Showing papers by "Michigan State University published in 1971"
Book•
01 Jan 1971TL;DR: In this paper, the Entropy Law and the economic process are discussed. But their focus is on the distribution of the entropy in the system, and not on the process itself, as we do.
Abstract: (1973). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 475-499.
3,445 citations
864 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic kinetics of lipid oxidation can be simplified for application to the study of food deterioration, and the physical and chemical factors that control oxidation are examined and analyzed in terms of food structure and composition.
Abstract: This review shows how the basic kinetics of lipid oxidation can be simplified for application to the study of food deterioration. The physical and chemical factors that control oxidation are examined and analyzed in terms of food structure and composition. Studies of oxidation of several food items are examined in light of these kinetics and mechanisms.
819 citations
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the diffusion of new ideas innovations which are being made around the world and the processes of adoption and adaptation are examined in reference to cross-cultural similarities and differences.
Abstract: This book is about the diffusion of new ideas innovations which are being made around the world. The central question it addresses is how social systems are changed through the diffusion of new ideas. If 100 innovations are conceived stimultaneously 10 will spread while 90 are forgotten. The processes of adoption and adaptation are examined in reference to cross-cultural similarities and differences. Diffusion research is integrated with the scientific study of human communication. Sample chapter titles are as follows: "Water-Boiling in a Peruvian Village: An Example of Innovation That Failed"; "Traditions of Research of Diffusion"; "The Innovation-Decision Process"; "The Pill That Failed"; "Adopter Categories as Ideal Types"; "Predicting Innovations"; "Communication Channels"; "Channels by Functions in the Innovative-Decision Process"; "Becoming a Marijuana User"; "Opinion Leadership and the Multi-Step Flow of Ideas"; "Measuring Opinion Leadership"; "Changing the Guard in a Colombian Peasant Village"; "The Change Agent"; "Thrown Onto the Edge of Asia"; "Compatibility with Clients Needs"; "Change Agent Empathy"; and "Homophily and Change Agent-Client Contact".
662 citations
TL;DR: Passive permeabilities of the cell wall and protoplast of Bacillus megaterium strain KM were characterized by use of 50 hydrophilic probing molecules (tritiated water, sugars, dextrans, glycols, and polyglycols) which varied widely in size.
Abstract: Passive permeabilities of the cell wall and protoplast of Bacillus megaterium strain KM were characterized by use of 50 hydrophilic probing molecules (tritiated water, sugars, dextrans, glycols, and polyglycols) which varied widely in size. Weight per cent uptake values (R(w)) were measured at diffusional equilibrium under conditions that negated the influences of adsorption or active transport. Plots of R(w) for intact cells as a function of number-average molecular weight ( M(n)) or Einstein-Stokes hydrodynamic radius ( r(ES)) of the solutes showed three phases: a protoplast uptake phase with a polydisperse exclusion threshold of M(n) = 0.6 x 10(3) to 1.1 x 10(3), r(ES) = 0.6 to 1.1 nm; a cell wall uptake phase with a polydisperse exclusion threshold of M(n) = 0.7 x 10(5) to 1.2 x 10(5), r(ES) congruent with 8.3 nm; and a total exclusion phase. Isolated cell walls showed only the latter two phases. However, it became evident that the cell wall selectively passed only the smallest molecules in a heterodisperse polymer sample. When the molecular-weight distributions of polyglycol samples ( M(n) = 1,000, 1,450, and 3,350) were determined by analytical gel chromatography before and after uptake by intact cells or isolated cell walls, a quasi-monodisperse exclusion threshold was obtained corresponding to M(n) = 1,200, r(ES) = 1.1 nm. The permeability of isolated protoplasts was assessed by the relative ability of solutes to effect osmotic stabilization. An indefinite exclusion threshold, evident even with monodisperse sugars, was attributed to lengthwise orientation of the penetrating rod-shaped molecules. Altogether, the best estimate of the limiting equivalent porosity of the protoplast was 0.4 to 0.6 nm in radius and of the cell wall, 1.1 nm.
422 citations
TL;DR: K(+) was specifically required because no other elements, likely to be present as cations, were found to accumulate in appreciable quantities in guard cells of open stomata, and this finding suggests that the anions balancing K(+) were predominantly organic.
Abstract: When stomata of Vicia faba opened (from a stomatal aperture of about 2 micrometers to one of 12 micrometers) the solute content of the guard cells increased by 4.8 x 10(-12) osmoles per stoma. During the same time an average of 4.0 x 10(-12) gram equivalents of K(+) were transported into each pair of guard cells. This amount of K(+), if associated with dibasic anions, is sufficient to produce the changes in guard cell volume and osmotic pressure associated with stomatal opening. Analysis of Cl, P, and S showed that these elements were not transported in significant amounts during stomatal opening. This finding suggests that the anions balancing K(+) were predominantly organic. K(+) was specifically required because no other elements, likely to be present as cations, were found to accumulate in appreciable quantities in guard cells of open stomata.
315 citations
TL;DR: The cyanophycin granules from two-week-old cultures of the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica were isolated by sonication of the cells followed by differential centrifugation.
Abstract: The cyanophycin granules from two-week-old cultures of the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica were isolated by sonication of the cells followed by differential centrifugation. These particles are composed of polypeptides containing only two amino acids, aspartic acid and arginine, and have a molecular weight between about 25,000 and 100,000.
238 citations
TL;DR: The hydroxyproline-O-arabinosyl linkage is present in cell walls of selected tissues representing green plants from algae to angiosperms.
Abstract: The hydroxyproline-O-arabinosyl linkage is present in cell walls of selected tissues representing green plants from algae to angiosperms.
232 citations
228 citations
TL;DR: In the behavioral and social sciences, a very common problem is the prediction of the standing of a person or thing on one variable, usually designated the criterion, from his or its standing on a number of other variables, usually called the predictors.
Abstract: A very common problem in the behavioral and social sciences is the prediction of the standing of a person or thing on one variable, usually designated the criterion, from his or its standing on a number of other variables, usually called the predictors. Leastsquared error multiple regression weights are most commonly used in weighting the predictors into a composite. These weights, which minimize, over the cases in the sample, the sum of the squared deviations of the observed from the predicted criterion score, are calculated from the normal equations which express the minimization conditions (Anderson, 1958). The fitting of the regression weights to the idiosyncracies of the initial sample leads to a decrease in effectiveness when these weights are applied to a new sample in which these particular idiosyncracies are not present. This &dquo;shrinkage&dquo; is often substantial in practical situations (e.g., see: Kurtz, 1948; Cureton, 1950; and Kirkpatrick, 1951), especially when the initial sample is small. And small samples, as Lawshe and Schucker (1959) point out, are the rule rather than the exception in many areas of applied psychology. Certain other approaches to the weighting problem produce
223 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the dynamics of DDT in lentic environments were studied in a farm pond and four artificial pools, and a mechanism was proposed based on the principle that compounds are exchanged between water and fats, permitting a high degree of magnification in fish.
Abstract: The dynamics of DDT in lentic environments were studied in a farm pond and four artificial pools. A hypothesis that biological magnification of pesticides was dependent on passage of the residues through a food chain was rejected and a hypothesis that accumulation depends on adsorption and solubility differences was proposed. The mechanism proposed is based on the principle that compounds are exchanged between water and fats. Exchange in fish passes through two stages, from water to blood and from blood to fats, permitting a high degree of magnification in fish. The proposed mechanism accounts for the reported observations that pesticides are excreted by fish, that body load of pesticides increases as the fat content of fish increases, that pesticide magnification by fish is inverse to the water solubility of the compounds and that pesticides persist longer in oligotrophic than eutrophic lentic ecosystems.
TL;DR: Import of K and Cl into the guard cells and loss of both elements from theGuard cells become observable 1 or 2 min after light is turned on or off, both when histochemical methods and the electron-probe microanalyzer are used for detection.
Abstract: When stomates of Zea mays open K and Cl migrate from the subsidiary cells into the guard cells; when the stomates close both elements return to the subsidiary cells. Subsidiary cells function as reservoirs for K and Cl. Import of K and Cl into the guard cells and loss of both elements from the guard cells become observable 1 or 2 min after light is turned on or off, both when histochemical methods and the electron-probe microanalyzer are used for detection. Each stomatal complex of maize contains on the average 10±3×10-13 gram equivalents (eq) of K and 4±1×10-13 eq of Cl. Guard cells accumulate K in the light and CO2-free air at an average rate of 10×10-15 eq K per minute, and Cl at approximately half that rate.
TL;DR: Electron acceptors may be divided into three distinct classes on the basis of the nature of the electron transport and phosphorylation processes which accompany their reduction by illuminated chloroplasts, and it is concluded that electrons are transported to Class I acceptors through two sites of phosphate whereas the transport of electrons to Class III acceptors utilizes only one of the sites.
TL;DR: In this paper, Ferric heme pigments have been implicated as the major prooxidants in tissue lipid oxidation, and ferric hemes are believed to promote lipid oxidation.
Abstract: Lipid oxidation is a major cause of deterioration in the quality of meat and meat products Oxidation can occur in either the stored triglycerides or the tissue phospholipids Ferric heme pigments have been implicated as the major prooxidants in tissue lipid oxidation Pigment and lipid oxidation are interrelated, and ferric hemes are believed to promote lipid oxidation The resulting oxidation destroys the hemes Nonheme iron and ascorbic acid may also function as prooxidants in meat Sodium chloride accelerates oxidation of the triglycerides, although the mechanism of salt catalysis is not completely known Cooked meat undergoes rapid deterioration due to tissue lipid oxidation The meat pigment in the cured pink ferrous form does not promote the rapid oxidation undergone by cooked uncured meat Refrigerated and frozen fresh meats are also susceptible to lipid oxidation Protein denaturation and cross-linking may result from lipid oxidation in stored freeze-dried meat With increased consumption of prepackaged raw meat and precooked convenience meat items, control of oxidation has become increasingly important Antioxidants and chelating agents are the most effective inhibitors of lipid oxidation
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: This chapter discusses relaxation theory and presents some experiments, and presents the abstract concepts of stimulus, response class, and the relationship between them.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses relaxation theory and presents some experiments. The theoretical background for analyzing escape-avoidance behavior in terms of relaxation has been called elicitation theory or elicitation hypothesis. By and large, this approach is a comprehensive theory of behavior that borrows heavily from Hull, Guthrie, Tolman, and Skinner and represents an attempt to integrate these neo-behavioristic schools. On the contemporary scene, there are certain similarities between this theory and Premack's. In regard to learning, the theory is a monistic, contiguity position that emphasizes that a particular response must occur consistently and to the relative exclusion of other responses to be learned. Many variables that help mediate learning are those that commonly minimize or eliminate competing responses. The theory avoids positing hypothetical concepts or intervening variables, and it depends upon a continual, detailed analysis of stimulus and response for the explanation and prediction of behavior. The chapter presents the abstract concepts of stimulus, response class, and the relationship between them.
TL;DR: A good numerical correlation between certain thermodynamic parameters in protein denaturation and death rates, where these have been reported, for organisms and poikilothermic animals at high temperatures is reported.
Abstract: THE specific cause of the death rates of unicellular organisms and poikilothermic animals at high temperatures is not known for certain1. We wish to report a good numerical correlation between certain thermodynamic parameters in protein denaturation and death rates, where these have been reported, for these organisms. A similar correlation may exist between the thermal denaturation of other biopolymers, such as DNA and RNA, and thermal death, but in the absence of adequate data we cannot consider this possibility further.
TL;DR: There has been a controversy of long standing in industrial psychology between the advocates of the single composite criterion and those favoring multiple criteria as mentioned in this paper, and this controversy has not been satisfactorily resolved, as is obvious from the cautious and rather indecisive treatment the question receives in most standard texts in industry.
Abstract: THERE has been a controversy of long standing in industrial psychology between the advocates of the single composite criterion and those favoring multiple criteria. Earlier writers on this problem tended to favor the composite criterion concept (Toops, 1944; Brogden and Taylor, 1950; Nagel, 1953), and this doctrine remained essentially unchallenged until the second half of the fifties. Then, starting in 1956, a series of statements by a number of wellknown industrial psychologists appeared seriously questioning the utility of this concept and concluded that, in most cases, the use of multiple criteria was to be preferred to the use of the traditional composite (Ghiselli, 1956; Guion, 1961, 1965, pp. 114-119; Dunnette, 1963a, 1963b). To date, this controversy has not been satisfactorily resolved, as is obvious from the cautious and rather indecisive treatment the question receives in most standard texts in industrial psychology (Tiffin and McCormick, 1965, pp. 47-54, Blum and Naylor, 1968, pp. 184-193). The purpose of this paper is to set forth the basic arguments advanced for each position, to explore the assumptions underlying these arguments, and, finally, to offer a practical and conceptual resolution of the controversy.
TL;DR: After dopamine stores in the caudate nucleus of cats were labeled with [3H]dopamine, the ventricular system was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the addition of amantadine to the perfusing fluid caused a doserelated increase in the concentrations of [ 3H]Dopamine appearing in the perfusion effluent.
Abstract: After dopamine stores in the caudate nucleus of cats were labeled with [3H]dopamine, the ventricular system was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The addition of amantadine to the perfusing fluid caused a doserelated increase in the concentrations of [3H]dopamine appearing in the perfusion effluent. Subthreshold concentrations of amantadine also enhanced the efflux of [3H]dopamine induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus.
TL;DR: Buoyant density data show that nitrate reductase activity induced by nitrate is an activity of a protein synthesized de novo after addition of inducer, however, even when the enzyme level was constant, the buoyant density of nitrate Redux decreased, indicating that the enzyme turned over.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the results of two studies which examined propositions derived from equity theory concerning how persons distribute rewards to themselves and others, and conclude that persons do conform to a norm of equity which lessens the potential for conflict present in all social situations.
Abstract: Abstract : The paper reports the results of two studies which examined propositions derived from equity theory concerning how persons distribute rewards to themselves and others. Such behavior can be classified into three types of distribution responses. Study 1 investigated the distribution responses of persons who each had unilateral power to determine their own rewards and those of one other person, when both had equal inputs. Results supported predictions generated from equity theory concerning the relative frequencies of distribution responses. Also, a number of situational and personal variables were found to affect responses. In Study 2, subjects distributed rewards in one of four groups constituted such that differences in the input levels of the chooser and his co-worker were systemically varied. Results only partially supported equity theory since only the inputs of the co-worker affected choices. Taken together, the results of both studies indicate that persons do conform to a norm of equity which lessens the potential for conflict present in all social situations. (Author)
TL;DR: In cotyledons of sunflower seedlings glyoxysomal and peroxisomal enzymes exhibit different rates of development during germination, and it is proposed that malate and aspartate may be involved in hydrogen transport between microbodies and other cellular sites.
Abstract: In cotyledons of sunflower seedlings glyoxysomal and peroxisomal enzymes exhibit different rates of development during germination. The total activity of isocitrate lyase, a glyoxysomal marker enzyme, rapidly increased during the first 3 days, and then decreased 89% by day 9. Exposure to light accelerated this decrease only slightly. The specific activity of glyoxysomal enzymes (malate synthetase, isocitrate lyase, citrate synthetase, and aconitase) in the microbody fraction from sucrose density gradients increased between days 2 and 4 about 2- to 3-fold, and thereafter it remained about constant in light or darkness.Total activity of the peroxisomal enzymes increased slowly in the dark during the first 4 days of germination and thereafter remained at a constant level of activity in the dark or increased 2-fold in 24 hours of light. The specific activties of glycolate oxidase, hydroxypyruvate reductase, and serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase in the isolated microbody fraction increased about 10-fold between days 2 and 4 in the dark and then remained constant or increased again 10-fold after an additional 48 hours in the light.The total activity of the common microbody marker, catalase, developed similarly to isocitrate lyase, but decreased only 72% by day 9. The specific activities of enzymes (catalase, malate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase) common to both microbody systems were 10- to 1000-fold greater than those of other enzymes. It is proposed that malate and aspartate may be involved in hydrogen transport between microbodies and other cellular sites.Glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase was very active in microbodies from castor bean endosperm and sunflower cotyledons. The specific activity of this aminotransferase developed similarly to glyoxysomal enzymes in the dark but further increased in the light, as did peroxisomal enzymes.The microbody fraction of castor bean endosperm germinated in the dark for 5 days contained both glyoxysomal and peroxisomal enzymes of similar specific activity.Adjacent to the microbody fraction on sucrose gradients from sunflower cotyledons were etioplasts at slightly lower densities and protein bodies at similar and higher densities. Their presence in the microbody fractions resulted in artificially low specific activities.
TL;DR: In this article, role conflict is significantly related to job satisfaction and job threat and anxiety, but not to an effectivene effect of the role-taking model proposed by Kahn, et al.
Abstract: Some aspects of the role-taking model proposed by Kahn, et al., (1964) are examined; role conflict is significantly related to job satisfaction and job threat and anxiety, but not to an effectivene...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a study on the value patterns of a midwestern municipal police force, and compare police values with those of representative samples of black and white Americans.
Abstract: This article describes a study on the value patterns of a midwestern municipal police force, and compares police values with those of representative samples of black and white Americans. The data on police values support the hypotheses that personality factors and social backgrounds are more important than occupational socialization in understanding police value systems. The police values are not necessarily representative of American value patterns, either black or white, suggesting that either more differential recruitment and/or more direct resocialization procedures are needed for improving police-citizen relations in this country. Language: en
TL;DR: Gas analysis of leaves treated with ABA or DCMU allows one to distinguish effects on the stomatal apparatus from inhibition of photosynthesis and to conclude that ABA acts on stomata directly.
Abstract: Closure of stomata caused by low (10-7M) concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) is specific for cis-trans ABA, and is initiated within 5 minutes. Upon withdrawal of the hormone supply, reopening starts within 5 minutes. Gas analysis of leaves treated with ABA or DCMU allows one to distinguish effects on the stomatal apparatus from inhibition of photosynthesis and to conclude that ABA acts on stomata directly.
TL;DR: When given together, ERG partially counteracted EB stimulation of pituitary and serum prolactin levels and mammary growth, whereas EB increased both AP and serum Prolactin concentrations and Mammary growth.
Abstract: The effects of ergocornine, estradiol benzoate (EB) or both on anterior pituitary (AP) and serum prolactin concentrations were studied in ovariectomized or hypophysectomized rats with a pituitary transplant, and directly on the AP in vitro. Injections of 5 or 10 μg EB into ovariectomized rats for 5 days produced 3-to 4-fold increase in AP prolactin concentration, a 6-to 8-fold rise in serum prolactin and increases in pituitary weight and mammary growth. Doses of 0.1 or 0.3 mg ergocornine methanesulfonate (ERG) partially or completely inhibited the stimulatory effects of EB on each of these parameters. Transplantation of one AP into the kidney capsule of hypophysectomizedovariectomized rats resulted in relatively high blood prolactin levels. ERG reduced prolactin release from the AP graft and mammary growth, whereas EB increased both AP and serum prolactin concentrations and mammary growth. When given together, ERG partially counteracted EB stimulation of pituitary and serum prolactin levels and mammary gr...
TL;DR: It is now commonplace to use relative deprivation explicitly or implicitly as a central variable in the explanation of social movements, and thus also to explain the processes of social change that are engendered by social movements.
Abstract: Author’s Note: This paper is Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article 5317. It is now commonplace to use relative deprivation explicitly or implicitly as a central variable in the explanation of social movements, and thus also to explain the processes of social change that are engendered by social movements.’ The basic notion is that feelings of deprivation, of discontent over one’s
TL;DR: Isolated cat papillary muscles driven at a rate of 12 beats/min at 37.5 C were exposed tojeoncen-trations of cyclopropane, diethyl ether, Ethrane, halothanc, and methoxyflurane similar to those required to produce general anesthesia m vivo, implying a common mode of action on the con-tractile process.
Abstract: Isolated cat papillary muscles driven at a rate of 12 beats/min at 37.5 C were exposed tojeoncen-trations of cyclopropane, diethyl ether, Ethrane, halothanc, and methoxyflurane similar to those required to produce general anesthesia m vivo. Each anesthetic depressed peak developed ten-sion, maximal dp/dt, and the force-time integral of the twitch, and each shortened the time to peak tension. These variables were altered in qualitatively similar ways by all anesthetics tested, implying a common mode of action on the con-tractile process. When administered in cquieffec-tivc concentrations from the standpoint of producing general anesthesia (i.e at equal MAC's), the order of activity of the anesthetics in depressing contractility (from most to least depressant) was: Ethrane > halothanc > methoxyflurane > cyclopropane > diethyl ether.
TL;DR: The rate of urea excretion by goldfish was dependent on the 24-hr experimental ammonia levels but was not affected by the concentration of ambient ammonia during acclimation or the duration of acclimations.