Showing papers by "Mississippi State University published in 1995"
TL;DR: This paper presents a computational technique for optimal control problems including state and control inequality constraints based on spectral collocation methods used in the solution of differential equations that is easy to implement, capable of handling various types of constraints, and yields very accurate results.
Abstract: This paper presents a computational technique for optimal control problems including state and control inequality constraints. The technique is based on spectral collocation methods used in the solution of differential equations. The system dynamics are collocated at Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto points. The derivative x/spl dot/(t) of the state x(t) is approximated by the analytic derivative of the corresponding interpolating polynomial. State and control inequality constraints are collocated at Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto nodes. The integral involved in the definition of the performance index is discretized based on the Gauss-Lobatto quadrature rule. The optimal control problem is thereby converted into a mathematical programming program. Thus existing, well-developed optimization algorithms may be used to solve the transformed problem. The method is easy to implement, capable of handling various types of constraints, and yields very accurate results. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method, and a comparison is made with existing methods in the literature. >
703 citations
01 Jan 1995
579 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the surface composition of the as-received fibers is heterogeneous and undergoes significant changes upon nitric acid exposure, and the net effect of these surface treatments appears to be the systematic and preferential formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups.
431 citations
TL;DR: An analysis of the assumptions and approximations used in the development of the methods in the ISO guide are presented, and a comparison of the resulting equation with previously published uncertainty analysis approaches is made.
Abstract: Publication in late 1993 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement in the name of ISO and six other international organizations has, in everything but name only, established a new international experimental uncertainty standard. In this article, an analysis of the assumptions and approximations used in the development of the methods in the ISO guide is presented, and a comparison of the resulting equation with previously published uncertainty analysis approaches is made. Also discussed are the additional assumptions necessary to achieve the less complex large sample methodology that is recommended in AIAA Standard S-071-1995, Assessment of Wind Tunnel Data Uncertainty, issued in 1995. It is shown that these assumptions are actually less restrictive than those associated with some previously accepted methodologies. The article concludes with a discussion of some practical aspects of implementing experimental uncertainty analysis in engineering testing.
407 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an iterative point creation and insertion scheme is presented for efficient generation of high-quality two- or three-dimensional unstructured grids of triangular or tetrahedral elements.
Abstract: A procedure is presented for efficient generation of high-quality two- or three-dimensional unstructured grids of triangular or tetrahedral elements. The present procedure uses an iterative point creation and insertion scheme wherein points are created using advancing-front type point placement. Initially, the connectivity for these generated points is obtained by directly subdividing the elements which contain them, without regard to quality. This connectivity is then improved by iteratively using local reconnection subject to a quality criterion. For two dimensions, a min-max criterion is used and for three dimensions, a Delaunay in-sphere criterion followed by a min-max type criterion is used. The overall procedure is applied repetitively until a complete field grid is generated with a desired point distribution. Grid quality and performance statistics are presented for a variety of two- and three-dimensional configurations. The combined quality and efficiency attributes of this procedure appear to be a substantial improvement over existing methods.
352 citations
TL;DR: Exploratory regression analysis and confirmatory within study analysis suggested that combinations of modalities--in particular those including education, psychotherapy/counseling and follow-up contact/probation--were more effective than other evaluated modes for reducing drinking/driving recidivism.
Abstract: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of remediation with drinking/driving offenders included 215 independent evaluations identified through a comprehensive literature search. Study characteristics, including dimensions of methodological quality were coded using scales and protocols developed by expert panels. Better methodological quality (as indicated by group equivalence) was associated with smaller effect size and less variation in effect size. Among studies with adequate methods (as determined empirically through examination of effect size variation with quality), the average effect of remediation on drinking/driving recidivism was an 8-9% reduction over no remediation. A similar effect size was found for alcohol involved crashes. However, licensing actions tended to be associated with reduction in occurrence of non-alcohol events (e.g. non-alcohol crashes). Exploratory regression analysis and confirmatory within study analysis suggested that combinations of modalities--in particular those including education, psychotherapy/counseling and follow-up contact/probation--were more effective than other evaluated modes for reducing drinking/driving recidivism. Treatment effects are probably underestimated in the literature due to overemphasis on education as a treatment for all offenders and drinking/driving recidivism as the most frequent measure of outcome. Limitations of the primary literature and future research needs are discussed. Language: en
343 citations
TL;DR: This article found that participation in religious activities was a persistent and non-contingent inhibiter of adult crime, and that the relationship between religiosity and crime was investigated in models with a comprehensive crime measure and three separate dimensions of religiosity.
Abstract: Since Hirschi and Stark's (1969) surprising failure to find religious (“hellfire”) effects on delinquency, subsequent research has generally revealed an inverse relationship between religiosity and various forms of deviance, delinquency, and crime. The complexity of the relationship and conditions under which it holds, however, continue to be debated. Although a few researchers have found that religion's influence is noncontingent, most have found support—especially among youths—for effects that vary by denomination, type of offense, and social and/or religious context. More recently the relationship has been reported as spurious when relevant secular controls are included. Our research attempts to resolve these issues by testing the religion-crime relationship in models with a comprehensive crime measure and three separate dimensions of religiosity. We also control for secular constraints, religious networks, and social ecology. We found that, among our religiosity measures, participation in religious activities was a persistent and noncontingent inhibiter of adult crime.
306 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that students studying graphic organizers learned more hierarchical and coordinate relations, and as a result, they were more successful in applying that knowledge and in writing integrated essays than students studying outlines or text alone.
Abstract: Most research on graphic organizers (ie, figural organizations of text information) has failed to simulate actual classroom learning Typically, studies have used short, poorly organized text, single graphic organizers, and immediate tests measuring only factual knowledge Also, there is no convincing evidence that graphic organizers are better than outlines Two experiments were conducted that represented attempts to address these problems in answering the question, What types of text information do graphic organizers and outlines help college students learn ? Results revealed that when given enough time, students studying graphic organizers learned more hierarchical and coordinate relations, and as a result, they were more successful in applying that knowledge and in writing integrated essays than students studying outlines or text alone These findings are discussed in terms of efficient indexing through visual argument
270 citations
252 citations
TL;DR: The conclusions show that the GA based heuristic can always give the best results in a short time on a SUN workstation.
241 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of aqueous NaOH treatment after oxidation on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, Izod IS, IFSS, and ILSS) of fibers and their composites were also investigated.
TL;DR: Cyanobacteria are always found in close association with a diverse array of microorganisms, including eubacteria, fungi, and protozoans, and these associations are increasingly seen as mutualistic and may function in a positive manner during bloom development.
Abstract: Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, and Oscillatoria often form extensive and persistent blooms in freshwater aquaculture ponds. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria are undesirable in aquaculture ponds because: 1) they are a relatively poor base for aquatic food chains; 2) they are poor oxygenators of the water and have undesirable growth habits; 3) some species produce odorous metabolites that impart undesirable flavors to the cultured animal; and 4) some species may produce compounds that are toxic to aquatic animals. Development of cyanobacterial blooms is favored under conditions of high nutrient loading rates (particularly if the availability of nitrogen is limited relative to phosphorus), low rates of vertical mixing, and warm water temperatures. Under those conditions, dominance of phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria is the result of certain unique physiological attributes (in particular, N2 fixation and buoyancy regulation) that allow cyanobacteria to compete effectively with other phytoplankton. The ability to fix N2 provides a competitive advantage under severe nitrogen limitation because it allows certain cyanobacterial species to make use of a source of nitrogen unavailable to other phytoplankton. The ability to regulate cell buoyancy through environmentally-controlled collapse ad reformation of intracellular gas vacuoles is perhaps the primary reason for the frequent dominance of aquaculture pond phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria that can regulate their position in the water column gain a distinct advantage over other phototrophs in poorly mixed bodies of water. In addition to the physicochemical interactions that influence phytoplankton community dynamics, cyanobacterial-microbial associations may play an important regulatory role in determining community structure. Cyanobacteria are always found in close association with a diverse array of microorganisms, including eubacteria, fungi, and protozoans. These associations, which in the past have often been viewed as antagonistic, are increasingly seen as mutualistic and may function in a positive manner during bloom development.
TL;DR: Development of glyphosate-tolerant soybean promises to provide the farmer with access to a new weed control system that should result in lower production costs and reliable weed control under a wide range of conditions.
Abstract: Transformation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with a gene encoding a glyphosate-tolerance 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase enzyme from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 resulted in the development of glyphosate-tolerant line 40-3-2. Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the active ingredient of Roundup herbicide. Line 40-3-2 was yield tested at 17 locations in 1992, 23 locations in 1993, and 18 locations in 1994. At those locations, broadcast applications of glyphosate at various rates were made over 40-3-2 or its derivatives from early vegetative growth to pod fill. No significant yield reduction was observed as a result of the glyphosate treatment at any of the locations. Development of glyphosate-tolerant soybean promises to provide the farmer with access to a new weed control system that should result in lower production costs and reliable weed control under a wide range of conditions.
TL;DR: This paper provides a framework for the design and evaluation of features in advanced telecommunications products and services which is derived from empirical research on interpersonal communication and discusses implications of this research for the development and use of advanced telecommunications technologies.
Abstract: Interactive multimedia conferencing systems, in which two or more remotely located people can work on cooperative tasks through shared audio, video, and data, appear to be the wave of the future. However, because of great advances in the underlying technology of multimedia conferencing systems, many design decisions have been driven by what is technically feasible as opposed to what will best suit the needs of the users. In this paper we provide a framework for the design and evaluation of features in advanced telecommunications products and services which is derived from empirical research on interpersonal communication. We also discuss implications of this research for the development and use of advanced telecommunications technologies.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ a theoretic model that identifies three basic goals of foreign policy: identity, security, and prosperity, and show that this three-dimensional model is superior to one- or two-dimensional models in providing explanation and prediction of more specific foreign policy stances.
Abstract: The authors employ a theoretic model that identifies three basic goals of foreign policy—identity, security, and prosperity. Many scholars limit themselves by using a two-dimensional model of foreign policy beliefs which ignores the goal of identity. This research note demonstrates that standard factor analysis of extant data on foreign policy goals over time consistently supports a three-dimensional model which gives prominence to the multilateral—unilateral dimension of identity. The research also shows that this three-dimensional model is superior to one- or two-dimensional models in providing explanation and prediction of more specific foreign policy stances.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used radiometric dates obtained from in situ corals from these reefs, by both alpha-count and mass-spectrometric techniques, indicates that they were all formed during Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e (ca. 125,000 years ago).
TL;DR: The reproductive system of northern bobwhite enables recovery from low annual survival or periodic catastrophic declines and may be an adaptation to fluctuating resources in ephemeral, dynamic habitats.
Abstract: To better understand the reproductive mechanisms that enable northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) to recover from high annual mortality, we studied the reproductive strategies, success, and mating systems of 321 radio-marked bobwhite in northern Missouri during 1990-92. Seventy-four female and 43 male bobwhite incubated 159 nests. Females exhibited apparent monogamy during 60% of nesting attempts and apparent polyandry during 40%. Over the entire nesting season, 71% of females were polyandrous. Of those birds alive 15 April (n = 112 F, n = 148 M), 40.2% of females and 13.5% of males successfully hatched ≥1 nest. Seventy-four percent of females (n = 42) and 26% of males (n = 50) surviving until 1 September successfully hatched ≥1 nest. Nesting females that survived the nesting period incubated a mean of 1.8 nests (SE = 0.13), and males incubated 1.0 nests (SE = 0.04). Of those birds that failed on an initial nesting attempt, 57.9% of females (n = 38) and 2 of 23 males incubated ≥1 renest. Of those females that were successful on their initial nesting attempt, 25.7% attempted second nests. Female first nests represented 45.9%, female renests 20.1%, female double-clutch attempts 5.7%, and male-incubated nests 28.3% of all nests located. Nest survival was 43.7% (SE = 3.9). The reproductive system of northern bobwhite enables recovery from low annual survival or periodic catastrophic declines and may be an adaptation to fluctuating resources in ephemeral, dynamic habitats.
TL;DR: In this article, commercial proteases (neutral and alkaline) were evaluated for hydrolysis of crayfish processing byproducts (CPBs) and two model equations were proposed with regard to effects of pH, temperature (T), time (t), enzyme/ substrate (E/S) ratio, and substrate concentration (S) on the amount of 0.3M TCA soluble peptides.
Abstract: Ten commercial proteases (neutral and alkaline) were evaluated for hydrolysis of crayfish processing by-products (CPBs). Hydrolysis conditions were optimized for the alkaline protease OptimaseTM APL-440 by response surface methodology (RSM). Two model equations were proposed with regard to effects of pH, temperature (T), time (t), enzyme/ substrate (E/S) ratio, and substrate concentration (S) on the amount of 0.3M TCA soluble peptides (TSP) and degree of hydrolysis (DH). Interaction effects between pH and T were observed (P<0.001). Based on TSP, optimum hydrolysis conditions were determined to be pH 8–9, 65°C, 2.5 hr reaction time, 75%(w/v) substrate concentration, and 0.3% (v/w) enzyme.
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of the marketing culture of a service firm by pinpointing the strength of its association with marketing effectiveness was examined, and the authors revealed a strong relationship between these two constructs even when the possible effects of firm size and geographical scope are removed.
Abstract: Examines the importance of the marketing culture of a service firm by pinpointing the strength of its association with marketing effectiveness. First, collects data to validate and purify a measure of marketing effectiveness. Second, undertakes a procedure to discover the nature of the relationship between the kind of marketing culture a firm has and its marketing effectiveness. The findings reveal a strong relationship between these two constructs even when the possible effects of firm size and geographical scope are removed.
TL;DR: One hundred sixty horses were anesthetized with xylazine, guaifenesin, thiamylal, and halothane for elective soft tissue and orthopedic procedures and spontaneous ventilation resulted in significantly higher PaCO2 and P(A-a)O2 values and significantly lower PaO2values in LRG1 and DRG1 horses compared with LRG2 andDRG2 horses.
Abstract: One hundred sixty horses were anesthetized with xylazine, guaifenesin, thiamylal, and halothane for elective soft tissue and orthopedic procedures. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Group 1 (n = 40): Horses positioned in lateral (LRG1; n = 20) or dorsal (DRG1; n = 20) recumbency breathed spontaneously throughout anesthesia. Group 2 (n = 40): Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was instituted throughout anesthesia in horses positioned in lateral (LRG2; n = 20) or dorsal (DRG2; n = 20) recumbency. Group 3 (n = 40): Horses positioned in lateral (LRG3; n = 20) or dorsal (DRG3; n = 20) recumbency breathed spontaneously for the first half of anesthesia and intermittent positive pressure ventilation was instituted for the second half of anesthesia. Group 4 (n = 40): Intermittent positive pressure ventilation was instituted for the first half of anesthesia in horses positioned in lateral (LRG4; n = 20) or dorsal (DRG4; n = 20) recumbency. Spontaneous ventilation (SV) occured for the second half of anesthesia. The mean time of anesthesia was not significantly different within or between groups. The mean time of SV and IPPV was not significantly different in groups 3 and 4. Variables analyzed included pH, PaCO2, PaO2, and P(A-a)O2 (calculated). Spontaneous ventilation resulted in significantly higher PaCO2 and P(A-a)O2 values and significantly lower PaO2 values in LRG1 and DRG1 horses compared with LRG2 and DRG2 horses. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation resulted in normocarbia and significantly lower P(A-a)O2 values in LRG2 and DRG2 horses. In LRG2 the PaO2 values significantly increased from 20 minutes after induction to the end of anesthesia. The PaO2 and P(A-a)O2 values were not significantly different from the beginning of anesthesia after IPPV in DRG2 or DRG3. The PaO2 values significantly decreased and the P(A-a)O2 values significantly increased after return to SV in horses in LRG4 and DRG4. The PaO2 values were lowest and the P(A-a)O2 values were highest in all horses positioned in dorsal recumbency compared with lateral recumbency and in SV horses compared with IPPV horses. The pH changes paralleled the changes in PaCO2. Blood gas values during right versus left lateral recumbency in all groups were also evaluated. The PaO2 values were significantly lower and the P(A-a)O2 values were significantly higher during SV in horses positioned in left lateral (LRLG1) compared with right lateral (LRRG1) recumbency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: Five of six cats developed generalized malaise, anorexia, and diarrhea on day 5, 6, or 7, and two cats developed facial edema, and propofol administration did not continue beyond 7 days in any cat.
Abstract: This study investigated the potential for multiple exposures of propofol to induce oxidative injury, in the form of Heinz body production, to feline red blood cells. Anesthesia was induced in six healthy cats with propofol (6 mg/kg, intravenous [IV]) and maintained for 30 minutes with a propofol infusion (0.20 to 0.30 mg/kg/min, IV). The initial protocol was designed for each cat to receive 10 consecutive days of propofol anesthesia. All cats spontaneously breathed room air. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect blood pressure were measured and recorded before and during anesthesia. Time to complete recovery after each infusion was measured and recorded. Heinz body analysis was performed before and after each day of propofol anesthesia. Based on predetermined criteria for discontinuing daily infusions, the mean number of consecutive days of propofol anesthesia was six and propofol administration did not continue beyond 7 days in any cat. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect blood pressure did not change significantly during propofol anesthesia compared with awake values. Following the third consecutive day of propofol anesthesia, there was a significant increase from baseline in the mean percentage of Heinz bodies. Hemolysis was not detected in any cat. Recovery time significantly increased after the second consecutive day of propofol anesthesia compared with the first day. Five of six cats developed generalized malaise, anorexia, and diarrhea on day 5, 6, or 7, and two cats developed facial edema. All clinical signs resolved without treatment 24 to 48 hours after discontinuing propofol anesthesia. This study suggests that consecutive day propofol anesthesia in normal cats can induce oxidative injury to feline red blood cells in the form of excessive Heinz body formation, result in increased recovery times, and result in clinical signs of illness.
TL;DR: A-Esterase substrate:substrate activity ratios suggest that the substrates of Paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon can be detoxified via A-esterases and aliesterases and probably not degraded by the same enzyme.
TL;DR: Life history and population dynamic patterns of Gambusia affinis in southeastern Louisiana varied spatially and temporally in 1990 and 1991, but were consistent with previous reports of this species in the southern regions of its natural range.
Abstract: Life history and population dynamic patterns of Gambusia affinis in southeastern Louisiana varied spatially and temporally in 1990 and 1991, but were consistent with previous reports of this species in the southern regions of its natural range. Several differences exist among populations in different geographic regions within the United States, as reported in the literature, which do not follow a‘ native v. introduced’ dichotomy: (1) brood size decreases and offspring size increases from north to south; (2) large overwintered females in northern areas produce more broods within a season than those in southern populations, while the reverse is true for young-of–year females; (3) minimum size at first reproduction follows a seasonal pattern within populations, but tends to be smaller in southern and larger in northern and Hawaiian populations; (4) synchronous reproduction early in the season is characteristic of northern populations, but does not occur in southern areas; and (5) mosquitofish reproduce year–round in Hawaii, while 'southern’ populations within the continental U.S. cease reproduction during winter.
TL;DR: The CP analysis indicates that Acala-type cultivars are more diverse than those bred in the Mississippi Delta or southeastern USA, and breeders should consider the pedigree of parents prior to population synthesis.
Abstract: Sustained genetic advance requires that genetically diverse parents be mated to form segregating populations for selection Genetic diversity of US cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) cultivars has not been extensively quantified We assessed diversity among 126 Upland cotton cultivars released between 1980 and 1990 by use of coefficient of parentage (CP) In computing CP, we utilized assumptions appropriate for self-pollinated crops Mean CP among the 126 cultivars was 007, implying a genetically diverse group However, cluster analysis revealed 12 distinct gene pools, with mean within-cluster CP = 025 and between-cluster CP = 004 Overall, clusters corresponded to area of cultivar origin The CP analysis indicates that Acala-type cultivars are more diverse than those bred in the Mississippi Delta or southeastern USA A trend in germplasm usage in the late 1980s was the repeated mating of genetically related material, or reselection within germplasm, to develop proprietary cultivars To ensure continued progress in cotton improvement, we suggest that cotton breeders consider the pedigree of parents prior to population synthesis
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of published LD50 or LC50 levels for a variety of insecticides in several vertebrate species indicate that a wide range of toxicity levels exist, and these cannot be easily predicted within either a chemical group or within a species.
TL;DR: Blue holes are karst features that were initially described from Bahamian islands and banks, which have been documented for over 100 years as discussed by the authors.They are water-filled vertical openings in the carbonate rock that exhibit complex morphologies, ecologies, and water chemistries.
Abstract: Blue holes are karst features that were initially described from Bahamian islands and banks, which have been documented for over 100 years. They are water-filled vertical openings in the carbonate rock that exhibit complex morphologies, ecologies, and water chemistries. Their deep blue color, for which they are named, is the result of their great depth, and they may lead to cave systems below sea level. Blue holes are polygenetic in origin, having formed: by drowning of dissolutional sinkholes and shafts developed in the vadose zone; by phreatic dissolution along an ascending halocline; by progradational collapse upward from deep dissolution voids produced in the phreatic zone; or by fracture of the bank margin. Blue holes are the cumulative result of carbonate deposition and dissolution cycles which have been controlled by Quaternary glacioeustatic fluctuations of sea-level.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the use of standard transport systems designed for the transport of wood chips for the pulp sector and show that the most important improvements are likely to come from efforts to improve carrying efficiencies in pulp chip transport because of the much greater volume and value of this material carried annually.
Abstract: Secondary transportation from the forest to the utilisation facility is the simplest of the handling phases in transferring fuelwood from its point-of-origin to ultimate processing point, both in its objectives and application In spite of this simplicity secondary transport is typically responsible for between 20 and 40% of the delivered fuel cost Truck transportation is in an advanced state of development as the technology employed comes from a very large scale industry that dominates the transport of industrial products in most developed countries To achieve a full payload within maximum allowable load dimension restrictions the material transported must have a minimum bulk density of about 250 to 280 kg/m 3 While conventional forest products generally exceed this limit, fuelwood in an unprocessed form may have a bulk density of only 120 to 150 kg/m 3 To offset this problem fuelwood material can be compacted before loading, or compacted in the trailer, but, more frequently, it is comminuted before transport Processing of fuelwood to a chip allows the use of standard transport systems designed for the transport of wood chips for the pulp sector Major technological gains to improve the transport efficiencies of fuelwood are unlikely in the immediate future The most important improvements are likely to come from efforts to improve carrying efficiencies in pulp chip transport because of the much greater volume and value of this material carried annually Any developments will be rapidly adopted by those engaged in fuelwood chip transport
TL;DR: Results of a nationwide survey of motor carrier CEOs and CIOs indicate that CEOs are generally satisfied with their CIOS' activities, and that C IOs perceive CEOs as placing a high priority on strategic IS plans, but IS does not appear to be truly a part of corporate strategy formulation.
TL;DR: Future increases in [CO2] are likely to benefit cotton production by increasing carbon assimilation under temperatures favorable for cotton growth, and reduced fruit weights at higher temperatures indicate potential negative effects on production if air temperatures increase as projected in a high-CO2 world.
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30 Sep 1995TL;DR: In this paper, a three-dimensional evaluation of paper surfaces using Confocal Microscopy was performed using a two-dimensional image of the paper surface, and the results showed that the surface chemistry of paper is related to printability and other paper properties.
Abstract: Physical Characterization of Surfaces Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Paper Surfaces Using Confocal Microscopy, M.-C. Beland and P.J. Mangin Scanning Electron Microscopy: A Tool for the Analysis of Wood Pulp Fibers and Paper, G. de Silveira, P. Forsberg, and T.E. Conners Mechanical and Physical Properties of Paper Surfaces, J.F. Waterhouse The Surface Chemistry of Paper: Its Relationship to Printability and Other Paper Properties, F.M. Etzler and J.J. Conners Brightness Properties of Pulp and Paper, A.J. Ragauskas Spectroscopic Methods FT-IR Spectroscopy, M.A. Friese and S. Banerjee Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Wood Products, J.M. Pope Raman Spectroscopy, U.P. Agarwal and R. Atalla Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopic Analysis, G. de Silveira and T.E. Conners SIMS: Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, L.D. Detter-Hoskin and K.L. Busch X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, W.K. Istone Emerging Technologies Principles of Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Its Application to the Analysis of Paper, G. Botton Surface Analysis Using Millimeter-Wave Resonant Instruments, J.S. Martens Atomic Force Microscopy, S.J. Hanley and D.G. Gray Using the Photon Tunneling Microscope to View Paper Surfaces, T.B. Arnold, T.E. Conners, and G.L. Dyer Index