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Showing papers by "Mitsubishi published in 2001"


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2001
TL;DR: A machine learning approach for visual object detection which is capable of processing images extremely rapidly and achieving high detection rates and the introduction of a new image representation called the "integral image" which allows the features used by the detector to be computed very quickly.
Abstract: This paper describes a machine learning approach for visual object detection which is capable of processing images extremely rapidly and achieving high detection rates. This work is distinguished by three key contributions. The first is the introduction of a new image representation called the "integral image" which allows the features used by our detector to be computed very quickly. The second is a learning algorithm, based on AdaBoost, which selects a small number of critical visual features from a larger set and yields extremely efficient classifiers. The third contribution is a method for combining increasingly more complex classifiers in a "cascade" which allows background regions of the image to be quickly discarded while spending more computation on promising object-like regions. The cascade can be viewed as an object specific focus-of-attention mechanism which unlike previous approaches provides statistical guarantees that discarded regions are unlikely to contain the object of interest. In the domain of face detection the system yields detection rates comparable to the best previous systems. Used in real-time applications, the detector runs at 15 frames per second without resorting to image differencing or skin color detection.

18,620 citations


Patent
26 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of providing a plasma processing apparatus with a gas feed means which feeds gas in pulses into a reaction chamber, where the processing speed and shape of a sample can be set uniform through all its surface, even if an ultrasonic free flow is not established.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a plasma processing apparatus provided with a gas feed means which feeds gas in pulses into a reaction chamber, where the processing speed and shape of a sample can be set uniform through all its surface, even if an ultrasonic free flow is not established SOLUTION: A plasma processing apparatus is equipped with a reaction chamber 1, which generates plasma by the use of gas to process a sample with it, a gas feed means 9 which feeds gas in pulses to the reaction chamber, and an evacuating means 6 which evacuates the reaction chamber 1, where the feed direction in which gas is fed by the gas feed means 9 and the evacuating direction, in which evacuated gas is discharged by the evacuating means 6 are set identical to each other The reaction chamber 1 is so formed as to be axially symmetrical about its center axis, the gas feed means 9 is arranged on the center axis or symmetrical about a center axis, and the evacuating means 6 is arranged symmetrically about the center axis

902 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, gold nanoparticles were produced by laser ablation of a gold metal plate in an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the size distribution of the nanoparticles thus produced was measured by an electron microscope and was found to shift to a smaller size with an increase in surfactant concentration.
Abstract: Gold nanoparticles were produced by laser ablation of a gold metal plate in an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The absorption spectrum of the gold nanoparticles was essentially same as that of gold nanoparticles chemically prepared in a solution. The size distribution of the nanoparticles thus produced was measured by an electron microscope and was found to shift to a smaller size with an increase in surfactant concentration. This behavior is explained in terms of the dynamic formation model. Dependence of the nanoparticle abundance on surfactant concentration in the solution shows that stable gold nanoparticles tend to be formed as the surfactant concentration exceeds 10-5 M. The gold nanoparticles having diameters larger than 5 nm were pulverized into those having diameters of 1−5 nm by a 532-nm laser.

590 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Miroslaw Bober1
TL;DR: This paper describes techniques and tools for shape representation and matching, developed in the context of MPEG-7 standardization, and the contour-based shape descriptor is presented in some detail.
Abstract: This paper describes techniques and tools for shape representation and matching, developed in the context of MPEG-7 standardization. The application domains for each descriptor are considered, and the contour-based shape descriptor is presented in some detail. Example applications are also shown.

445 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) with parallel grooves along the SA direction was fabricated by standard photolithography and subsequent reactive ion etching (RIE).
Abstract: Ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an InGaN multi-quantum-well (MQW) structure were fabricated on a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) using a single growth process of metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. In this study, the PSS with parallel grooves along the sapphire direction was fabricated by standard photolithography and subsequent reactive ion etching (RIE). The GaN layer grown by lateral epitaxy on a patterned substrate (LEPS) has a dislocation density of 1.5×108 cm-2. The LEPS-UV-LED chips were mounted on the Si bases in a flip-chip bonding arrangement. When the LEPS-UV-LED was operated at a forward-bias current of 20 mA at room temperature, the emission wavelength, the output power and the external quantum efficiency were estimated to be 382 nm, 15.6 mW and 24%, respectively. With increasing forward-bias current, the output power increased linearly and was estimated to be approximately 38 mW at 50 mA.

370 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the XPC-CEN2 interaction may reflect coupling of cell division and NER.

339 citations



Patent
16 Oct 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device having a microminiture trench isolation in which an insulating film is embedded by an HDP-CVD method is presented.
Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device having a microminiture trench isolation in which an insulating film is embedded by an HDP-CVD method comprising: a step of pre-planarization by conducting a dry etching selectively with respect to the insulating film laminated excessively on the surface of substrate, which is to be an active region, and a step of polishing by a CMP method in order to improve a surface planarity of the insulating film, wherein an etching mask used at the time of opening a trench opening portion has a multi-layer structure including a silicon nitride film and a polycrystal silicon film; the polycrystal silicon film is used as an etching stopper at the time of pre-planarization; and the silicon nitride film is used as an etching stopper at the time of polishing by a CMP method in order to remove simultaneously the excessive insulating film and the polycrystal silicon film to expose and a surface of the substrate, which is the active region, whereby the trench isolation having a satisfactory shape is obtainable.

290 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Subcellular fractionation revealed that AceCS2 is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme, and acetate incorporation indicated that acetyl-CoAs produced by Ace CS2 are utilized mainly for oxidation.

259 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
W. Brand1
08 Dec 2001
TL;DR: The resulting integrated algorithm can track and reconstruct in 3D nonrigid surfaces having very little texture, for example the smooth parts of the face, via structured matrix decompositions.
Abstract: Nonrigid 3D structure-from-motion and 2D optical flow can both be formulated as tensor factorization problems. The two problems can be made equivalent through a noisy affine transform, yielding a combined nonrigid structure-from-intensities problem that we solve via structured matrix decompositions. Often the preconditions for this factorization are violated by image noise and deficiencies of the data visa-vis the sample complexity of the problem. Both issues are remediated with careful use of rank constraints, norm constraints, and integration over uncertainty in the intensity values, yielding novel solutions for SVD under uncertainty, factorization under uncertainty, nonrigid factorization, and subspace optical flow. The resulting integrated algorithm can track and reconstruct in 3D nonrigid surfaces having very little texture, for example the smooth parts of the face. Working with low-resolution low-texture "found video," these methods produce good tracking and 3D reconstruction results where prior algorithms fail.

244 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To visualize and isolate live dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in the embryonic ventral mesencephalon and isolate an enriched population of DA neurons from brain tissue, transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) are generated under the control of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter.
Abstract: To visualize and isolate live dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in the embryonic ventral mesencephalon, we generated transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter. In the transgenic mice, GFP expression was observed in the developing DA neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase. The outgrowth and cue-dependent guidance of GFP-labeled axons was monitored in vitro with brain culture systems. To isolate DA neurons expressing GFP from brain tissue, cells with GFP fluorescence were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. More than 60% of the sorted GFP+ cells were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, confirming that the population had been successfully enriched with DA neurons. The sorted GFP+ cells were transplanted into a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Some of these cells survived and innervated the host striatum, resulting in a recovery from Parkinsonian behavioral defects. This strategy for isolating an enriched population of DA neurons should be useful for cellular and molecular studies of these neurons and for clinical applications in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that CSF/phospho‐tau199 may be a novel and logical biomarker in supporting antemortem diagnosis of AD.
Abstract: We surveyed a total of 570 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from a variety of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 236), non-AD-demented and nondemented diseases (n = 239), and normal controls (n = 95) to quantitate levels of tau protein phosphorylated at serine 199 (CSF/phospho-tau199) by a recently established sandwich ELISA. The CSF/phospho-tau199 levels in the AD group were significantly elevated compared to those in all the other non-AD groups. Receiver operating characteristics curves showed that the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the AD group vs all the other non-AD groups using the CSF/phospho-tau199 were 85.2% and 85.0%, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between CSF/phospho-tau199 and CSF/total-tau levels in the AD group. Elevated CSF/phospho-tau199 in the AD group was noted irrespective of age, gender, dementia severity, and number of apolipoprotein E4 alleles. Thus, we suggest that CSF/phospho-tau199 may be a novel and logical biomarker in supporting antemortem diagnosis of AD.

Patent
10 May 2001
TL;DR: An image display device comprises an optical imaging arrangement for providing image information to illumination light and for transmitting the light as an optical image signal; a display for receiving the optical image signals and for displaying an image based on the image information; and a projecting optical arrangement including a reflecting part having a reflecting surface for reflecting the image signal, and a refracting optical part having an aspherical surface for projecting the optical signal onto the reflecting part as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An image display device comprises an optical imaging arrangement for providing image information to illumination light and for transmitting the light as an optical image signal; a display for receiving the optical image signal and for displaying an image based on the image information; and a projecting optical arrangement including a reflecting part having a reflecting surface for reflecting the optical image signal, and a refracting optical part having a refracting surface for projecting the optical image signal onto the reflecting part. At least one of the reflecting surface and the refracting surface is aspherical.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that mGluR1 agonist-induced currents and [Ca2+]i increases in PCs were enhanced following co-activation of GABAB receptors, and the interaction between the two types of metabotropic receptors provides a likely mechanism for regulating cerebellar synaptic plasticity.
Abstract: Metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) and glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are postsynaptically co-expressed at cerebellar parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) excitatory synapses, but their functional interactions are unclear. We found that mGluR1 agonist-induced currents and [Ca2+]i increases in PCs were enhanced following co-activation of GABAB receptors. A GABAB antagonist and a G-protein uncoupler suppressed these effects. Low-concentration baclofen, a GABAB agonist, augmented mGluR1-mediated excitatory synaptic current produced by stimulating PFs. These results indicate that postsynaptic GABAB receptors functionally interact with mGluR1 and enhance mGluR1-mediated excitatory transmission at PF-PC synapses. The interaction between the two types of metabotropic receptors provides a likely mechanism for regulating cerebellar synaptic plasticity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the activation of TPKI/GSK3β and cdk5 is not necessary to obtain hyperphosphorylated tau in vivo, and indicate that inhibition of PP2A is likely the dominant factor in inducing tau hyperph phosphorylation in the starved mouse, overriding the inhibition of key tau kinases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Many vasa homologue genes to Drosophila vasa have been isolated in various animal species and provide specific molecular probes to analyze the establishment and the differentiation of germ cell lineage.
Abstract: Many vasa homologue genes to Drosophila vasa have been isolated in various animal species. They provide specific molecular probes to analyze the establishment and the differentiation of germ cell lineage. In mammals, the expression of VASA protein becomes detectable in PGCs at the late migrating stage. Interestingly, during spermatogenesis the intracellular localization of VASA protein is closely associated with the chromatoid body.

Patent
08 May 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device capable of preventing electrodes thereof from shorting can be provided, where a silicon substrate is exposed to an oxygen atmosphere of 600° C. to 900° C., for forming silicon oxide films on surfaces of epitaxial silicon layers and those of silicon fragments.
Abstract: According to the inventive method of fabricating a semiconductor device, a silicon substrate is exposed to an oxygen atmosphere of 600° C. to 900° C., for forming silicon oxide films on surfaces of epitaxial silicon layers and those of silicon fragments. Thus, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device capable of preventing electrodes thereof from shorting can be provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Homology analysis and the phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that OATP-E/oatp-E is a subfamily of the organic anion transporter, and the clone was isolated from the brain and messenger RNA was abundantly expressed in various peripheral tissues.
Abstract: We have recently identified that rat organic anion transporters, polypeptide2 (oatp2) and oatp3, both of which transport thyroid hormones. However, in humans the molecular organization of the organic anion transporters has diverged, and the responsible molecule for thyroid hormone transport has not been clarified, except for human liver-specific transporter (LST-1) identified by us. In this study we isolated and characterized a novel human organic anion transporter, OATP-E from human brain. The isolated complementary DNA encodes a polypeptide of 722 amino acids with 12 transmembrane domains. A rat counterpart, oatp-E, was also identified. Homology analysis and the phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that OATP-E/oatp-E is a subfamily of the organic anion transporter. Human OATP-E transported 3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (Km, 0.9μ m), thyronine, and rT3 in a Na+-independent manner. Although the clone was isolated from the brain, OATP-E messenger RNA was abundantly expressed in various peripheral tissues. The ...

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2001
TL;DR: An efficient rendering method to pre-warp images so that they appear correctly on the screen, and a very easy to use technique for calibration of the projector-camera pair using only black planar surfaces are presented.
Abstract: We describe a calibration and rendering technique for a projector that can render rectangular images under keystoned position. The projector utilizes a rigidly attached camera to form a stereo pair. We describe a very easy to use technique for calibration of the projector-camera pair using only black planar surfaces. We present an efficient rendering method to pre-warp images so that they appear correctly on the screen, and show experimental results.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2001-Stroke
TL;DR: Community-dwelling elderly people aged ≥66 years who participated in the present study underwent brain MRI and standardized physical and neuropsychological examinations as well as blood biochemistry determinations, and pHcy level is associated with age and nutritional and other lifestyle factors, and it contributes to a risk for Silent brain infarction.
Abstract: Background and Purpose—Silent brain infarction (SBI) on MRI is common in elderly people, and recent studies have demonstrated that SBI increases the risk of progression to clinically apparent stroke and cognitive decline. Therefore, an early and accurate detection of SBI and a search for potential treatable risk factors may have a significant impact on public health. Methods—Community-dwelling elderly people aged ≥66 years who participated in the present study (n=153) underwent brain MRI and standardized physical and neuropsychological examinations as well as blood biochemistry determinations, including total plasma homocysteine (pHcy), renal function, vitamin status, and polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. Results—SBI was found in 24.8% of the participants. In the univariate analysis, the pHcy levels in subjects with SBI (13.6±4.1 μmol/L) were significantly higher (P=0.0004) than those in subjects without SBI (11.0±3.3 μmol/L). When pHcy levels were stratified into high (≥15.1 ...

Patent
27 Nov 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a dental adhesive composition consisting of a polymerizable monomer comprising an acidic-group containing polyethyl methacrylate and a polymerization initiator is described.
Abstract: This invention discloses a dental adhesive composition comprising (A) a polymerizable monomer comprising an acidic-group containing polymerizable monomer such as 11-methacryloyloxy-1,1-undecane dicarboxylic acid, (B) a mixed filler of a spherical filler substantially consisting of a non-crosslinking polymethyl methacrylate and a spherical filler substantially consisting of a non-crosslinking polyethyl methacrylate; and (C) a polymerization initiator; and a dental adhesive kit comprising the above dental adhesive composition in combination with a dental primer comprising (D) an acidic-group containing polymerizable monomer, (E) an aryl borate, (F) an organosulfinic acid salt and (G) water. The dental adhesive composition exhibits good operability and improved adhesion performance.

Patent
Hiroyasu Sano1
19 Apr 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a base-band conversion circuit, a synchronizing circuit/code generator and a demodulator are used to generate spread codes in synchronization with the received signal.
Abstract: A receiving apparatus includes a base-band conversion circuit, a synchronizing circuit/code generator and a demodulator. The base-band conversion circuit converts a received signal into a base-band signal. The synchronizing circuit/code generator detects a spread code included in the received signal to generate a plurality of spread codes in synchronization with the spread code included in the received signal. The demodulator uses the plurality of spread codes supplied by the synchronizing circuit/code generator to demodulate the base-band signal.

Patent
10 Aug 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to provide compounds which exhibit therapeutic effects through the inhibition of DPP-IV and are satisfactory as drugs, by finding that η-substituted proline derivatives of the general formula (I) exhibit potent inhibitory activities and improving the same in stability.
Abstract: The invention aims at providing compounds which exhibit therapeutic effects through the inhibition of DPP-IV and are satisfactory as drugs. The invention has been accomplished by finding that η-substituted proline derivatives of the general formula (I) exhibit potent DPP-IV inhibitory activities and improving the same in stability. [In the general formula, each symbol is as defined in the description.]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Yak1p and Pop2p are part of a novel glucose-sensing system in yeast that is involved in growth control in response to glucose availability and is based on a purified protein kinase, a DYRK family kinase.
Abstract: POP2 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a component of a protein complex that regulates the transcription of many genes. We found that the 97th threonine residue (Thr 97) of Pop2p was phosphorylated upon glucose limitation. The Thr 97 phosphorylation occurred within 2 min after removing glucose and was reversed within 1 min after the readdition of glucose. The effects of hexokinase mutations and glucose analogs indicate that this phosphorylation is dependent on glucose phosphorylating activity. We purified a protein kinase that phosphorylates a peptide containing Thr 97 of Pop2p and identified it as Yak1p, a DYRK family kinase. Phosphorylation of Pop2p was barely detectable in a yak1Delta strain. We found that Yak1p interacted with Bmh1p and Bmh2p only in the presence of glucose. A GFP-Yak1p fusion protein shuttled rapidly between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in response to glucose. A strain with alanine substituted for Thr 97 in Pop2p showed overgrowth in the postdiauxic transition and failed to stop the cell cycle at G(1) phase in response to glucose deprivation. Thus, Yak1p and Pop2p are part of a novel glucose-sensing system in yeast that is involved in growth control in response to glucose availability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present results suggest that the molecular mechanism of clock oscillation in theSCN, PVN, and pineal body is preserved against aging, whereas the impairment of Per1 induction in the SCN after light stimulation may result in impaired behavioral photic entrainment in aged rats.
Abstract: Aging alters circadian components such as the free-running period, the day-to-night activity ratio and photic entrainment in behavioral rhythms, and 2-deoxyglucose uptakes and neuronal firing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). A core clock mechanism in the mouse SCN appears to involve a transcriptional feedback loop in which Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) genes play a role in negative feedback. The circadian rhythm systems include photic entrainment, clock oscillation, and outputs of clock information such as melatonin production. In this experiment, we examined clock gene expression to determine whether circadian input, oscillation, and output are disrupted with aging. Circadian expression profiles of rPer1, rPer2, or rCry1 mRNA were very similar in the SCN, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the pineal body of young and aged (22-26 months) rats. On the other hand, the photic stimulation-induced rapid expression of Per1 and Per2 in the SCN was reduced with aging. The present results suggest that the molecular mechanism of clock oscillation in the SCN, PVN, and pineal body is preserved against aging, whereas the impairment of Per1 induction in the SCN after light stimulation may result in impaired behavioral photic entrainment in aged rats.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Abnormal melatonin secretion may be involved in postoperative sleep disturbances, which triggered delirium in elderly patients, and in 5 patients with complications, melatonin levels were markedly increased.
Abstract: Background: Melatonin, a hormone produced in the pineal gland, is involved in circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle. Postoperative delirium is encountered frequently in elderly patients after major surgery; whether changes in the pattern of melatonin secretion are associated is unclear. Methods: Plasma samples were obtained every 2 hours from 19 patients without delirium and 10 with delirium after major abdominal surgery. Postoperative delirium was determined using the Confusion Assessment Method in the Practice Guideline of the American Psychiatric Association. Results: All patients without delirium showed nearly identical preoperative and postoperative melatonin secretion for 24 hours, although peak values were significantly lower in patients more than 80 years old (7.2 ± 2.3 pg/mL) than in patients younger than 80 years (24.4 ± 4.1 pg/mL, P = 0.022). Patients with delirium showed two different abnormal postoperative patterns: in 5 patients without complications, melatonin levels were lower than preoperative values (11.0 ± 5.8 versus 6.5 ± 4.2 pg/mL, P = 0.079); and in 5 patients with complications, melatonin levels were markedly increased (21.1 ± 4.5 versus 58.8 ± 12.4 pg/mL, P = 0.043). Conclusions: Abnormal melatonin secretion may be involved in postoperative sleep disturbances, which triggered delirium in elderly patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the design and experimental results of a 1.8-V single-chip CMOS MMIC front-end for 2.4 GHz short-range wireless communications such as Bluetooth and wireless LANs are presented.
Abstract: This paper describes the design and experimental results of a 1.8-V single-chip CMOS MMIC front-end for 2.4-GHz band short-range wireless communications, such as Bluetooth and wireless LANs. The IC consists of fundamental RF building circuits-a power amplifier (PA), a low-noise amplifier (LNA), and a transmit/receive-antenna switch (SW), including almost all on-chip matching elements. The IC was fabricated using a 0.18-/spl mu/m standard bulk CMOS technology which has no extra processing steps to enhance the RF performances. Two new circuit-design techniques are introduced in the IC in order to minimize the insertion loss of the SW and realize a higher gain for the PA and LNA despite the utilization of the standard bulk CMOS technology. The first is the derivation of an optimum gate width of the SW to minimize the insertion loss based on small-signal equivalent circuit analysis. The other is the revelation of the advantages of interdigitated capacitors (IDCs) over conventional polysilicon to polysilicon capacitors and the successful use of the IDCs in the LNA and PA. The IC achieves the following sufficient characteristics for practical wireless terminals at 2.1 GHz and 1.8 V: a 5-dBm transmit power at a -1-dB gain compression, a 19-dB gain, an 18-mA current for the PA, a 1.5-dB insertion loss, more than 24-dB isolation, an 11-dBm power handling capability for the SW, a 7.5-dB gain, a 4.5-dB noise figure, and an 8-mA current for the LNA.

Journal ArticleDOI
Michael A. Casey1
TL;DR: The MPEG-7 sound-recognition descriptors and description schemes consist of tools for indexing audio media using probabilistic sound models and informative methods for automatic description extraction and sound matching.
Abstract: The MPEG-7 sound-recognition descriptors and description schemes consist of tools for indexing audio media using probabilistic sound models. The descriptors provide containers for category labels, as well as data structures for quantitative information about sound content. We describe the normative tools, as well as informative methods, for automatic description extraction and sound matching.

Patent
Michikazu Horie1
27 Aug 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a data recording method for an optical recording medium having a phase change type recording layer on its a substrate and having as read only area and a writable area in a recording area, is provided.
Abstract: For an optical recording medium having a phase change type recording layer on its a substrate and having as read only area and a writable area in a recording area, a data recording method is provided which records data in the writable area. This data recording method comprises a transfer step of transferring program data recorded in the read only area in a practical form to an external computer, and an execution step (step A 10 ) of automatically executing the program data in the external computer to record data in the writable area, which can facilitate manufacturing and reduce the possible of destruction or falsification of ROM data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of the spin mutant will give new insights into neurodegenerative diseases and aging.
Abstract: Mutations in the spin gene are characterized by an extraordinarily strong rejection behavior of female flies in response to male courtship. They are also accompanied by decreases in the viability, adult life span, and oviposition rate of the flies. In spin mutants, some oocytes and adult neural cells undergo degeneration, which is preceded by reductions in programmed cell death of nurse cells in ovaries and of neurons in the pupal nervous system, respectively. The central nervous system (CNS) of spin mutant flies accumulates autofluorescent lipopigments with characteristics similar to those of lipofuscin. The spin locus generates at least five different transcripts, with only two of these being able to rescue the spin behavioral phenotype; each encodes a protein with multiple membrane-spanning domains that are expressed in both the surface glial cells in the CNS and the follicle cells in the ovaries. Orthologs of the spin gene have also been identified in a number of species from nematodes to humans. Analysis of the spin mutant will give us new insights into neurodegenerative diseases and aging.