Showing papers by "Michigan State University published in 1972"
Book•
01 Jan 1972TL;DR: In this article, a practical treatment of the purposes, methods and problems of constructing, using and evaluating educational tests is presented for use on introductory testing and measurement courses at undergraduate or graduate level.
Abstract: A practical treatment of the purposes, methods and problems of constructing, using and evaluating educational tests. The book is designed for use on introductory testing and measurement courses at undergraduate or graduate level.
1,365 citations
TL;DR: A further modification to Cover and Hart's nearest neighbor decision rule, the reduced nearest neighbor rule, is introduced and experimental results demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency.
Abstract: A further modification to Cover and Hart's nearest neighbor decision rule, the reduced nearest neighbor rule, is introduced. Experimental results demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency.
515 citations
400 citations
TL;DR: The experimental conditions for a rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric assay for carnitine palMIToyltransferase (CPT) are described and the amount of reduced CoA liberated from palmitoyl CoA by CPT is quantitated using 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB).
341 citations
TL;DR: In this article, high pH microenvironments associated with photosynthesis probably induce phosphate-carbonate precipitation, which in turn functions as one of several indirect density-dependent population controls.
Abstract: High concentrations of phosphate ion precipitate with carbonates by simple coprecipitation as the pH of marl lake water is increased. High pH microenvironments associated with photosynthesis probably induce phosphate-carbonate precipitation, which in turn functions as one of several indirect density-dependent population controls.
266 citations
TL;DR: A constitutive equation for collagen fibers is developed in the form of the ‘quasi-linear’ viscoelasticity law suggested by Y. C. Fung to predict the experimental responses of tests of collagen fiber bundles extracted from the tails of mature rats.
258 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that spontaneous stomatal opening will take place when the contact angle is smaller than the wall angle of the aperture wall, and that the surface tension of the leaf surface of Zebrina purpusii Bruckn is less than 30 dyne cm−1.
Abstract: Wettability of the leaf surface, surface tension of the liquid, and stomatal morphology control penetration of stomata by liquids. The critical surface tension of the lower leaf surface of Zebrina purpusii Bruckn. was estimated to be 25 to 30 dyne cm−1. Liquids having a surface tension less than 30 dyne cm−1 gave zero contact angle on the leaf surface and infiltrated stomata spontaneously while liquids having a surface tension greater than 30 dyne cm−1 did not wet the leaf surface and failed to infiltrate stomata. Considering stomata as conical capillaries, we were able to show that with liquids giving a finite contact angle, infiltration depended solely on the relationship between the magnitude of the contact angle and the wall angle of the aperture. Generally, spontaneous infiltration of stomata will take place when the contact angle is smaller than the wall angle of the aperture wall. The degree of stomatal opening (4, 6, 8, or 10 μm) was of little importance. Cuticular ledges present at the entrance to the outer vestibule and between the inner vestibule and substomatal chamber resulted in very small if not zero wall angles, and thus played a major role in excluding water from the intercellular space of leaves. We show why the degree of stomatal opening cannot be assessed by observing spontaneous infiltration of stomata by organic liquids of low surface tension.
249 citations
TL;DR: This chapter emphasizes the current concepts and observations hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion, and suggests a useful approach for controlling the secretion and functions of Prolactin in the organism.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes the current concepts and observations hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion. The regulation of prolactin secretion is exerted by the hypothalamus, and involves the action of a prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF), a possible prolactin-releasing factor (PRF), catecholamines, serotonin, and other biogenic amines—all produced in the hypothalamus. Some other agents that stimulate or inhibit prolactin secretion including estrogen, the suckling stimulus, stresses, several drugs, and prolactin, act through hypothalamic mechanism. However, there are some hormones and drugs that can directly influence the anterior pituitary to increase or decrease prolactin secretion, although several of these also can act through the hypothalamus. The interference with hypothalamic pathways to the anterior pituitary by appropriate hypothalamic lesions, stalk section, pituitary transplantation or by administration of certain drugs, results in augmented prolactin release. PIF release from the median eminence is at least partially under the regulation of biogenic amines. The physiological importance of circulating prolactin in controlling secretion of pituitary prolactin remains to be elucidated. The ability of many drugs to either increase or depress prolactin release suggests a useful approach for controlling the secretion and functions of prolactin in the organism.
199 citations
TL;DR: Rat liver microsomes are capable of catalyzing an NADPH-dependent oxidation of epinephrine to adrenochrome that is inhibited by superoxide dismutase that is greater and more sensitive to inhibition by super poisoning at pH 8.5 than pH 7.7.
179 citations
TL;DR: A purified preparation of rat liver microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase has been shown to catalyze the NAD PH-dependent peroxidation of isolatedmicrosomal lipid, suggesting that the superoxide anion, produced by this flavoprotein, is involved in the lipid per oxidation reaction.
168 citations
TL;DR: NADH-cytochrome c reductase from plant and animal microbodies and microsomes was insensitive to antimycin A, which inhibited the activity in the mitochondrial fractions, and exhibited a broad pH optimum between pH 6 and 9.0.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the complexity of the host-parasite relationship is formidable and that experiments relevant to the expression of virulence have not been designed, thus, the delay of almost a century in obtaining satisfactory answers to these questions simply illustrates that the complex relationship between host and parasite relationships is formidable.
Abstract: A highly successful modus operandi in research is to perform an experiment and then decide what problem was solved; the alternative procedure of devising experiments in order to answer preexisting questions may be more difficult. Unfortunately, the latter approach cannot be avoided by those concerned with infectious diseases because the question of why a given microorganism is virulent is automatically framed by its discoverer—in this case, the plague bacillus by Yersin (1894) and the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis by Malassez, and Vignal (1883). The delay of almost a century in obtaining satisfactory answers to these questions simply illustrates that the complexity of the host-parasite relationship is formidable and that experiments relevant to the expression of virulence have not been designed. At the same time, considerable progress towards this end has been made with other pathogens, especially in correlating nutritional requirements and metabolic patterns with the bacterium’s favored habitat in vivo (Moulder, 1962). Nevertheless, the diverse phenomena observed during infection with intracellular parasites cannot always be duplicated in simplified experimental systems. Furthermore, the infectivity of many microorganisms is low or erratic in laboratory animals and the response of the normal host to acute and chronic phases of disease may be quite distinct.
TL;DR: A good-behavior game was implemented in a fifth-grade reading class consisting of two groups of 14 students each and revealed that after association in the game, the stimulus components of rules and lights were effective in reducing the dependent behaviors.
Abstract: A good-behavior game was implemented in a fifth-grade reading class consisting of two groups of 14 students each. After the presentation of the game, reversal and component analysis phases were instituted. Game components included rules, lights (response feedback), and group consequences of extra recess and extra free time. Student observers recorded the dependent variables which included talking-out, disruptive, and out-of-seat behaviors. The results show that the game reduced the dependent measures from their baseline rate by almost 99% for one group and 97% for the other. The component analysis revealed that after association in the game, the stimulus components of rules and lights were effective in reducing the dependent behaviors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between mass media exposure and expected conversational experiences and found that the role of social relationships in understanding why people attend to mass communications was explored.
Abstract: T 18HIS INVESTIGATION focuses on the concept of communicatory utility, defined as the anticipated usefulness of information for future informal interaction with family, friends, co-workers and acquaintances. The present report describes findings from an experiment and two secondary analyses relating news media use to interpersonal discussion of news events. While researchers have not specifically tested the link between mass media exposure and expected conversational experiences, many have cited the role of social relationships in understanding why people attend to mass communications.1 The specific interpersonal motive of social prestige from displaying current events knowledge was suggested as an explanation of news seeking behavior by Merton,2 Berelson,3 Wright,4 and Waples, Berelson and Bradshaw.5 1 E.g., Eliot Friedson, "Communications Research and the Concept of the Mass," American Sociological Review, Vol. 18, 1953, pp. 313-317; Matilda Riley and Samuel Flowerman, "Group Relations as a Variable in Communications Research," American Sociological Review, Vol. i6, 1951, pp. 174-180. 2 Merton concluded: "The analysis of the functions of mass communications require prior analysis of the social roles which determine the uses to which these communications can and will be put. Had the social contexts of interpersonal influence not been explored, we could not have anticipated the selection of Time by one type of influential and its rejection by another." Robert Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, New York, The Free Press, 1949, pp. 406-409. 3 Berelson observed: "Another group of readers seem to use the newspaper because it enables them to appear informed in social gatherings. Thus the newspaper has conversational value. Readers not only can learn what has happened and then report it to their associates, but can also find opinions and interpretations for use in discussions of public affairs. It is obvious how this use of the newspaper serves to increase the reader's prestige among his fellows." Bernard Berelson, "What 'Missing the Newspaper' Means," in Paul Lazarsfeld and Frank Stanton, eds., Communications Research, 1948-1949, New York, Harper, 1949, p. 119. 4 Charles Wright, "Functional Analysis and Mass Communication," Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 24, 1960, pp. 605-62o. 6 Douglas Waples, Bernard Berelson, and Franklyn Bradshaw, What Reading Does to People, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1940.
TL;DR: In rats estrogen and prolactin are the 2 most important hormones involved in development and growth of mammary tumors, both controlled by the pituitary gland and hypothalamous and changes in hypothalamic function may give rise to spontaneous mammary tumor development by increasing prolact in old female rats.
Abstract: In rats estrogen and prolactin are the 2 most important hormones involved in development and growth of mammary tumors. Both are controlled by the pituitary gland and hypothalamous. Ovariectomy or hypophysectomy can inhibit development of mammary tumors or can cause regression. Growth of established mammary tumors can be increased by doses of estrogen estrogen with progesterone or prolactin. Estrogen increases prolactin and growth hormone secretion by the pituitary but has no effect on tumorigenesis in the absence of the pituitary. However prolactin or prolactin with growth hormone together may promote mammary tumor development in the absence of ovaries. In an experiment to study the effects of different doses of estrogen on mammary cancer de velopment and growth in ovariectomized rats tumors were induced with 5 mg of 712-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) at 52 days of age. Test animals received estradiol benzoate (EB) every other day for 150 days by sc injection; controls were given only the corn oil solvent. Mammary cancers developed in all 18 controls with an average latency period of 59 days. No cancers developed in ovariectomized rats who did not receive DMBA. Greatest tumor incidence (17 of 19) occurred in rats given 2 mcg EB. Average latency was 73 days. Regression occurred in 8% of mammary tumors in intact controls but in 20% of ovariectomized rats given .2 and 2.0 mcg EB. Regression rate was 39% in ovariectomized rats given 20 mcg EB. At 150 days ovariectomized rats not treated with EB showed reduced prolactin levels; those with .2 mcg EB showed a small inc rease; the highest doses (up to 2 mcg) produced increases ranging from 11.5 to 12-fold. In rats given 2 mcg EB fewer cancers followed and the latency period was longer than in intact controls. In another experiment a large dose of estrogen given 3 months after DMBA prevented tumor growth while prolactin alone increased mammary tumor growth about 190%. EB alone completely suppressed growth of tumors whereas EB with prolactin restored growth to that of controls. Large doses of estrogen may block binding of prolactin to receptor sites or otherwise prevent prolactin from acting on tumor cells. Changes in hypothalamic function may give rise to spontaneous mammary tumors by increasing prolactin secretion especially in old female rats. Whether this applies to humans is undetermined.
TL;DR: Rat brain hexokinase has been purified to homogeneity as judged by disc-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and analytical ultracentrifugation, suggesting extensive sequence homology.
TL;DR: In the dog gracilis muscle and forelimb, ouabain blocked or reversed hypokalemic constriction and suppressed, blocked or reverse hyperkalemic vasodilation, suggesting that the vasodilator action of potassium is related to stimulation of membrane Na-K+ ATPase activity resulting in hyper-polarization and relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle cell.
Abstract: SummaryIn the dog gracilis muscle and forelimb, ouabain blocked or reversed hypokalemic constriction and suppressed, blocked or reversed hyperkalemic vasodilation. This suggests that the vasodilator action of potassium is related to stimulation of membrane Na+ -K+ ATPase activity resulting in hyper-polarization and relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle cell. Exercise dilation was only slightly modified in a muscle in which potassium vasodilation was greatly suppressed, suggesting a minor role for potassium in sustained exercise hyperemia.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the cross-lagged panel correlation technique to determine the preponderant developmental sequence of mental growth in the development of abstract-to-concrete mental skills.
Abstract: The literature of cognitive development has produced two opposing models of mental growth. One holds that the acquisition of concrete mental skills causes the later development of higher order organizational schema or rules. The contrasting model postulates a progression in which the initial acquisition of larger schema results in the increased capacity to acquire new concrete skills. While both probably operate to some extent, an attempt was made in this research to determine the preponderant developmental sequence. The scores of 5,495 students who had taken intelligence and achievement, tests in both fourth and sixth grades were analyzed through the use of the cross-lagged panel correlation technique. For students of suburban schools (N = 3,994), the abstract-to-concrete causal sequence predominated, while among inner-city school children, the opposite held. The specific causal relationships between skills assessed on the various subscales of the tests employed, the value of the cross-lagged panel correlation technique in causal analysis, and an extensive methodological examination and qualification of this analytic model are presented.
TL;DR: The intracellular location of nitrate and nitrite reductase was determined by extraction and isolation of organelles from spinach and tobacco leaves using sucrose based extraction media and isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
TL;DR: Of particular interest is the presence of hydroxyproline-O-galactose, which may be common to the volvocalean green algae and related to lower tensile strength of the cell walls of this group of plants.
Abstract: Most of the hydroxyproline in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is glycosidically linked to oligosaccharides and a monosaccharide that are different from the arabinosides found in hydroxyproline-containing plant cell walls previously examined. Of particular interest is the presence of hydroxyproline-O-galactose. These differences may be common to the volvocalean green algae and may be related to lower tensile strength of the cell walls of this group of plants.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in humans could be duplicated in monkeys and rats.
TL;DR: From 2728 events of 205-GeV $ √ p √ n interactions found in 15,000 pictures taken with the 30-in. hydrogen bubble chamber at the National Accelerator Laboratory, a total cross section of 39.1 mb was measured.
Abstract: From 2728 events of 205-GeV $\mathrm{pp}$ interactions found in 15 000 pictures taken with the 30-in. hydrogen bubble chamber at the National Accelerator Laboratory, a total cross section of 39.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1 mb was measured. The mean charged-particle multiplicity for inelastic $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions was measured to be 7.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17. The prong distribution from 2 to 22 prongs is broader than a Poisson distribution and has a width parameter $f_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}=〈{n}_{\ensuremath{-}}({n}_{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}1)〉\ensuremath{-}{〈{n}_{\ensuremath{-}}〉}^{2}=0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.21$.
TL;DR: Orientations toward privacy were identified and individual differences in orientation assessed by means of the newly developed Privacy Preference Scale (PPS) as discussed by the authors, which revealed six major factors from which subscales were constructed, their content centering on orientations toward noninvolvement with neighbors, seclusion of the home, solitude, privacy with intimates, anonymity, and reserve.
Abstract: Orientations toward privacy were identified and individual differences in orientation assessed by means of the newly developed Privacy Preference Scale. Principal components analysis of the PPS revealed six major factors from which subscales were constructed, their content centering on orientations toward noninvolvement with neighbors, seclusion of the home, solitude, privacy with intimates, anonymity, and reserve. In a suburban adult sample (n = 101), these orientations toward privacy were related by means of correlation, multivariate analysis of variance, and canonical correlation to density of past and present environments and to features of the physical environment affecting potential privacy.
TL;DR: Organelles in spinach leaves were isolated in sucrose gradients by isopycnic centrifugation and the peroxisomal fraction was the only cellular site for two different and irreversible aminotransferases which utilized glyoxylate as the amino acceptor in the formation of glycine.
TL;DR: It is proposed that ethylene is an endogenous regulator of sex expression in C. sativus and C. melo, a gynoecious sex type that normally produce only pistillate (female) flowers, and when grown with hypobaric ventilation to facilitate removal of endogenous gases by diffusion, produced perfect flowers.
Abstract: Sex expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and muskmelon (C. melo L.) was correlated with endogenous ethylene production. Plants of gynoecious (all female) sex types of the two species produced more ethylene than monoecius (male-female) plants. C. melo plants of a gynoecious sex type that normally produce only pistillate (female) flowers, when grown with hypobaric ventilation to facilitate removal of endogenous gases by diffusion, produced perfect (hermaphroditic) flowers. When either the plant was returned to atmospheric pressure or when the reduced-pressure ventilating stream was supplemented with ethylene, the same plants produced pistillate flowers. Enrichment of the atmosphere at either normal or reduced pressure with CO2, a competitive inhibitor of ethylene action, also resulted in development of perfect flowers. Foliar application of a benzothiadiazole, a postulated inhibitor of ethylene action, resulted in formation of perfect flowers on gynoecious plants of C. melo and of staminate (male) flowers on gynoecious C. sativus. Based on these findings, it is proposed that ethylene is an endogenous regulator of sex expression in C. sativus and C. melo.
TL;DR: In this paper, dry hickory and maple leaves, enclosed in nylon mesh, were added to a recirculating stream to increase dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels nearly 10-fold.
Abstract: Addition of dry hickory and maple leaves, enclosed in nylon mesh, for 30 hr to a recirculating stream increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels nearly 10-fold. Bacterial populations which developed rapidly decomposed labile organic carbon and nitrogen compounds in the leaf leachate within 72 hr. Bacteriologically labile and refractory dissolved organic carbon fractions, with T½ decomposition rates of 2 and 80 days, respectively, were present in the leachate. Most refractory dissolved organic nitrogen compounds persisted unmodified for at least 24 days. The processing capacity of woodland streams for natural dissolved organic compounds is much greater than previously believed.
TL;DR: The experiments show a marked difference in glycoside sensitivity between rat brain and heart (Na+ + K+) ATPase and ouabain, and suggest that the true equilibrium position is intermediate between the measured K0.5 values.