Showing papers by "Michigan Technological University published in 2011"
TL;DR: Mussels attach to solid surfaces in the sea and their adhesion must be rapid, strong, and tough, or else they will be dislodged and dashed to pieces by the next incoming wave.
Abstract: Mussels attach to solid surfaces in the sea. Their adhesion must be rapid, strong, and tough, or else they will be dislodged and dashed to pieces by the next incoming wave. Given the dearth of synthetic adhesives for wet polar surfaces, much effort has been directed to characterizing and mimicking essential features of the adhesive chemistry practiced by mussels. Studies of these organisms have uncovered important adaptive strategies that help to circumvent the high dielectric and solvation properties of water that typically frustrate adhesion. In a chemical vein, the adhesive proteins of mussels are heavily decorated with Dopa, a catecholic functionality. Various synthetic polymers have been functionalized with catechols to provide diverse adhesive, sealant, coating, and anchoring properties, particularly for critical biomedical applications.
1,380 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation is compared to other electricity generation technologies. But there is a lack of clarity of reporting assumptions, justifications and degree of completeness in LCOE calculations, which produces widely varying and contradictory results.
Abstract: As the solar photovoltaic (PV) matures, the economic feasibility of PV projects are increasingly being evaluated using the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) generation in order to be compared to other electricity generation technologies. Unfortunately, there is lack of clarity of reporting assumptions, justifications and degree of completeness in LCOE calculations, which produces widely varying and contradictory results. This paper reviews the methodology of properly calculating the LCOE for solar PV, correcting the misconceptions made in the assumptions found throughout the literature. Then a template is provided for better reporting of LCOE results for PV needed to influence policy mandates or make invest decisions. A numerical example is provided with variable ranges to test sensitivity, allowing for conclusions to be drawn on the most important variables. Grid parity is considered when the LCOE of solar PV is comparable with grid electrical prices of conventional technologies and is the industry target for cost-effectiveness. Given the state of the art in the technology and favorable financing terms it is clear that PV has already obtained grid parity in specific locations and as installed costs continue to decline, grid electricity prices continue to escalate, and industry experience increases, PV will become an increasingly economically advantageous source of electricity over expanding geographical regions.
1,048 citations
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TL;DR: The methodology of properly calculating the levelized cost of electricity for solar PV is reviewed, correcting the misconceptions made in the assumptions found throughout the literature and a template is provided for better reporting of LCOE results for PV needed to influence policy mandates or make invest decisions.
Abstract: As the solar photovoltaic (PV) matures, the economic feasibility of PV projects are increasingly being evaluated using the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) generation in order to be compared to other electricity generation technologies. Unfortunately, there is lack of clarity of reporting assumptions, justifications and degree of completeness in LCOE calculations, which produces widely varying and contradictory results. This paper reviews the methodology of properly calculating the LCOE for solar PV, correcting the misconceptions made in the assumptions found throughout the literature. Then a template is provided for better reporting of LCOE results for PV needed to influence policy mandates or make invest decisions. A numerical example is provided with variable ranges to test sensitivity, allowing for conclusions to be drawn on the most important variables. Grid parity is considered when the LCOE of solar PV is comparable with grid electrical prices of conventional technologies and is the industry target for cost-effectiveness. Given the state of the art in the technology and favorable financing terms it is clear that PV has already obtained grid parity in specific locations and as installed costs continue to decline, grid electricity prices continue to escalate, and industry experience increases, PV will become an increasingly economically advantageous source of electricity over expanding geographical regions.
1,006 citations
TL;DR: The utility of describing organic aerosol in terms of average carbon oxidation state, a quantity that always increases with oxidation, is demonstrated and is readily measured using state-of-the-art analytical techniques.
Abstract: A detailed understanding of the sources, transformations, and fates of organic species in the environment is crucial because of the central roles that organics play in human health, biogeochemical cycles, and Earth's climate. However, such an understanding is hindered by the immense chemical complexity of environmental mixtures of organics; for example, atmospheric organic aerosol consists of at least thousands of individual compounds, all of which likely evolve chemically over their atmospheric lifetimes. Here we demonstrate the utility of describing organic aerosol (and other complex organic mixtures) in terms of average carbon oxidation state (OSC), a quantity that always increases with oxidation, and is readily measured using state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Field and laboratory measurements of OSC , using several such techniques, constrain the chemical properties of the organics and demonstrate that the formation and evolution of organic aerosol involves simultaneous changes to both carbon oxidation state and carbon number (nC).
751 citations
TL;DR: The definition of superhydrophilic substrates has not been clarified yet, and unrestricted use of this term to hydrophilic surfaces has stirred controversy in the surface chemistry community.
Abstract: The term superhydrophilicity is only 11–12 years old and was introduced just after the explosion of research on superhydrophobic surfaces, in response to the demand for surfaces and coatings with exceptionally strong affinity to water. The definition of superhydrophilic substrates has not been clarified yet, and unrestricted use of this term to hydrophilic surfaces has stirred controversy in the last few years in the surface chemistry community. In this review, we take a close look into major definitions of hydrophilic surfaces used in the past, before we review the physics behind the superhydrophilic phenomenon and make recommendation on defining superhydrophilic surfaces and coatings. We also review chemical and physical methods used in the fabrication of substrates on surfaces of which water spreads completely. Several applications of superhydrophilic surfaces, including examples from the authors' own research, conclude this review.
702 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the vulnerability of the North American high-latitude soil organic carbon (SOC) pool to climate change has been discussed, where the authors divide the current northern highlatitude organic carbon pools into near-surface soils where SOC is affected by seasonal freeze-thaw processes and changes in moisture status, and deeper permafrost and peatland strata down to several tens of meters depth where organic carbon is usually not affected by short-term changes.
Abstract: [1] This synthesis addresses the vulnerability of the North American high‐latitude soil organic carbon (SOC) pool to climate change Disturbances caused by climate warming in arctic, subarctic, and boreal environments can result in significant redistribution of C among major reservoirs with potential global impacts We divide the current northern high‐latitude SOC pools into (1) near‐surface soils where SOC is affected by seasonal freeze‐thaw processes and changes in moisture status, and (2) deeper permafrost and peatland strata down to several tens of meters depth where SOC is usually not affected by short‐term changes We address key factors (permafrost, vegetation, hydrology, paleoenvironmental history) and processes (C input, storage, decomposition, and output) responsible for the formation of the large high‐latitude SOC pool in North America and highlight how climate‐related disturbances could alter this pool’s character and size Press disturbances of relatively slow but persistent nature such as top‐down thawing of permafrost, and changes in hydrology, microbiological communities, pedological processes, and vegetation types, as well as pulse disturbances of relatively rapid and local nature such as wildfires and thermokarst, could substantially impact SOC stocks Ongoing climate warming in the North American high‐latitude region could result in crossing environmental thresholds, thereby accelerating press disturbances and increasingly triggering pulse disturbances and eventually affecting the C source/sink net character of northern high‐latitude soils Finally, we assess postdisturbance feedbacks, models, and predictions for the northern high‐latitude SOC pool, and discuss data and research gaps to be addressed by future research
457 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the depth of burning in forests and peatlands in Alaska indicates that ground-layer combustion has accelerated regional carbon losses, indicating that climate change has increased the area affected by forest fires in boreal North America.
Abstract: Climate change has increased the area affected by forest fires in boreal North America. An analysis of the depth of burning in forests and peatlands in Alaska indicates that ground-layer combustion has accelerated regional carbon losses.
448 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that high-flux, low-quality subsidies can drive freshwater ecosystem dynamics and that animals select for high-quality food resources in proportions greater than would be predicted based on food quantity, and regardless of allochthonous or autochthonic origin.
Abstract: Although the study of resource subsidies has emerged as a key topic in both ecosystem and food web ecology, the dialogue over their role has been limited by separate approaches that emphasize either subsidy quantity or quality. Considering quantity and quality together may provide a simple, but previously unexplored, framework for identifying the mechanisms that govern the importance of subsidies for recipient food webs and ecosystems. Using a literature review of >90 studies of open-water metabolism in lakes and streams, we show that high-flux, low-quality subsidies can drive freshwater ecosystem dynamics. Because most of these ecosystems are net heterotrophic, allochthonous inputs must subsidize respiration. Second, using a literature review of subsidy quality and use, we demonstrate that animals select for high-quality food resources in proportions greater than would be predicted based on food quantity, and regardless of allochthonous or autochthonous origin. This finding suggests that low-flux, high-quality subsidies may be selected for by animals, and in turn may disproportionately affect food web and ecosystem processes (e.g., animal production, trophic energy or organic matter flow, trophic cascades). We then synthesize and review approaches that evaluate the role of subsidies and explicitly merge ecosystem and food web perspectives by placing food web measurements in the context of ecosystem budgets, by comparing trophic and ecosystem production and fluxes, and by constructing flow food webs. These tools can and should be used to address future questions about subsidies, such as the relative importance of subsidies to different trophic levels and how subsidies may maintain or disrupt ecosystem stability and food web interactions.
404 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of existing literature in the area of nano-modification of asphalt and proceed to apply nano-materials to asphalt to improve the performance is presented.
360 citations
Norwegian Institute for Air Research1, Université libre de Bruxelles2, University of Cambridge3, Michigan Technological University4, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology5, German Aerospace Center6, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna7, University of Iceland8
TL;DR: In this article, an inversion scheme was used to estimate the volcanic ash source strength as a function of altitude and time, and the results showed that volcanic ash concentrations at some altitude in the atmosphere exceeded the limits for the "Normal" flying zone in up to 14 % (6-16 %), 2 % (1-3 %) and 7 % (4-11 %) of the European area.
Abstract: . The April–May, 2010 volcanic eruptions of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland caused significant economic and social disruption in Europe whilst state of the art measurements and ash dispersion forecasts were heavily criticized by the aviation industry. Here we demonstrate for the first time that large improvements can be made in quantitative predictions of the fate of volcanic ash emissions, by using an inversion scheme that couples a priori source information and the output of a Lagrangian dispersion model with satellite data to estimate the volcanic ash source strength as a function of altitude and time. From the inversion, we obtain a total fine ash emission of the eruption of 8.3 ± 4.2 Tg for particles in the size range of 2.8–28 μm diameter. We evaluate the results of our model results with a posteriori ash emissions using independent ground-based, airborne and space-borne measurements both in case studies and statistically. Subsequently, we estimate the area over Europe affected by volcanic ash above certain concentration thresholds relevant for the aviation industry. We find that during three episodes in April and May, volcanic ash concentrations at some altitude in the atmosphere exceeded the limits for the "Normal" flying zone in up to 14 % (6–16 %), 2 % (1–3 %) and 7 % (4–11 %), respectively, of the European area. For a limit of 2 mg m−3 only two episodes with fractions of 1.5 % (0.2–2.8 %) and 0.9 % (0.1–1.6 %) occurred, while the current "No-Fly" zone criterion of 4 mg m−3 was rarely exceeded. Our results have important ramifications for determining air space closures and for real-time quantitative estimations of ash concentrations. Furthermore, the general nature of our method yields better constraints on the distribution and fate of volcanic ash in the Earth system.
346 citations
TL;DR: Simulations testify the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative sensing approach in multi-hop CR networks and a decentralized consensus optimization algorithm is derived to attain high sensing performance at a reasonable computational cost and power overhead.
Abstract: In wideband cognitive radio (CR) networks, spectrum sensing is an essential task for enabling dynamic spectrum sharing, but entails several major technical challenges: very high sampling rates required for wideband processing, limited power and computing resources per CR, frequency-selective wireless fading, and interference due to signal leakage from other coexisting CRs. In this paper, a cooperative approach to wideband spectrum sensing is developed to overcome these challenges. To effectively reduce the data acquisition costs, a compressive sampling mechanism is utilized which exploits the signal sparsity induced by network spectrum under-utilization. To collect spatial diversity against wireless fading, multiple CRs collaborate during the sensing task by enforcing consensus among local spectral estimates; accordingly, a decentralized consensus optimization algorithm is derived to attain high sensing performance at a reasonable computational cost and power overhead. To identify spurious spectral estimates due to interfering CRs, the orthogonality between the spectrum of primary users and that of CRs is imposed as constraints for consensus optimization during distributed collaborative sensing. These decentralized techniques are developed for both cases of with and without channel knowledge. Simulations testify the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative sensing approach in multi-hop CR networks.
TL;DR: In this article, the physical changes in the molecular structure of epoxies are described, and the influence of these changes on the bulk-level response is detailed, including the effects of physical aging on quasistatic mechanical properties, viscoelasticity, fracture toughness, thermal expansion coefficient, volume relaxation, enthalpy relaxation, endothermic peak temperature, fictive temperature, and moisture/solvent absorption capability.
Abstract: Exposure to extended periods of sub-Tg temperatures causes physical changes in the molecular structure of epoxy resins and epoxy-based materials to occur. These physical aging mechanisms include the reduction in free volume and changes to the molecular configuration. As a result, mechanical, thermodynamical, and physical properties are affected in ways that can compromise the reliability of epoxy-based engineering components and structures. In this review, the physical changes in the molecular structure of epoxies are described, and the influence of these changes on the bulk-level response is detailed. Specifically, the influence of physical aging on the quasistatic mechanical properties, viscoelasticity, fracture toughness, thermal expansion coefficient, volume relaxation, enthalpy relaxation, endothermic peak temperature, fictive temperature, and moisture/solvent absorption capability is reviewed. Also discussed are relationships between relaxation functions, crosslink density, composite reinforcement, and epoxy/copolymer blending and the physical aging response of epoxies. Finally, the concepts of thermal and mechanical rejuvenation are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
TL;DR: This study geospatially quantifies the mass of an essential fertilizer element, phosphorus, available from human urine and feces, globally, regionally, and by specific country to point to the large potential source of human-derived phosphorus in developing regions like Africa and Asia that have a large population currently unserved by improved sanitation facilities.
TL;DR: In this article, a solution phase-based nanocapsule method was proposed to improve the performance of PdxNiy/C catalysts with high ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) activity in alkaline solution.
TL;DR: In this article, vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown on stainless steel mesh by thermal chemical vapor deposition with a diffusion barrier of Al2O3 film.
TL;DR: In this article, a hydrothermal process was used to convert swine manure to a bio-oil, which was fractionated to extract water, solid residue, and some of the organic compounds.
Abstract: This paper presents the production, modification, and characterization of biobinder from swine manure. A hydrothermal process was used to convert swine manure to a bio-oil. The bio-oil was fractionated to extract water, solid residue, and some of the organic compounds. The sticky residue after fractionation was used as a replacement for asphalt binder. This paper presents production and chemical and rheological characterization of the biobinder as compared with petroleum-asphalt binder. Biobinder from swine manure was found to be a promising candidate for partial replacement for petroleum-asphalt binder. Considering the limitations imposed on growth of swine farms by manure management practices and environmental regulations and the increasing demand for asphalt binder for infrastructure rehabilitation, this sustainable development will result in major improvements in environmental and economical impacts in both the agricultural and construction sectors. Hence, this study offers a unique approach that simu...
TL;DR: In this article, molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics simulations are used to establish well-equilibrated, validated molecular models of the EPON 862-DETDA epoxy system with a range of crosslink densities using a united atom force field.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review past transitions and factors behind them, along with their time frames, and identify several policy instruments to accelerate a transition, though even under ideal circumstances a global energy supply transition will be very slow.
TL;DR: The authors examine the paradox of capabilities: although portfolio resources contribute to innovation success, and technologically capable firms have the ability to gain more such resources, firms' "competitiveness" diminishes when compared to other firms' capabilities.
Abstract: We examine the paradox of capabilities: although portfolio resources contribute to innovation success, and technologically capable firms have the ability to gain more such resources, firms' “compet...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the important perceptual-cognitive skills that facilitate anticipation in sport and illustrate how these skills interact in a dynamic manner during performance and highlight the extent to which the underlying processes are specific to a particular domain and role within that domain.
Abstract: We review contemporary research on perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport and consider implications for those working in the field of applied cognitive psychology. We identify the important perceptual-cognitive skills that facilitate anticipation in sport and illustrate how these skills interact in a dynamic manner during performance. We also highlight our current understanding of how these skills are acquired and consider the extent to which the underlying processes are specific to a particular domain and role within that domain. Next, we briefly review recent attempts to facilitate the acquisition of perceptual-cognitive expertise using simulation training coupled with instruction and feedback on task performance. Finally, we discuss how research on elite athletes can help inform applied cognitive psychologists who are interested in capturing and enhancing perceptual-cognitive expertise across various domains.
TL;DR: It is reported that aligned microfiber-based grafts foster robust regeneration of vascularized CNS tissue and outline a form of regeneration within the central nervous system that holds important implications for regeneration biology.
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign1, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory2, Pennsylvania State University3, Environment Canada4, National Research Council5, Los Alamos National Laboratory6, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory7, University of California, San Diego8, Michigan Technological University9, National Center for Atmospheric Research10, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration11, University of Wisconsin-Madison12, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory13, Texas A&M University14
TL;DR: A comprehensive dataset of microphysical and radiative properties of aerosols and clouds in the boundary layer in the vicinity of Barrow, Alaska, was collected in April 2008 during the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A comprehensive dataset of microphysical and radiative properties of aerosols and clouds in the boundary layer in the vicinity of Barrow, Alaska, was collected in April 2008 during the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC). ISDAC's primary aim was to examine the effects of aerosols, including those generated by Asian wildfires, on clouds that contain both liquid and ice. ISDAC utilized the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Pro- gram's permanent observational facilities at Barrow and specially deployed instruments measuring aerosol, ice fog, precipitation, and radiation. The National Research Council of Canada Convair-580 flew 27 sorties and collected data using an unprecedented 41 stateof- the-art cloud and aerosol instruments for more than 100 h on 12 different days. Aerosol compositions, including fresh and processed sea salt, biomassburning particles, organics, and sulfates mixed with organics, varied between flights. Observations in a dense arctic haze on 19 April and above, withi...
TL;DR: An anomaly inference algorithm is proposed for early detection of cyber-intrusions at the substations using the modified IEEE 118-bus system and results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method for systematic identification.
Abstract: Cybersecurity of the substations in a power system is a major issue as the substations become increasingly dependent on computer and communication networks. This paper is concerned with anomaly detection in the computer network environment of a substation. An anomaly inference algorithm is proposed for early detection of cyber-intrusions at the substations. The potential scenario of simultaneous intrusions launched over multiple substations is considered. The proposed detection method considers temporal anomalies. Potential intrusion events are ranked based on the credibility impact on the power system. Snapshots of anomaly entities at substations are described. Simulation results using the modified IEEE 118-bus system have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method for systematic identification. The result of this research is a tool to detect cyber-intrusions that are likely to cause significant damages to the power grid.
TL;DR: An overview of the current state-of-art technology in the field of DC-iDEP for the separation and trapping of inert particles and cells and insulating obstacle geometry designs and the characterization of device performance are discussed.
Abstract: Dielectrophoresis is a noninvasive, nondestructive, inexpensive, and fast technique for the manipulation of bioparticles. Recent advances in the field of dielectrophoresis (DEP) have resulted in new approaches for characterizing the behavior of particles and cells using direct current (DC) electric fields. In such approaches, spatial nonuniformities are created in the channel by embedding insulating obstacles in the channel or flow field in order to perform separation or trapping. This emerging field of dielectrophoresis is commonly termed DC insulator dielectrophoresis (DC-iDEP), insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP), or electrodeless dielectrophoresis (eDEP). In many microdevices, this form of dielectrophoresis has advantages over traditional AC-DEP, including single material microfabrication, remotely positioned electrodes, and reduced fouling of the test region. DC-iDEP applications have included disease detection, separation of cancerous cells from normal cells, and separation of live from dead bacteria. However, there is a need for a critical report to integrate these important research findings. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state-of-art technology in the field of DC-iDEP for the separation and trapping of inert particles and cells. In this article, a review of the concepts and theory leading to the manipulation of particles via DC-iDEP is given, and insulating obstacle geometry designs and the characterization of device performance are discussed. This review compiles and compares the significant findings obtained by researchers in handling and manipulating particles.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-stage methodology is introduced to identify the best location for biofuel production based on multiple attributes, such as fuel price, transportation distance, and pulpwood availability.
Abstract: There is growing interest in the production of biofuels from woody biomass. Critical to the financial success of producing biofuel is identifying the optimal location for the facility. The location decision is especially important for woody biomass feedstock owing to the distributed nature of biomass and the significant costs associated with transportation. This study introduces a two-stage methodology to identify the best location for biofuel production based on multiple attributes. Stage I uses a Geographic Information System approach to identify feasible biofuel facility locations. The approach employs county boundaries, a county-based pulpwood distribution, a population census, city and village distributions, and railroad and state/federal road transportation networks. In Stage II, the preferred location is selected using a total transportation cost model. The methodology is applied to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to locate a biofuel production facility. Through the application of the two-stage methodology, the best possible location for biofuel production was identified as the Village of L’anse in Baraga County. Also investigated are the sensitivity of transportation cost and the optimal site for biofuel production to changes in several key variables. These additional variables included fuel price, transportation distance, and pulpwood availability. By applying sensitivity analysis based on limited availability of feedstock, the City of Ishpeming emerged as another viable location for the production facility.
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences1, Lund University2, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration3, University of Massachusetts Amherst4, Université du Québec à Montréal5, UMB Financial Corporation6, University of Edinburgh7, Aarhus University8, Moscow State University9, Michigan Technological University10, University of Sheffield11, University of Saskatchewan12, University of Oulu13, Rutgers University14, University of Colorado Boulder15, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology16, University of New Hampshire17, Umeå University18, Princeton University19
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the effects of changing snow cover on the climate, hydrological and ecological systems of the Arctic and other regions through its influence on the surface energy balance (e.g. reflectivity), water balance, thermal regimes, vegetation and trace gas fluxes.
Abstract: Snow cover plays a major role in the climate, hydrological and ecological systems of the Arctic and other regions through its influence on the surface energy balance (e.g. reflectivity), water balance (e.g. water storage and release), thermal regimes (e.g. insulation), vegetation and trace gas fluxes. Feedbacks to the climate system have global consequences. The livelihoods and well-being of Arctic residents and many services for the wider population depend on snow conditions so changes have important consequences. Already, changing snow conditions, particularly reduced summer soil moisture, winter thaw events and rain-on-snow conditions have negatively affected commercial forestry, reindeer herding, some wild animal populations and vegetation. Reductions in snow cover are also adversely impacting indigenous peoples' access to traditional foods with negative impacts on human health and well-being. However, there are likely to be some benefits from a changing Arctic snow regime such as more even run-off from melting snow that favours hydropower operations.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that anti-CD133-SWNTs have the potential to be utilized as a thermal-coupling agent to effectively target and destroy GBM CSCs in vitro and in vivo.
TL;DR: In this article, the potential benefits of micro- or nano-sized materials for asphalt mixtures used on pavements, specifically when they are exposed to water or deicing solutions, were reported.
TL;DR: Variables that predict mortality after ablation, include baseline ejection fraction and New York Heart Association functional class, the number of septal arteries injected with ethanol, post-ablation sePTal thickness, beta-blocker use, and thenumber of ablation procedures.
TL;DR: Use of an ortho-substituent group of branched oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether on the meso-phenyl ring of BODIPY dyes and replacement of the fluorine atoms of B ODIPy dyes at positions 4 and 4' with methyloxy or ethynyl subunits significantly enhance fluorescence quantum yields of BodIPYDyes.