Showing papers by "Mississippi State University published in 1982"

The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and Validation:

Abstract: Self-efficacy theory asserts that personal mastery expectations are the primary determinants of behavioral change. Further, it is suggested that individual differences in past experiences and attri...

Effects of Diet on Lipogenic Enzyme Activities in Channel Catfish Hepatic and Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue

Abstract: Three isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were formulated with varying levels of carbohydrate (CHO) and lipid to determine the effect of energy source on lipogenic enzyme activities in fingerling channel catfish. Diets A, B, and C contained, expressed as a percentage of total energy, 0% CHO and 49% lipid, 16% CHO and 33% lipid, and 46% CHO and 3% lipid, respectively. Duplicate groups of 60 fish weighing 435 +/- 5 g/group were fed 3% of their wet weight per day. Fish fed the high lipid (A) diet grew as well as fish fed the high-CHO (C) diet. Fish fed diet B, however, had a significantly greater growth rate. Fish were sampled and composite samples of liver and mesenteric adipose tissue were assayed for the following enzymes: fatty acid synthetase, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase. In both hepatic and adipose tissue, all lipogenic enzymes assayed were stimulated by the high-CHO diet. All lipogenic enzymes were depressed by the high lipid diet only in hepatic tissue. Enzyme activities were much lower in adipose tissue relative to hepatic tissue. The marked stimulation of the hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities by dietary CHO may explain why catfish can utilize higher levels of dietary CHO than certain solmonid fishes.

Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Channel Catfish

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to reevaluate the dietary phosphorus requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Basal diets containing either casein with supplemental inorganic phosphorus and 0.5% total calcium or egg albumin with supplemental inorganic phosphorus and 0.75% total calcium yielded similar requirement data. Eleven-week growth, feed efficiency, serum phosphorus, bone ash, bone calcium and bon phosphorus data indicate that 0.33% apparent available dietary phosphorus is adequate for maximum growth and bone mineralization. Based on these data and previous findings, we would suggest a value of 0.4% apparent available phosphorus be used in formulating catfish feeds. The apparent availability of phosphorus from soybean meal, as determined by the chromic oxide indicator method, was 29% for channel catfish.

Traction Force on a Kinetochore at Metaphase Acts as a Linear Function of Kinetochore Fiber Length

Abstract: We are investigating the relation between the force pulling a kinetochore poleward and the length of the corresponding kinetochore fiber. It was recognized by Ostergren in 1950 (Hereditas 36:1-19) that the metaphase position of a chromosome could be achieved by a balance of traction forces were proportional to the distance from kinetochore to pole. For the typical chromosome (i.e., a meiotic bivalent or mitotic chromosome) with a single kinetochore fiber extending to each pole, the resultant force (RF) would equal zero when the chromosome lay at the midpoint between the two poles. For special chromosomes that have unequal numbers of kinetochore fibers extending towards opposite poles. For special chromosomes that have unequal numbers of kinetochore fibers extending towards opposite poles. For special chromosomes that have unequal numbers of kinetochore fibers extending towards opposite poles, Ostergren9s proposal suggests that RF = 0 when the chromosome is shifted closer to the pole toward which the greater number of kinetochore fibers are pulling. We have measured the force-length relationship in living spindles by analyzing the metaphase positions of experimentally generated multivalent chromosomes having three or four kinetochore fibers. Multivalent chromosomes of varied configurations were generated by γ-irradiation of nymphs of the grasshopper melanoplus differentialis, and their behavior was analyzed in living first meiotic spermocytes. The lengths of kinetochore fibers were determined from time-lapse photographs by measuring the kinetochore-to-pole distances for fully congressed chromosomes just before the onset of anaphase. In our analysis, force (F) along a single kinetochore fiber is expressed by: F = kL(exp), where k is a length-independent proportionality constant, L represents the kinetochore fiber length, and exp is an unknown exponent. The RF on a chromosome is then given by: RF = σk(i)L(i)(exp), where kinetochore fiber lengths in opposite half- spindles are given opposite sign. If forces on a metaphase chromosome are at equilibrium (RF = 0), then for asymmetrical orientations of multivalents we can measure the individual kinetochore fiber lengths (L(i)) and solve for the exponent that yields a resultant force of zero. The value of the exponent relates how the magnitude of force along a kinetochore fiber varies with its length. For six trivalents and one naturally occurring quadrivalent we calculated an average value of exp = 1.06 +/- 0.18. This result is consistent with Ostergren9s hypothesis and indicates that the magnitude of poleward traction force along a kinetochore fiber is directly proportional to the length of the fiber. Our finding suggests that the balance of forces along a kinetochore fiber may be a major factor regulating the extent of kinetochore microtubule assembly.

Splenic white pulp and associated vascular channels in chicken spleen

Abstract: We have studied the chicken spleen by light and transmission electron microscopy. Germinal centers are located at the beginning of the central artery which is surrounded by the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS). The central artery has no branch crossing the PALS, and there is no histologically identifiable marginal zone in the chicken spleen. The central artery continues as penicilliform capillaries. The mid-portion of the penicilliform capillary is surrounded by the ellipsoid or Schweigger-Seidel sheath. The endothelial lining of this part of the pencilliform capillary contains small channels, formed between neighboring endothelial cells, which enter the ellipsoid. These channels allow circulating substances to accumulate in the ellipsoid. The cells of the ellipsoid are reticular cells, round or ovoid in shape, exhibiting a limited number of cell junctions. At the surface of the ellipsoid are ellipsoid-associated cells (EAC) which have an affinity for toluidine blue. After perfusion fixation, the majority of the cells in the ellipsoid are lost; this suggests weak cellular connections between the ellipsoid cells. The ellipsoid-associated cells remain in loco. On the basis of their shape and cytological features, two stages of EACs can be distinguished. The round or ovoid EACs elaborate active Golgi zones surrounded by numerous small vesicles containing an electron-dense substance. Occasionally, mitotic figures can be seen among them which may suggest that they are immature forms. In the second or more mature stage, the EACs assume an elongated spindle shape. The spindle-shaped EACs reveal inactive Golgi cis-ternae and fewer but larger granules than the round or immature EACs. Unmyelinated nerve fibers and nerve ending were observed in the ellipsoid. Perfusion fixation reveals that the distal portions of the penicilliform capillaries extend into the red pulp and become the sinuses. Therefore, the circulation of the chicken spleen is anatomically closed except for the channels in the mid-portion of the penicilliform capillary. The periellipsoid white pulp (PWP) possesses a few small lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells with the majority of cells being young blastlike cells which may replenish the EACs and ellipsoidal cells. Carbon, injected intravenously, appears on the EAC membrane by 30 minutes, while Brucella abortus is completely phagocytized at this time. Binding the carbon triggers the EAC to detach from the ellipsoid and migrate to the periellipsoidal white pulp (PWP). The EACs phagocytize carbon by 2 hours, and by 5 and 8 days are present in the red pulp and surround the germinal centers at the border of the periarterial lymphatic sheath, respectively. Secretory cells which have been identified in germinal centers might originate from EACs.

Effects of Dietary Cottonseed Meal and Gossypol on Growth of Young Channel Catfish

Abstract: Ten isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing different percentages by weight of cottonseed ineal or gossypol acetate were fed to age-0 channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus for 8 weeks. Growth was inhibited when fish were fed diets with more than 17.4% cottonseed meal or with 0.09% and greater free gossypol. Fish fed cottonseed meal at 17.4% or greater had higher wholebody concentrations of free gossypol than fish fed lower amounts. Free gossypol in muscle tissue was less than that recommended as safe for human consumption. Free gossypol was most concentrated in liver and kidney tissue. Channel catfish utilized lysine hydrochloride when a diet was supplemented with that amino acid.

Compatible stand and stock tables for thinned and unthinned loblolly pine stands.

Abstract: Data from 2 permanent plot studies in Arkansas, Mississippi and Tennessee were used to develop compatible equations for projecting the number of trees, basal area (b.a.) and total cubic ft volume per acre from initial stand conditions. Diameter distributions were calculated using 3-parameter Weibull distributions so that, when integrated to give the b.a. or cubic ft volume per acre, the result was the same as predicted or observed. A FORTRAN program using the procedure is available from the authors. (Refs. 8).

Magnesium requirement of fingerling channel catfish and signs of magnesium deficiency.

Abstract: Purified casein diets with and without supplemental magnesium were fed to fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in order to establish the essentially of this mineral. Fish fed the basal diet containing 0.004% magnesium developed deficiency signs such as poor growth, anorexia, sluggishness, muscle flaccidity and high mortality. After 3 weeks, two groups of fish fed the basal diet were converted to the supplemental diet containing 0.057% magnesium. Deficiency signs in these fish were alleviated almost immediately. In a second experiment, graded levels of magnesium sulfate were added to casein-based diets and fed to channel catfish fingerlings to determine their dietary requirement for magnesium. Results indicated that a minimum magnesium level of 0.04% of the dry diet was required to maintain normal growth, serum and bone magnesium levels in channel catfish fingerlings.

Sedimentology of Erect Vegetal Filters

Abstract: In order to analyze sediment deposition in vegetated areas, it is necessary to develop relationships that define the steady-state sediment transport capacity of a given filter media. The development of these relationships was greatly facilitated by drawing an analogy between the flow in a narrow, deep channel and flow through closely spaced erect bodies. Based on the analogy, a dimensionless shear parameter is calculated using a spacing hydraulic radius as the characteristic length. Utilizing data collected with artificial media, this dimensionless shear is correlated to the bed load and total load parameters of Graf and Einstein with r² values ranging from 0.81 - 0.94. Neil's relationship was also analyzed and yielded a high r² value. Relationships based on the analogy were further examined by incorporating them into a model that predicted the sediment deposition wedge advance distance in actual vegetation. The agreement between the predicted and observed values was excellent. Thus, the sedimentology of grass filters presented herein is considered useful for design and research applications.

Adult-child incest: a review of research and treatment.

Abstract: Although of long-standing theoretical interest in the social sciences, it is only in recent years that researchers and the helping professions have begun to address the reality of incest as a social problem. This paper reviews the literature which addresses adult-child incest as a form of child abuse. Twenty-six independent empirical studies are examined. Related treatment and theoretical literature is also discussed. The following are highlighted: problems of definition; current reporting statistics; obstacles to reporting; incest as a class phenomenon; characteristics of perpetrators, victims, and the other parent; dynamics and circumstances of the incest family; short- and long-term effects of incest on the victim; treating and preventing incest; and legal requirements regarding incest reporting. Finally, attention is directed to methodological problems--small samples, convenience samples, measurement issues, proper evaluation designs for treatment programs, etc.--which very few of the published studies adequately address. Suggestions are made.

Distribution of edaphic diatoms in a mississippi salt marsh: a canonical correlation analysis1

Abstract: A canonical correlation analysis was performed to examine the degree to which edaphic diatom distribution in Graveline Bay Marsh, Mississippi could be related to environmental factors. It was possible to collapse the complex data base into two interpretable, orthogonal dimensions and to identify five distinct diatom communities. Diatom distribution on the marsh was primarily regulated by elevation and height of the overstory spermatophyte canopy. Although redundancy in the species data given the environmental data was relatively low (23% for the first two canonical variables), similar values were obtained for studies of benthic and planktonic diatoms in Yaquina Estuary, Oregon. The present study represents the first application of multivariate statistics to the study of salt marsh diatoms and demonstrates its usefulness in an environment where gradients are difficult to perceive.

Isolation and Characterization of an Iron-Containing Superoxide Dismutase From Water Lily, Nuphar luteum

Abstract: A cyanide-insensitive superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) was purified from leaves of the water lily Nuphar luteum (L.) Sibth. and Smith Subsp. macrophyllum (Small) Beal. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 46,000 and was composed of two equally sized subunits. Metal analysis showed the protein to contain about 1 gram atom of iron per dimer. The iron-containing superoxide dismutase was sensitive to H2O2 as well as to azide. Antibody to the protein did not cross-react with iron superoxide dismutase isolated from the eucaryote Brassica or with algal extracts.

Assessment of Early-Season Phenology of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Mississippi

Abstract: The relationship of temperature to the development of the immature stages of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was studied in the laboratory and in the field. Information from these studies was used to develop a procedure for examining the early-season phenology of the fall armyworm by estimating the ages of field-collected larval cohorts. Application of this procedure to fall armyworm larvae collected in an extensive survey in Mississippi during the spring of 1979 provided evidence that the observed populations were initiated by immigrant adults.

Policy Differences Between Voters and Non-Voters in American Elections:

Abstract: AN IMPORTANT concern in any polity is the extent to which citizens have a voice in public affairs. In representative democracies like America citizens have the opportunity to vote in free elections for public officials whom they most prefer for policy or other reasons. Yet many Americans do not exert the required initiative to register to vote. Barely half of the voting age population voted in the 1980 presidential election, and turnout for less important offices is even lower. Many have expressed the concern that certain types of individuals with specific policy preferences are less likely to vote, and that this may translate into the election of officials and the implementation of policies disapproved by these citizens or adverse to their interests. Pomper (1980: 179-205) after examining the history of race relations in the South especially argues that inability or failure to exercise the franchise can significantly harm the civil liberties and economic welfare of the uninvolved. Key (1961: 186) observes that the opinions of non-voters may have slight weight in the political process. Other studies also conclude that more politically active citizens influence public policy to be more consistent with their own policy preferences, which differ from the preferences of the inactive (Verba and Nie, 1972: 308). In this paper I examine the extent to which there are policy differences between voters and non-voters in presidential and midterm election years over a twenty-eight year time span.

Vibrational spectra and conformations of (bromomethyl)cyclopropane and epibromohydrin

Abstract: Infrared and Raman spectra of (bromomethyl)cyclopropane and epibromohydrin have been recorded. Reversible spectral changes which accompany changes in temperature indicate the existence of an equilibrium mixture of gauche and cis conformers for (bromomethyl)cyclopropane. The gauche form is more stable, and from the variable temperature studies an enthalpy difference of 2.0±0.2 kcal mol−1 has been obtained for the liquid phase. For epibromohydrin, two non-equivalent gauche conformers have been identified, and the gauche-1 form is more stable than the gauche-2 by 0.80±0.20 kcal mol−1 in the liquid phase. Additionally there is evidence for a third conformer, presumably the cis form, but characterization of this conformer has been limited by the complexity of the spectra associated with the gauche-1 and gauche-2 forms. Consequently, only a lower limit can be given for the ΔH separating the cis and gauche-1 conformers. The results are consistent with previous observations for similar molecules.

Nodulation Efficiency of Legume Inoculation as Determined by Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance

Abstract: Patterns of intrinsic resistance and susceptibility to different levels of antibiotics were determined for strains of both fast- and slow-growing rhizobia. These patterns were stable to plant passage when they were used to identify Rhizobium strains in nodule suspensions or nodule isolates. The method of identification by intrinsic resistance and susceptibility patterns was reliable for identifying strains in field nodules when strains were first isolated from the nodules to provide a standard inoculum size and then typed on antibiotic-containing media. Other patterns of resistance were encountered during identification of field isolates; these patterns may have resulted from acquired resistance to certain antibiotics or from mixed infections of the nodules. The occurrence of resistance patterns identical to those of inoculant strains among native strains was directly related to the size of the soil population. High strain recovery was associated directly with high rates of inoculation.

Mass transfer in ozone absorption. An approximate analytical equation is derived for predicting the enhancement of mass transfer by decomposition and ozanation reactions

Abstract: A mathematical model has been formulated for the absorption of ozone accompanied by a first-order decomposition of ozone and the second-order, ozonation reaction between ozone and a liquid reactant in gas-liquid contactors. On the basis of the film model, an analytical approximate equation has been derived to predict the enhancement of mass transfer by the decomposition and ozonation reactions. Methods for estimation of chemical mass-transfer coefficients for ozone-absorption processes have been suggested. By combining a knowledge of physical mass-transfer coefficients from empirical correlations and enhancement factors from theoretical predictions, the chemical mass-transfer coefficient for an ozone-absorption process can be estimated as illustrated in the paper. 38 references, 6 figures.

Studies on the Marinating of Chicken Parts for Deep-Fat Frying

Abstract: Eight-piece-cut broiler parts were either still-marinated or marinated in a hexagonal shaped drum rotated at 31.5 rpm. The marinated parts were coated and deep-fat fried at 168°C for 12 minutes. The marinating process increased frying yields of fried parts. Although the longer rotary-marinating time resulted in higher marinade absorption as compared to the still-marinated ones, the frying yields were about the same. The variance of marinade penetration between part types was smaller for those still-marinated than for those rotary-marinated. Except for the drumsticks, marinade penetration from 4 hrs. of still-marinating can be accomplished by rotary-marinating the parts for 10 min.

Axisymmetric non-fourier temperatures in cylindrically bounded domains

Abstract: Heat conduction solutions are presented for the case where the material obeys a non-Fourier conduction law. In contrast to the Fourier law which predicts an infinite speed of heat propagation, the non-Fourier theory implies that the speed of thermal signals are finite. Axisymmetric problems for regions interior and exterior to a circular cylinder are investigated by using methods of Laplace transformation and asymptotic analysis. Comparisons of the temperature profiles are made with Fourier theory for the case of step function temperature boundary conditions.

Low Temperature Double-Exposed Polyimide/Oxide Dielectric for VLSI Multilevel Metal Interconnection

Abstract: By use of a double-exposed (double-etch) low temperature polyimide/oxide process, the packing density for both first and second level metal interconnection can be improved by some 35 percent and 30 percent, respectively, in the vicinity Of the via. Moreover, the complete interconnect process may be realized at temperatures below 300°C. Since polyimide can be applied in thick layers having negligible (tensile) stress, a planar surface results and also parasitic lead capacitances may be considerably reduced. This process is also amenable to either wet chemical or dry plasma processing.

Catalase activity and isozyme pattern of the metalloenzyme system, superoxide dismutase, as a function of leaf development during growth of Pisum sativum L. plants

Abstract: The catalase activity and the isozyme pattern of the metalloenzyme system superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been determined in pea (Pisum sativum L., cv, Lincoln) leaves of different ages (apical, middle and lower), during several stages of plant development. Pea seedlings were grown in full nutrient solution in a phytotron. Catalase activity was determined polarographically, and superoxide dismutase isozymes (Mn-SOD, Cu, Zn-SOD I and Cu, Zn-SOD II) were separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and their relative amounts quantified by densitonietry. The results indicate that the relative amounts of SOD isozymes are slightly different in leaves of different ages during plant growth and, interestingly, each molecular form of SOD shows a clearly distinct pattern during plant development. These changes in the relative percentages of SOD isozymes could be due to the induction of the distinct molecular forms of SOD by the metals Mn, Cu and Zn, translocated to the different leaves as a result of plant development. The relative percentage of the Mn-SOD isozyme showed a similar pattern to that of catalase activity, suggesting a possible link between these two metalloenzymes at subcellular level, both cooperating to remove the toxic effects of O-2 and H2O2. An additional conclusion is that before a certain metalloenzyme can be used as a marker to assess the plant micronutrient status, it is essential to have a detalled study of its activity pattern in leaves of different age during plant development.