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Showing papers by "Mobil published in 1971"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Mercy Bay Member is a 200ft-thick limestone unit in the Upper Devonian Weatherall Formation as mentioned in this paper, which contains numerous organic build-ups and represents a Late Devonian reef tract located in the marine-shelf environment of an exogeosyncline.
Abstract: The Upper Devonian Weatherall Formation, outcropping on northeastern Banks Island, N.W.T., contains a 200-ft-thick limestone unit here termed the Mercy Bay Member. The member is Middle to Late Frasnian in age. Gyrfalcon Bluff has been chosen as the type section. Mercy Bay Member outcrops on the extreme northeastern portion of Banks Island, and many excellent exposures permit detailed paleogeographical and paleoecological studies. The member contains numerous organic build-ups and represents a Late Devonian reef tract located in the marine-shelf environment of an exogeosyncline situated between a tectonic highland to the northwest and a stable craton to the southeast. The main facies changes in the Mercy Bay Member occur in an east-west direction. The organic build-ups in the eastern part of the study area are narrow, linear bioherms trending north-south. They are encased in younger terrigenous clastic rocks. To the west the organic build-ups, which are biohermal in the lower part and biostromal in the upper, are more numerous. The lower bioherms trend east-west. Penecontemporaneous interbiohermal strata consist of dark, fine-grained argillaceous limestone. Organic build-ups on the western edge of the outcrop area are bioherms which trend north-south. The lower portion in all organic build-ups consists of corals and tabular stromatoporoids. These are interpreted as biogenetic banks constructed in the quiet and intermediate-energy zones (water depths more than 30 ft). The upper portion is composed of massive stromatoporoids. This facies represents rigid reefs constructed in the high-energy zone (above 30 feet). Successive sea-level rises allowed the reefs to grow upward. Cessation of reef growth was caused by an influx of terrigenous sediment related to the seaward migration of the northern and western shorelines. The outcropping organic build-ups of the Mercy Bay Member are tightly cemented, but frequent bitumen occurrences indicate that they were once oilbearing. Organic build-ups of the Mercy Bay Member probably occur in the subsurface to the west. End_Page 730------------------------

1,045 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
J.F. Charnell1
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for the preparation of appreciable quantities of large crystals of sodium A and sodium X zeolites is presented for single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and for diffusion measurements.

241 citations


Patent
J Brennan1
18 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided a procedure to obtain a liquid in which the fastest time to Tramer and the highest ratio of success is at least four at a time.
Abstract: A PROCESS IS PROVIDED FOR OLIGOMERIZING OLEFINS, TO OBTAIN A FLUID IN WHICH THE TRIMER TO TETRAMER AND HIGHER RATIO IS AT LEAST FOUR, WHICH COMPRISES: CONTACTING SAID OLEFINS IN A REACTION ZONE WITH A CARBOXYLIC ACID-PROMOTED BORON TRIFLUORIDE CATALYST, SAID CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING AT LEAST 3 CARBON ATOMS, IN A MOLE RATIO OF PROMOTER TO OLEFINS OF FROM ABUT 0.005:1 TO ABOUT 0.05:1 AND AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 0*C., TO ABOUT 20*C., IN THE PRESENCE OF FREE BORON TRIFLUORIDE.

183 citations


Patent
R Graven1
15 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of catalytic reforming and selective conversion of paraffinic components is proposed to enhance yield of aromatic hydrocarbons by contact with crystalline aluminosilicate catalysts having particular conversion characteristics.
Abstract: A processing combination is described for upgrading naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons by a combination of catalytic reforming and selective conversion of paraffinic components to enhance yield of aromatic hydrocarbons by contact with crystalline aluminosilicate catalysts having particular conversion characteristics.

127 citations


Patent
J Cattanach1
16 Jun 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a process for the preparation of aromatic compounds is described, which involves contacting a feed consisting essentially of C2-C4 paraffins and/or olefins with a crystalline aluminosilicate of the ZSM-5 type and recovering the aromatics produced.
Abstract: A process for the preparation of aromatic compounds is set forth which involves contacting a feed consisting essentially of C2-C4 paraffins and/or olefins with a crystalline aluminosilicate of the ZSM-5 type and recovering the aromatics produced. The described process can be carried out in the absence of a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component and in the absence of added hydrogen.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Frank T. Shu1
TL;DR: An analytical model has been developed to provide a set of criteria which one can use as a basis for applying “skipping rules” to the slow moving item within a jointly replenished group.
Abstract: The decision model to be presented is typically applicable to the batch processing industry where a batch of product is blended and subsequently packaged into various types of containers. When a product is packaged into more than one type container immediately after its manufacture, these items are said to be jointly replenished. In the case of joint replenishment, the economic lot size for each item cannot be determined without considering the rest of the items within the group. This is so because each time a batch of a product is made, there is a primary set-up cost for the manufacture of the product and a secondary set-up cost for each of the items to be packaged within the jointly replenished group. If the packaging set-up costs are very high, it may be more economical to package certain “slow moving” items less often than the “fast moving items.” Specifically, one could package a “slow moving” item once every other time or every third time a batch of product is made. An analytical model has been developed to provide a set of criteria which one can use as a basis for applying “skipping rules” to the slow moving item within a jointly replenished group.

104 citations


Patent
R Steiner1
02 Jul 1971
TL;DR: An acrylic-based terpolymer coating composition, adapted for use in coating polyolefin films, comprising an interpolymer of (a) from about 2 to about 15 parts by weight of an Alpha - Beta monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and (b) from approximately 85 to about 98 parts in weight of neutral monomer esters comprising an alkyl acrylate ester and an alyl methacrylate eter.
Abstract: An acrylic based terpolymer coating composition, adapted for use in coating polyolefin films, comprising an interpolymer of (a) from about 2 to about 15 parts by weight of an Alpha - Beta monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and (b) from about 85 to about 98 parts by weight of neutral monomer esters comprising an alkyl acrylate ester and an alkyl methacrylate ester.

89 citations


Patent
N Dismukes1
03 May 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a process for providing a gravel pack adjacent a subsurface formation in a well having a string of casing therein is described, and a well tool is employed in carrying out this process.
Abstract: This specification discloses a process for providing a gravel pack adjacent a subsurface formation in a well having a string of casing therein. In carrying out this process, first perforations are formed through the casing adjacent the subsurface formation and materials are flowed therethrough to provide a consolidated gravel pack. Second perforations are thereafter formed through the casing to extend into and terminate within the consolidated gravel pack. Also disclosed is a well tool which may be employed in carrying out this process. This well tool is comprised in combination of an elongated body housing a means for forming perforations in casing in a well, which body has a recess in the lower end thereof. A plug is provided which is adapted to be set in the casing, which plug has fixed to the upper side thereof a protrusion that is adapted to be positively engaged by the recess.

68 citations


Patent
Owen Hartley1
05 Oct 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and arrangement of catalyst handling steps are described for practice a selective high temperature catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons which will take advantage of the low coke producing catalyst of high activity and selectivity.
Abstract: A method and arrangement of catalyst handling steps is described for practicing a selective high temperature catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons which will take advantage of the low coke producing catalyst of high activity and selectivity.

68 citations


Patent
E Demmel1, H Owen1
20 Apr 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method of cracking a hydrocbaron charge stock to separate an unreacted charge into a second reaction zone to get together with a catalyst compositions, one of which is a ZSM-5 type zelelight composite.
Abstract: A METHOD OF CRACKING A HYDROCARBON CHARGE STOCK WHICH COMPRISES PASSING SAID CHARGE STOCK INTO A REACTION ZONE TOGETHER WITH A CATALYST COMPOSITION COMPRISING TWO CRACKING COMPONENTS, ONE OF WHICH IS A ZEOLITE COMPONENT IDENTIFIED AS A ZSM-5 TYPE ZEOLITE, WITHDRAWING SAID CATALYST COMPOSITION FROM THE REACTION PRODUCTS, WITHDRAWING HYDROCARBON FROM THE REACTION ZONE, SEPARATING UNREACTED HYDROCARBON CHARGE AND INTRODUCING UNREACTED HYDROCARBON CHARGE INTO A SECOND REACTION ZONE TOGETHER WITH A CATALYST COMPOSITION COMPRISING TWO CRACKING COMPONENTS ONE OF WHICH IS A ZEOLITE COMPONENT IDENTIFIED AS ZSM-5 TYPE ZEOLITE, WITHDRAWING THE REACTION COMPONENTS AND RECOVERING LIQUID PRODUCT.

64 citations


Patent
15 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the addition products of alkyl-halogen-free esters of (1) phosphorus acids, (2) carboxylic acids, or (3) sulfonic acids and (4) a bicyclic phosphite (1-alkyl-4-phospha-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo-(2,2, 2)-octane), having the following group; where R is lower alkyls C1-C4), preferably C 1-C2, an hydroxyalkyl (
Abstract: Polymers containing flame retardant amounts of addition products of alkylhalogen-free esters of (1a) phosphorus acids, (1b) carboxylic acids, or (1c) sulfonic acids and (2) a bicyclic phosphite (1-alkyl-4-phospha-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo-(2,2,2)-octane), said addition products having the following group; WHERE R is lower alkyl C1-C4), preferably C1-C2, an hydroxyalkyl (C1-C4), preferably C2-C3; the addition products of (1a) or (1b) and (2); and preparation of the addition products by heating a mixture of (1a) or (1b) and (2) to an elevated temperature (e.g., 175*-300*C.).

Patent
Donald A Haase1
05 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a Disposable Plastic DisH is compared with a THIN LAMINA of ORIENTED THERMOPLASTIC FILM.
Abstract: A DISPOSABLE PLASTIC DISH COMPRISED OF A THIN LAMINA OF ORIENTED THERMOPLASTIC FILM SUPERIMPOSED UPON A POLYSTYRENE FOAM LAMINA, THE DISH HAVING AN OUTWARDLY EXTENDING RIM AT ITS UPPER PERIPHERY, THE FOAM OF THE RIM BEING COMPRESSED TO STRENGTHEN THE EDGE OF THE DISH AND TO RESULT IN THE RIM TAPERING TO A THIN EDGE AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE DISH. THE THIN EDGE OF THE RIM IS SUBSTANTIALLY SHIELDED FROM VIEW FROM ABOVE BY THE SUPERIMPOSED THERMOPLASTIC FILM AND THE CONFIGURATION OF THE RIM.

Patent
Millen J Mc1
24 Sep 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a CELL COMPRISING a HOUSING HAVING a first and a second end is used to measure the length of the communication between two nodes.
Abstract: 1. AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING CERTAIN PARAMETERS OF A SUBSTANTIALLY CYLINDRICAL SAMPLE OF MATERIAL COMPRISING: A CELL COMPRISING A HOUSING HAVING A FIRST AND A SECOND END, SAID FIRST END HAVING AN OPENING THROUGH WHICH SAID SAMPLE IS RECEIVED, REMOVABLE MEANS FOR SEALING SAID OPENING IN SAID FIRST END, MEANS SLIDABLY AND SEALINGLY POSITIONED THROUGH AN OPENING IN SAID SECOND END OF SAID CELL AND ADAPTED TO BE MOVED INTO CONTACT WITH SAID SAMPLE WHEN SAID SAMPLE IS IN PLACE WITHIN SAID CELL, MEANS ACTUATED BY SAID SLIDABLE MEANS FOR DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF SAID SAMPLE, A MEANS WITHIN SAID CELL AT THE POINT WHERE SAID SLIDABLE MEANS CONTACTS SAID SAMPLE FOR MONITORING THE PRESSURE AT SAID POINT, AN ELASTIC SLEEVE WITHIN SAID CELL COMPLETELY SURROUNDING SAID SAMPLE WHEN SAID SAMPLE IS IN PLACE, MEANS FOR SUPPLYING FLUID TO SAID CELL BEHIND SAID SLEEVE TO EXPAND THE SLEEVE INTO A CONTACT WITH SAID SAMPLE, MEANS FOR CEASING FLUID FLOW BEHIND SAID SLEEVE WHEN PRESSURE BEHIND SAID SLEEVE REACHES A PREDETERMINED PRESSURE, AND MEANS FOR MEASURING THE AMOUNT OF FLUID REQUIRED TO REACH SAID PREDETERMINED PRESSURE. D R A W I N G

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1971

Journal ArticleDOI
T.E. Whyte1, E.L. Wu1, G.T. Kerr1, Paul B. Venuto1
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermochemical, crystallographic, morphologic and catalytic properties of a synthetic tetramethylammonium (TMA) offretite and its ammonium and hydrogen derivative forms have been investigated.

Patent
Yuen Chen Nai1, W Garwood1
10 Dec 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-step or combination process for preparing low pour point lube oils is presented, which involves subjecting a lube stock to a mild solvent dewaxing step, so as to obtain high quality waxes and a Lube stock having an intermediate pour point.
Abstract: A two-step or combination process for preparing low pour point lube oils is set forth. The process involves subjecting a lube stock to a mild solvent dewaxing step, so as to obtain high quality waxes and a lube stock having an intermediate pour point; recovering the waxes and subjecting said intermediate pour point lube stock to a hydrowaxing step over a crystalline aluminosilicate of the ZSM-5 type to obtain a product having a pour point of 0 DEG F and lower.

Patent
B Orkin1
17 Mar 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a process for preparing lube oils characterized by possessing low pour points is described, which involves subjecting a lube stock to a hydrocracking operation utilizing a catalyst mixture comprising hydrogenation components, a conventional cracking catalyst which can be either crystalline or amorphous and a crystalline aluminosilicate of the ZSM-5 type.
Abstract: A process for preparing lube oils characterized by possessing low pour points is set forth. The process involves subjecting a lube stock to a hydrocracking operation utilizing a catalyst mixture comprising hydrogenation components, a conventional cracking catalyst which can be either crystalline or amorphous and a crystalline aluminosilicate of the ZSM-5 type.

Patent
Patton Bobbie Joe1
28 Dec 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and apparatus for monitoring at a remote location downhole conditions encountered while drilling a well is described, where a sensed downhole condition is represented by a binary coded acoustic signal which is transmitted by way of a liquid path, provided by drilling liquid, to the surface of the earth.
Abstract: A method and apparatus is described for monitoring at a remote location downhole conditions encountered while drilling a well. A sensed downhole condition is represented by a binary coded acoustic signal which is transmitted by way of a liquid path, provided by drilling liquid, to the surface of the earth. The acoustic signal, whose phase state represents bit values, is detected at the surface and decoded by way of a coherent system. Coherency is provided by deriving from the received signal a reference signal which is compared with the received signal to produce an output representative of the sensed condition.

Patent
28 Dec 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a transducer is employed to generate a signal representative of the load in the pumping unit as the rod string is reciprocated to operate a downhole pump.
Abstract: Method and apparatus for monitoring the operation of a sucker rod-type pump employed in withdrawing fluids from a well. A transducer is employed to generate a signal representative of the load in the pumping unit as the rod string is reciprocated to operate a downhole pump. This signal is differentiated in order to produce a derivative function which is representative of the rate of change of the load signal. The derivative function is analyzed to detect indications of fluid pounding of the well. When a given condition of fluid pounding is encountered, a monitor function is produced which is employed to initiate action such as temporarily shutting down the pumping unit or activating an alarm. The signal from the transducer also is analyzed for a normal high load amplitude and for amplitudes which fall outside of a desired maximum-minimum load range. The invention may be implemented by hardwired or software systems.

Patent
J Brennan1, W Garwood1, H Myers1
29 Mar 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a process is described for up-racing a CATALYTICALLY CRACKED GASOLINE into a C6- OVERHEAD and a C7+ BOTTOM FRACTION with a ZSM-5 type ZEOLITE.
Abstract: A PROCESS IS DISCLOSED FOR UPGRADING CATALYTICALLY CRACKED GASOLINE WHICH INVOLVES FRACTIONATING A CATALYTICALLY CRACKED GASOLINE INTO A C6- OVERHEAD AND A C7+ BOTTOM FRACTION AND CONTACTING THE C7+ BOTTOM FRACTION WITH A ZSM-5 TYPE ZEOLITE. THE LIQUID PRODUCT OBTAINED FROM CONTACTING THE C7+ BOTTOM FRACTION WITH THE ZSM-5 TYPE ZEOLITE IS THEREAFTER BLENDED WITH THE ORIGINAL C6- FRACTION TO GIVE A FINAL GASOLINE OF INCREASED OCTANE NUMBER. THE REACTION CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN THE ABSENCE OF HYDROGEN AND IN THE ABSENCE OF A HYDROGENATION/DEHYDROGENATION COMPONENT ON THE ZEOLITES.

Patent
R Shade1, L Barone1, P Patterson1
22 Mar 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a system for detecting leakage in a long pipeline employs meters to generate digital flow signals at stations adjacent inputs and outputs of the pipe system, and a scaler function equal to the difference in the input and output flow of the system, as indicated by the meters, is computed when the system is known to be in a leak-free condition.
Abstract: A system for detecting leakage in a long pipeline employs meters to generate digital flow signals at stations adjacent inputs and outputs of the pipe system. A scaler function equal to the difference in the input and output flow of the system, as indicated by the meters, is computed when the system is known to be in a leak-free condition. The scaler function is combined with one of the meter representations of system input or output to provide a dynamic balance of input and output, as indicated by the meters. Subsequent deviation from balanced condition is employed to actuate an alarm. Signals from the upstream station are delayed by the amount of time required for a flow disturbance to propagate between input and output stations so as to eliminate effects of such disturbance upon the input-output comparison. Input and output flows are compared concomitantly for both short and long periods to enable rapid detection of large leaks and also detection of much smaller leaks.

Patent
23 Jul 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a bag is formed folded with a triangular bottom insert to form a flat bottom having a central crease, the crease lines being pre-formed in the bag so that it can be erected and will have side walls completely free of creases.
Abstract: To provide a free standing bag of plastic material so that it will be useful as a grocery bag, a bag is formed folded with a triangular bottom insert to form a flat bottom having a central crease, the crease lines being pre-formed in the bag so that it can be erected and will have side walls completely free of creases; the side walls of the bags themselves are preferably embossed, striated, or quilted of double strength material, with embossing or quilted lines extending, preferably, in two vectorial directions with respect to the height of the bag so that the bag will have stiff, self-supporting free standing side walls and can be filled from the top without requiring any additional holders or supports.

Patent
F Bustin1
02 Jul 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a thin polyethylene film is passed between a pair of matching embossing rollers having, respectively, negative and positive patterns on their surface, driven at the same circumfernetial speed.
Abstract: Thin polyethylene film, of 0025 mm, or less thickness is passed between a pair of matching embossing rollers having, respectively, negative and positive embossing patterns on their surface, driven at the same circumfernetial speed, the speed of the embossing rollers being suitably chosen to allow the film to pass between the rollers while being embossed The rollers are preferably cooled; the continuous embossed web, if two-layer and tubular, is then inflated to separate the two-embossed layers, which can then be heat-sealed together at intervals and the edge slit to form separable bags, when rolled up in a single roll for ease of dispensing; the embossing patterns preferably, but not necessarily match at least at the heat-seal lines

Patent
19 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a process for the production of oxygenated compounds, more specifically aldehydes and alcohols, by reacting an olefin with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of, as a catalyst, an insoluble polymer containing a functional group, which may be an amine, thiol, phosphine, or arsine group, having chemically bonded to a metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table.
Abstract: This specification discloses a process for the production of oxygenated compounds, more specifically aldehydes and alcohols, by reacting an olefin with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of, as a catalyst, an insoluble polymer containing a functional group, which may be an amine, thiol, phosphine, or arsine group, having chemically bonded thereto a metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table. The metal can be, for example, rhodium, cobalt, or ruthenium. The olefin can contain more than one carbon-to-carbon double bond, may be an open chain or a cyclic olefin, and may be substituted. Further, the olefin may be contained in a refinery stream such as a cracked gasoline. The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a polar solvent.

Patent
06 Jul 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved logging-while-drilling apparatus comprising a drill collar and a rotary valve has been presented to generate a pressure wave signal in the drilling fluid representative of a measured downhole condition.
Abstract: An improved logging-while-drilling apparatus comprising a drill collar having a logging-while-drilling tool therein. The tool has a turbinelike, rotary valve which opens and closes at a rate to generate a pressure wave signal in the drilling fluid representative of a measured downhole condition. The tool includes means to adjust the gap between the rotor and stator of the valve to thereby adjust the strength of the signal thus generated. A sleeve of wear resistant material is provided in the collar adjacent the valve to reduce erosion caused by the drilling fluid.

Patent
R Gorring1, R Williams1, A Silverstri1
27 Apr 1971
TL;DR: A LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION as mentioned in this paper procedure is used for the optimization of isoparaffin hydraconauts of from, for instance, 4-16 CARBON ATOMS OR more to ALCOHOLS as the main producer.
Abstract: A LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION PROCESS IS PROVIDED FOR OXIDATION OF ISOPARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS OF FROM, FOR EXAMPLE, 4-16 CARBON ATOMS OR MORE TO ALCOHOLS AS THE MAIN PRODCUT. SAID PROCESS IS PREFERABLY CARRIED OUT AT BETWEEN ABOUT 50*C. AND ABOUT 200*C. AND BETWEEN ABOUT 100 P.S.I. AND ABOUT 1500 P.S.I. IN THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN METAL PHTHALOCYANINES OR MIXTURES THEREOF AS A CATALYST.

Patent
05 Apr 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a flash distillation of normal motor fuel is used to separate the light ends of the motor fuel and store them in the vehicle for supply to the cylinders during low temperature operating conditions such as cold start and warm-up.
Abstract: Exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines of automotive vehicles are reduced in content of CO and unburned hydrocarbons by a modified fuel induction system. Light ends of normal motor fuel are separated by a flash distillation and stored in the vehicle for supply to the cylinders during low temperature operating conditions such as cold start and warm-up. The cut point for light ends separated is automatically adjusted in response to ambient temperature to supply fuel of greater volatility during cold start when operating under conditions of lower climatic temperature. Automatic control is also imposed on supply of the more volatile fuel to the cylinders responsive to engine temperature, e.g. responsive to a sensor of engine coolant temperature. Conventional operation on full range fuel, e.g. gasoline, is automatically established at engine temperature close to normal operating temperature, at which unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are low. The evaporation of light ends to provide a volatile fuel component may be induced by reduced pressure (such as may be derived from pump suction or modified vacuum) or by heating the full range from engine coolant exhaust heat, or electric heating elements. Storage of the volatile fuel component may be as liquid condensate, absorbate on solid absorbent, or the like. Alternatively, chromatographic separation technique may be utilized.

Patent
R Morris1, E Snavely1, T Bertness1
18 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a method of treating a well having an oil column therein and penetrating an oil-containing underground formation to dissolve paraffin deposits from the well and the formation is described.
Abstract: This specification discloses a method of treating a well having an oil column therein and penetrating an oil-containing subterranean formation to dissolve paraffin deposits from the well and the formation. There is injected into the well a thermally stable emulsion in a salt-free environment of a solvent for paraffins in a continuous aqueous phase. The emulsion is stable at the temperatures existing in the well and subterranean formation but subject to being broken by contacting the aqueous phase with salt. The emulsion has a greater specific gravity than the oil forming the oil column and settles downwardly therethrough to a lower location of the well. Salt having a greater specific gravity than the oil is injected into the well either prior to or subsequent to the injection of the emulsion into the well. The salt settles downwardly through the oil column to a lower location of the well and mixes with the emulsion, thereby breaking the emulsion and releasing the solvent to dissolve the paraffins.


Journal ArticleDOI
E.S. Jr. Snavely1
TL;DR: In this paper, a relatively simple apparatus was used to measure the rate of reaction of dissolved oxygen with hydrogen sulfide and with added chemical scavengers in oil-field waters and showed that natural waters may catalyze or retard the reaction of sulfur dioxide or sodium sulfite with dissolved oxygen.
Abstract: Dissolved oxygen usually increases the corrosion rate of steel in natural waters. The effect is particularly severe in brines, because the presence of dissolved oxygen causes pitting. Therefore, various methods are employed to remove oxygen from oil-field waters, both fresh and brine, to protect the enormous investments in steel pipe and process equipment. Both mechanical and chemical methods are used to remove dissolved oxygen from water. Probably the most widely used mechanical method in the oil field is to strip the dissolved oxygen from water by countercurrent contact with a gas. This process requires a source of oxygen-free gas, usually methane. The most common chemical way of removing oxygen from oil-field waters is to add sulfur dioxide or sodium sulfite, because very little capital investment is required. A relatively simple apparatus was used to measure the rate of reaction of dissolved oxygen with hydrogen sulfide and with added chemical scavengers in oil-field waters. Results show that natural waters may catalyze or retard the reaction of sulfur dioxide or sodium sulfite with dissolved oxygen. Kinetic data for the sulfite-oxygen reaction can be obtained rapidly and accurately with a polarographic oxygen sensor.