, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University30, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences31, University of Grenoble32, Oregon State University33, Gulf of Maine Research Institute34, University of Toronto35, University of Georgia36, Newcastle University37, Parks Canada38, Humboldt University of Berlin39
TL;DR: Of high importance is the identification of a widely applicable set of transferability metrics, with appropriate tools to quantify the sources and impacts of prediction uncertainty under novel conditions.
Abstract: Predictive models are central to many scientific disciplines and vital for informing management in a rapidly changing world However, limited understanding of the accuracy and precision of models transferred to novel conditions (their ‘transferability’) undermines confidence in their predictions Here, 50 experts identified priority knowledge gaps which, if filled, will most improve model transfers These are summarized into six technical and six fundamental challenges, which underlie the combined need to intensify research on the determinants of ecological predictability, including species traits and data quality, and develop best practices for transferring models Of high importance is the identification of a widely applicable set of transferability metrics, with appropriate tools to quantify the sources and impacts of prediction uncertainty under novel conditions
358 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a divide-and-next-largest-difference-based user pairing algorithm to distribute the capacity gain among the NOMA clusters in a controlled manner.
Abstract: This article presents advances in resource allocation for downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, focusing on user pairing and power allocation algorithms. The former pairs the users to obtain high capacity gain by exploiting the channel gain difference between the users, while the latter allocates power to users in each cluster to balance system throughput and user fairness. Additionally, the article introduces the concept of cluster fairness and proposes the divide-and-next-largest-difference-based user pairing algorithm to distribute the capacity gain among the NOMA clusters in a controlled manner. Furthermore, performance comparison between multiple-input multiple-output NOMA (MIMO-NOMA) and MIMO orthogonal multiple access (MIMO-OMA) is conducted when users have pre-defined quality of service. Simulation results are presented, which validate the advantages of NOMA over OMA. Finally, the article provides avenues for further research on resource allocation for downlink NOMA.
295 citations
TL;DR: The estimated proportion of PSP reporting current symptom clusters consistent with 1 or more mental disorders appears higher than previously published estimates for the general population; however, direct comparisons are impossible because of methodological differences.
Abstract: Background:Canadian public safety personnel (PSP; e.g., correctional workers, dispatchers, firefighters, paramedics, police officers) are exposed to potentially traumatic events as a function of their work. Such exposures contribute to the risk of developing clinically significant symptoms related to mental disorders. The current study was designed to provide estimates of mental disorder symptom frequencies and severities for Canadian PSP.Methods:An online survey was made available in English or French from September 2016 to January 2017. The survey assessed current symptoms, and participation was solicited from national PSP agencies and advocacy groups. Estimates were derived using well-validated screening measures.Results:There were 5813 participants (32.5% women) who were grouped into 6 categories (i.e., call center operators/dispatchers, correctional workers, firefighters, municipal/provincial police, paramedics, Royal Canadian Mounted Police). Substantial proportions of participants reported current ...
287 citations
TL;DR: This review provides crucial information for better understanding the bioactivities of phenolics in foods and fills a gap in the existing collective and overall knowledge in the field.
Abstract: Phenolics, which are secondary metabolites of plants, exhibit remarkable bioactivities. In this contribution, we have focused on their protective effect against chronic diseases rather than their antioxidant activities, which have been widely discussed in the literature. A large body of epidemiological studies has proven the bioactivities of phenolics in both standard compounds and natural extracts: namely, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities as well as reducing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease. Phenolics also display anti-analgesic, anti-allergic, and anti-Alzheimer's properties. Thus, this review provides crucial information for better understanding the bioactivities of phenolics in foods and fills a gap in the existing collective and overall knowledge in the field.
251 citations
TL;DR: The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time to enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblage using a broad range of metrics.
Abstract: Motivation: The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene.Main types of variables included: The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record.Spatial location and grain: BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km(2) (158 cm(2)) to 100 km(2) (1,000,000,000,000 cm(2)).Time period and grainBio: TIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year.Major taxa and level of measurement: BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates.
231 citations
TL;DR: Evidence for the potential benefit of neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, adjuvant combination chemotherapy with weekly paclitaxel, and BRCA mutation-directed therapy in the metastatic setting is discussed.
Abstract: Triple-negative breast cancer constitutes a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are often aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. Molecular characterization, while not a standard of care, can further subtype triple-negative breast cancer and provide insight into prognostication and behaviour. Optimal chemotherapy regimens have yet to be established; however, there have been advances in the systemic treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings. In this review, we discuss evidence for the potential benefit of neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, adjuvant combination chemotherapy with weekly paclitaxel, and BRCA mutation–directed therapy in the metastatic setting. The role for adjuvant capecitabine in patients who do not achieve a pathologic complete response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy is reviewed. Future directions and data concerning novel targeted agents are reviewed, including the most recent data on parp [poly (adp-ribose) polymerase] inhibitors, antiandrogen agents, and immunotherapy.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology1, University of Glasgow2, Aalborg University3, Aarhus University4, University of Montpellier5, University of Oslo6, University of Auckland7, University of Gothenburg8, University of New Brunswick9, University of Neuchâtel10, Memorial University of Newfoundland11, University of Windsor12, University of Texas at Austin13, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences14, Université de Montréal15, University of California, Irvine16, University of Sydney17, University of Bergen18, University of British Columbia19, Deakin University20
TL;DR: The Commentary by Portner, Bock and Mark elaborates on the oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis.
Abstract: The Commentary by Portner, Bock and Mark ([Portner et al., 2017][1]) elaborates on the oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Biology Commentaries allow for personal and controversial views, yet the journal also mandates that ‘opinion and fact
University of Michigan1, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center2, University of Pittsburgh3, German Cancer Research Center4, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center5, National Institutes of Health6, Kaiser Permanente7, American Cancer Society8, Brigham and Women's Hospital9, Harvard University10, University of Melbourne11, Case Western Reserve University12, University of Hawaii13, Royal Melbourne Hospital14, Seoul National University15, University of Utah16, University of Southern California17, Memorial University of Newfoundland18, New York University19
TL;DR: The models determined risk of CRC and starting ages for screening with greater accuracy than the family history only model, which is based on the current screening guideline, might serve as a first step toward developing individualized CRC prevention strategies.
TL;DR: Subcutaneous secukinumab 300’mg and 150 mg with and without LD significantly improved clinical signs and symptoms and inhibited radiographic structural progression versus placebo at week 24 in patients with PsA.
Abstract: Objectives To evaluate the effect of subcutaneous (s.c.) secukinumab, an interleukin-17A inhibitor, on clinical signs and symptoms and radiographic progression in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Methods Adults (n=996) with active PsA were randomised 2:2:2:3 to s.c. secukinumab 300 mg or 150 mg with loading dose (LD), 150 mg without LD or placebo. All groups received secukinumab or placebo at baseline, weeks 1, 2 and 3 and then every 4 weeks from week 4. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving an American College of Rheumatology 20 (ACR20) response at week 16. Results Significantly more patients achieved an ACR20 response at week 16 with secukinumab 300 mg with LD (62.6%), 150 mg with LD (55.5%) or 150 mg without LD (59.5%) than placebo (27.4%) (p 0.01 for 300 mg with LD and 150 mg without LD and p Conclusion S.c. secukinumab 300 mg and 150 mg with and without LD significantly improved clinical signs and symptoms and inhibited radiographic structural progression versus placebo at week 24 in patients with PsA. Trial registration number NCT02404350; Results.
TL;DR: The goals of this introduction and its special issue are to move concepts of toxicity away from fetishized and evidentiary regimes premised on wayward molecules behaving badly, so that toxicity can be understood in terms of reproductions of power and justice.
Abstract: Toxicity has become a ubiquitous, if uneven, condition. Toxicity can allow us to focus on how forms of life and their constituent relations, from the scale of cells to that of ways of life, are ena...
TL;DR: The most important conclusions drawn from the literature are that the red edge and near-infrared bands are the best optical bands for wetland delineation and small incidence angles, long wavelengths, and horizontal transmission and reception polarization are appropriate for mapping forested wetlands.
Abstract: Wetlands are valuable natural resources that provide many benefits to the environment. Therefore, mapping wetlands is crucially important. Several review papers on remote sensing (RS) of wetlands h...
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science1, Leibniz Association2, Humboldt University of Berlin3, Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests4, IFREMER5, Bangor University6, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas7, Spanish National Research Council8, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research9, National Marine Fisheries Service10, University of Tasmania11, Technical University of Denmark12, University of Santiago de Compostela13, Memorial University of Newfoundland14, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences15, Scottish Government16, Flanders Marine Institute17, University of the Algarve18
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of recreational fishing and placed in the global context.
Abstract: Marine recreational fishing (MRF) is a high-participation activity with large economic value and social benefits globally, and it impacts on some fish stocks. Although reporting MRF catches is a European Union legislative requirement, estimates are only available for some countries. Here, data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of MRF and placed in the global context. Uncertainty assessment was not possible due to incomplete knowledge of error distributions; instead, a semi-quantitative bias assessment was made. There were an estimated 8.7 million European recreational sea fishers corresponding to a participation rate of 1.6%. An estimated 77.6 million days were fished, and expenditure was €5.9 billion annually. There were higher participation, numbers of fishers, days fished and expenditure in the Atlantic than the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean estimates were generally less robust. Comparisons with other regions showed that European MRF participation rates and expenditure were in the mid-range, with higher participation in Oceania and the United States, higher expenditure in the United States, and lower participation and expenditure in South America and Africa. For both northern European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Moronidae) and western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) stocks, MRF represented 27% of the total removals. This study highlights the importance of MRF and the need for bespoke, regular and statistically sound data collection to underpin European fisheries management. Solutions are proposed for future MRF data collection in Europe and other regions to support sustainable fisheries management.
TL;DR: It is revealed that animals can increase or decrease rates of biogeochemical processes, with a median change of 40% but ranging from 15 to 250% or more, and the key challenge, in light of these findings, is comprehensively accounting for spatially dynamic animal effects across landscapes.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Modern advances in remote-sensing technology are providing unprecedented opportunities to accurately measure the global distribution of carbon held in biomass within ecosystems. Such highly spatially resolved measures of biomass carbon are intended to provide an accurate inventory of global carbon storage within ecosystems. They are also needed to test the accuracy of carbon cycle models that predict how global changes that alter biogeochemical functions—such as carbon assimilation via photosynthesis, carbon losses via plant and microbial respiration, and organic matter deposition in soils and sediments—will affect net ecosystem carbon uptake and storage. Emerging ecological theory predicts that wild animals stand to play an important role in mediating these biogeochemical processes. Furthermore, many animal species roam widely across landscapes, creating a spatial dynamism that could regulate spatial patterning of vegetation biomass and carbon uptake and soil carbon retention. But such zoogeochemical effects are not measured by current remote-sensing approaches nor are they factored into carbon cycle models. Studies are now providing new quantitative insights into how the abundance, diversity, and movement of animal species across landscapes influence the nature and magnitude of zoogeochemical affects. These insights inform how to account for animals in remote-sensing applications and in carbon cycle models to more accurately predict carbon exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere in the face of global environmental change. ADVANCES Zoogeochemical effects have been measured using manipulative experiments that exclude or add focal wild animal species or along landscape gradients where animal abundances or diversity vary naturally. Our review of these studies, which cover a wide diversity of taxa (vertebrates and invertebrates and large- and small-bodied organisms) and ecosystems, reveals that animals can increase or decrease rates of biogeochemical processes, with a median change of 40% but ranging from 15 to 250% or more. Moreover, models that embody zoogeochemical effects reveal the potential for considerable under- or overestimates in ecosystem carbon budgets if animal effects are not considered. The key challenge, in light of these findings, is comprehensively accounting for spatially dynamic animal effects across landscapes. We review new developments in spatial ecosystem ecology that offer the kind of analytical guidance needed to link animal movement ecology to geospatial patterning in ecosystem carbon uptake and storage. Considerations of animal movement will require highly resolved spatially explicit understanding of landscape features, including topography, climate, and the spatial arrangement of habitat patches and habitat connectivity within and among ecosystems across landscapes. We elaborate on advances in remote-sensing capabilities that can deliver these critical data. We further review new geospatial statistical methods that, when combined with remote-sensing data and spatial ecosystem modeling, offer the means to comprehensively understand and predict how zoogeochemical-driven landscape processes regulate spatial patterns in carbon distribution. OUTLOOK There is growing interest to slow climate change by enlisting ecological processes to recapture atmospheric carbon and store it within ecosystems. Wild animal species are rarely considered as part of the solution. Instead, it is often held that managing habitat space to conserve wild animals will conflict with carbon storage. Our integrative review offers a pathway forward for deciding when and how conserving or managing a diversity of animal species could in fact enhance ecosystem carbon uptake and storage. Such understanding informs international climate and biodiversity initiatives such as those described by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and national biodiversity strategies and climate action plans. All of these initiatives require better resolution of how biodiversity effects on ecosystem structure and biogeochemical functioning will become altered by global change.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill1, Memorial University of Newfoundland2, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton3, Florida Institute of Technology4, Marine Conservation Institute5, University of Wyoming6, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory7, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies8
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that, despite local protections, the warming associated with continued business-as-usual emissions (RCP8.5) will likely result in further habitat and species losses throughout low-latitude and tropical MPAs.
Abstract: Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a primary management tool for mitigating threats to marine biodiversity1,2. MPAs and the species they protect, however, are increasingly being impacted by climate change. Here we show that, despite local protections, the warming associated with continued business-as-usual emissions (RCP8.5)
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will likely result in further habitat and species losses throughout low-latitude and tropical MPAs4,5. With continued business-as-usual emissions, mean sea-surface temperatures within MPAs are projected to increase 0.035 °C per year and warm an additional 2.8 °C by 2100. Under these conditions, the time of emergence (the year when sea-surface temperature and oxygen concentration exceed natural variability) is mid-century in 42% of 309 no-take marine reserves. Moreover, projected warming rates and the existing ‘community thermal safety margin’ (the inherent buffer against warming based on the thermal sensitivity of constituent species) both vary among ecoregions and with latitude. The community thermal safety margin will be exceeded by 2050 in the tropics and by 2150 for many higher latitude MPAs. Importantly, the spatial distribution of emergence is stressor-specific. Hence, rearranging MPAs to minimize exposure to one stressor could well increase exposure to another. Continued business-as-usual emissions will likely disrupt many marine ecosystems, reducing the benefits of MPAs.
TL;DR: This systematic review can facilitate better understanding of harmonics associated with renewable energy based DG units and provide guidelines on advanced control schemes to realize ancillary harmonic compensation service through DG interfacing inverters.
Abstract: With more renewable energy based distributed generation (DG) units connected to utility power grids, deterioration of power quality at the point of common coupling (PCC) becomes a major concern. There are two types of harmonics associated with DG units, and together they may cause excessive harmonic distortion at the PCC. The first type of harmonics is generated by power electronic devices in DG units such as photovoltaic systems, which contains high-frequency harmonic components at multiples of the carrier frequency of the DG interfacing inverter. Such harmonics are first reviewed in this paper, and the potential operational effect at the system level due to LCL or LC filters installed at the inverter output to mitigate such harmonics are discussed. The second type of harmonics is generated by other nonlinear local, PCC, and utility loads in the system, which are common type of harmonics at multiples of the power grid frequency, 50/60 Hz. Harmonic mitigation for such harmonics achieved through advanced control of the DG interfacing inverter operated as a power quality conditioner are reviewed and summarized. This systematic review can facilitate better understanding of harmonics associated with renewable energy based DG units and provide guidelines on advanced control schemes to realize ancillary harmonic compensation service through DG interfacing inverters.
TL;DR: These are the first evidence-based global guidelines for health policy and system support to optimise community health worker programmes and key considerations for implementation include the need to define the role of CHWs in relation to other health workers and plan for the health workforce as a whole rather than by specific occupational groups.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a new risk model applicable to the Northern Sea Route (NSR) to investigate the possibility of marine accidents such as collision, foundering and grounding.
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical study on a shell and tube thermal energy storage unit using a common organic phase change material (PCM) -paraffin wax is presented, where the authors demonstrate that adding nanoparticles in the PCM does not accelerate the charging process; on the contrary, it leads to longer charging time and lower overall heat transfer rate due to reduction of natural convection in the melted PCM.
TL;DR: Herbal beverages, consumed as part of a balanced diet, may improve the antioxidant status and enhance the overall health status, as well as antimutagenicity, anticarcinogenicity and antiaging effects.
TL;DR: An overview of the developments of homogeneous catalysts for CO2/epoxide copolymerization grouped by metal site can be found in this article, where the authors also provide an overview of new catalysts and strategies for future catalyst developments.
TL;DR: An updated view on mitochondrial ROS homeostasis is provided and the “ROS stabilizing” function of the mitochondria in mammalian cells is discussed and a hypothetical discussion on the potential function ofThe mitochondria and proton motive force in degrading cellular H2O2 signals emanating from cytosolic enzymes is discussed.
Abstract: For over 40 years, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and balance has been studied in the context of oxidative distress and tissue damage. However, research over the past decade has demonstrated that the mitochondria have a more complicated relationship with ROS. Superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are the proximal ROS formed by the mitochondria, and the latter molecule is used as a secondary messenger to coordinate oxidative metabolism with changes in cell physiology. Like any other secondary messenger, H2O2 levels need to be regulated through its production and degradation and the mitochondria are enriched with the antioxidant defenses required to degrade ROS formed by nutrient oxidation and respiration. Recent work has also demonstrated that these antioxidant systems also carry the capacity to clear H2O2 formed outside of mitochondria. These observations led to the development of the postulate that the mitochondria serve as “ROS stabilizing devices” that buffer cellular H2O2 levels. Here, I provide an updated view on mitochondrial ROS homeostasis and discuss the “ROS stabilizing” function of the mitochondria in mammalian cells. This will be followed by a hypothetical discussion on the potential function of the mitochondria and proton motive force in degrading cellular H2O2 signals emanating from cytosolic enzymes.
TL;DR: An Object-Oriented Bayesian Network model is proposed to dynamically predict ship-ice collision probability based on navigational and operational system states, weather and ice conditions, and human error to predict oil tanker collision with sea ice.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The approaches to care outlined here can be applied to other groups of patients that have impairments in cognitive, communicative, or other adaptive functioning and can aid their decision making with patients and caregivers.
Abstract: Objective To update the 2011 Canadian guidelines for primary care of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Methods Family physicians and other health professionals experienced in the care of people with IDD reviewed and synthesized recent empirical, ecosystem, expert, and experiential knowledge. A system was developed to grade the strength of recommendations. Recommendations Adults with IDD are a heterogeneous group of patients and have health conditions and factors affecting their health that can vary in kind, manifestation, severity, or complexity from those of others in the community. They require approaches to care and interventions that are adapted to their needs. These guidelines provide advice regarding standards of care. References to clinical tools and other practical resources are incorporated. The approaches to care that are outlined here can be applied to other groups of patients that have impairments in cognitive, communicative, or other adaptive functioning. Conclusion As primary care providers, family physicians play a vital role in promoting the health and well-being of adults with IDD. These guidelines can aid their decision making with patients and caregivers.
TL;DR: The leading edge of the feasible GDD will shift northwards up to 1200 km by 2099 while the altitudinal shift remains marginal, however, most of the newly gained areas are associated with highly seasonal and monthly variations in climatic water balances, a critical component of any future land-use and management decisions.
Abstract: As agricultural regions are threatened by climate change, warming of high latitude regions and increasing food demands may lead to northward expansion of global agriculture. While socio-economic demands and edaphic conditions may govern the expansion, climate is a key limiting factor. Extant literature on future crop projections considers established agricultural regions and is mainly temperature based. We employed growing degree days (GDD), as the physiological link between temperature and crop growth, to assess the global northward shift of agricultural climate zones under 21st-century climate change. Using ClimGen scenarios for seven global climate models (GCMs), based on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and transient GHGs, we delineated the future extent of GDD areas, feasible for small cereals, and assessed the projected changes in rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. By 2099, roughly 76% (55% to 89%) of the boreal region might reach crop feasible GDD conditions, compared to the current 32%. The leading edge of the feasible GDD will shift northwards up to 1200 km by 2099 while the altitudinal shift remains marginal. However, most of the newly gained areas are associated with highly seasonal and monthly variations in climatic water balances, a critical component of any future land-use and management decisions.
TL;DR: Numerical results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed energy-efficient PA strategy and user admission scheme, which admits users one by one following the ascending order of the required power for satisfying the QoS.
Abstract: In this paper, energy-efficient power allocation (PA) is investigated for a multiple-input multiple-output non-orthogonal multiple access system with multiple users in a cluster. To ensure the quality of service (QoS) for the users, a minimum rate requirement is pre-defined for each user. Because of the QoS requirement, it is first necessary to determine whether the considered energy-efficiency (EE) maximization problem is feasible or not, by comparing the total transmit power with the required power for satisfying the QoS of the users. If feasible, a closed-form solution is provided for the corresponding sum rate maximization problem, and on this basis, the EE maximization problem is solved by applying non-convex fractional programming. Otherwise, a low-complexity user admission scheme is proposed, which admits users one by one following the ascending order of the required power for satisfying the QoS. Numerical results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed energy-efficient PA strategy and user admission scheme.