Showing papers by "Mobil published in 1975"

Alkylation in presence of thermally modified crystalline aluminosilicate catalyst

Abstract: Process for the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons by contacting same with an olefin alkylating agent in a reaction zone maintained under conditions such that said alkylation is accomplished in the presence of a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite, said zeolite having a silica to alumina ratio of at least about 12 and a constraint index, as hereinafter defined, within the approximate range of 1 to 12, said catalyst having been modified by prior thermal treatment to reduce the activity thereof, as determined by an alpha value, as described herein, to less than about 250 and preferably within the range of less than about 200 but greater than 10.

In situ retorting of oil shale

Abstract: An in situ retorting method and system for recovering hydrocarbons from an oil shale deposit. A retorting zone is formed in the deposit and is comprised of at least two galleries which are separated by a barrier of oil shale thick enough to prevent leakage of gas between galleries. A plurality of rooms are formed within each gallery and are defined by walls of oil shale having substantially less thickness than said barriers. As a gallery is completed, it is sealed and rubblized oil shale within the rooms of said gallery is retorted and the products recovered. Since the barriers between galleries protect workers against gas from a retorting gallery, work can continue on adjoining galleries while said gallery is being retorted.

Solar cells with concentrators

Abstract: The invention provides a unique arrangement for cooling solar cells that are associated with collectors for collecting solar radiation and concentrating the same on the solar cells.The solar energy concentrators are each characterized by having a chamber with a solar radiation transmissive entrance wall, sidewalls adapted to concentrate solar radiation, one or more solar cells disposed in each chamber, and means for passing a dielectric, transparent cooling fluid through each chamber. The cooling fluid has an index of refraction which promotes solar energy concentration onto the solar cells in addition to that provided by the sidewalls.

Spectral Analysis of Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies due to Two-Dimensional Structures

Abstract: The expressions for the spectra of both gravity and magnetic anomalies due to a two-dimensional structure consist of (except for a factor) sums of exponentials. The exponents of these exponentials are functions of frequency and the locations of the corners of the polygonal cross-section of the structure. Two computationally feasible methods for determining the exponents from a given spectrum are described in this paper; they are essentially based on the generation of a system of linear equations. The unknown coefficients in this system of equations are functions of the corner locations.The first method requires expansion of the exponentials in the expressions for the spectra in the form of a series and works reliably when the amplitudes of low frequencies are analyzed. The unknown parameters are determined fairly accurately with this method by suitable combinations of the spectra of the observed anomaly and its moments.The second method utilizes an exponential approximation technique for producing the system of linear equations. If only the spectrum of the anomaly is used, the system of equations becomes ill-conditioned in most cases resulting in grossly inaccurate solutions. However, particular combinations of the spectra of the anomaly and its first and second order moments are found to improve significantly the behavior of the system of equations and thus the quality of results.It has also been found that the mean values of corner locations can be calculated fairly accurately by taking the ratios of the spectra of the anomaly and its moments. Once the corner locations are found, computation of the density contrast in the case of a gravity anomaly and the magnetization contrast for a magnetic anomaly is straightforward.

Production of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract: Alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons useful as chemical raw material, solvents and the like are provided in high purity by hydrocracking of a fraction rich in alkyl aromatics and lean in aliphatic hydrocarbons over a particular zeolite catalyst associated with a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component. The charge stock is characterized by substantial absence of hydrocarbons lighter than benzene. The technique is particularly well suited to production of maximum xylenes from a fraction containing higher boiling and lower boiling alkyl aromatics.

Process for demetalation and desulfurization of petroleum oils

Abstract: This invention is concerned with removing metal and sulfur contaminants from residual oil fractions by catalytic contact with an improved catalyst comprising the oxides or sulfides of a Group VIB metal and an iron group metal supported on an alumina that contains dispersed Delta and/or Theta phase alumina, the catalyst having at least 45% of its pore volume in pores 30 to 150A diameter, at least 10% of its pore volume in pores less than 30A diameter, and at least 15% of its pore volume in pores greater than 300A diameter. The process can be used to prepare feedstock for catalytic cracking.

Process for manufacturing olefins

Abstract: A lower alcohol and/or ether feed is selectively converted to a mixture of light olefins, including ethylene and propylene, by catalytic contact of the feed, for example methanol or dimethyl ether, at subatmospheric partial pressure, with certain crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite catalysts exemplified by HZSM-5.

Hydraulic fracturing method for creating horizontal fractures

Abstract: This specification discloses a method of creating a horizontally disposed fracture in a subterranean formation that is penetrated by a wellbore. Two packers are set in the wellbore against the formation to be fractured to define with the wellbore and intermediate the packers a fracture treatment zone. Hydraulic pressure is applied to the fracture treatment zone in an amount slightly less than that required to create a vertical fracture in the formation. Acoustical energy is applied in the fracture treatment zone to form a resonant condition therein and to provide rigid coupling of acoustic stress pulses between the packer and the formation and form a horizontal fracture in the formation. The horizontal fracture is propagated into the formation by the continued application of the hydraulic pressure to the fracture treatment zone.

Weight-on-drill-bit and torque-measuring apparatus

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for measuring weight and torque on the drill bit in a logging-while-drilling system. The upper end of the drill bit is adapted for slidable engagement with the lower end of the drill collar. Transducers are mounted with a cavity formed between the drill collar and drill bit when they are in slidable engagement. The transducers measure axial and rotational motions of the drill bit which represent weight and torque on the drill bit, respectively.

Conversion of polar compounds using a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst

Abstract: Conversion, e.g. dehydration of aliphatic organic oxygenates having up to about 6 carbon atoms by contact with a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite, preferably ZSM-5, having a silica to alumina ratio substantially greater than 10, at a temperature of about 70° to 1400° F., depending upon the exact nature of the reactant and product.

Conversion of synthesis gas to aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract: Synthesis gas, a mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted to a product comprising methanol and unreacted carbon monoxide, possibly with hydrogen; the mixture is partially converted by carbonylation to a mixture comprising acetic acid, methanol and methyl acetate; and this mixture is converted to a hydrocarbon product rich in aromatic hydrocarbons by use of a high silica to alumina ratio, limited constraint index, zeolite such as a ZSM-5 zeolite.

Solar cell mounting and interconnecting assembly

Abstract: A solar cell assembly comprises a plurality of solar cells mounted on a laminate comprising a base electrically-insulative sheet, an electrically-conductive layer disposed on the base sheet in a predetermined pattern so as to provide first and second cell-connecting sections electrically insulated from one another, and a second electrically-insulative sheet having a plurality of openings and being disposed over the conductive layer so that selected portions of the conductive layer are exposed through the openings. The laminate is provided with a plurality of bent tabs, each of which includes an exposed portion of the first cell-connecting section so that the exposed portion can be attached to the top surface electrode of a solar cell. At least one exposed portion of a second cell-connecting section of the conductive layer is attached to the bottom surface electrode of the same cell. Various circuit patterns of the electrically-conductive layer are described for connecting the cells in a series or parallel array and for use in width-limited systems, such as solar concentrators.

Selective production of para-xylene

Abstract: Process for the selective production of paraxylene by methylation of toluene at a temperature between about 500°C. and about 750°C. and preferably between about 575°C. and about 700°C. in the presence of a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite said zeolite having a silica to alumina mole ratio of at last about 12 and a constraint index, as hereinafter defined, within the approximate range of 1 to 12.

Conversion of coal to high octane gasoline

Abstract: An integrated process for converting coal to high octane gasoline by gasifying the coal in such manner as to form a gas comprising carbon oxides, hydrogen and methane; contacting this gas in one or a series of steps with one or a series of catalysts, respectively comprising a special high silica to alumina ratio zeolite; converting the carbon oxides and hydrogen by such contact to a product comprising water, high octane aromatic gasoline and light hydrocarbon gases; alkylating the C3 and C4 olefins with the isobutane in the light gases to produce alkylate gasoline; admixing the aromatic and alkylate gasoline; and subjecting the C2 - portion of the product to steam reforming whereby additional synthesis gas to be admixed with the gas produced by coal gasification is formed.

Encapsulated solar cell assembly

Abstract: An encapsulated photovoltaic solar cell assembly comprising at least one solar cell mounted and hermetically sealed in a substantially rigid, elongated, tubular envelope which is transmissive to actinic radiation to which the photovoltaic solar cell is sensitive. The assembly can include an antireflection coating for reducing the reflection of solar radiation from the envelope as well as reflective coatings for uniformly distributing solar radiation over the light gathering surfaces of the cell.

Process for manufacturing hydrocarbons

Abstract: A catalytic process, employing a novel catalyst, for converting lower monohydric alcohols and their ethers, especially methanol and dimethyl ether, to a hydrocarbon mixture mostly ethylene, propylene and mononuclear aromatics. The novel catalyst is a composite of antimony oxide and a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite such as ZSM-5.

Methylation of toluene

Abstract: Process for the methylation of toluene under conditions such that the formation of meta-xylene is suppressed and the formation of ortho and para-xylene is enhanced carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite, said zeolite having a silica to alumina ratio of at least about 12 and a constraint index, as hereinafter defined, of from 1 to 12, said catalyst having been modified by the addition thereto of a Group VA element in an amount of at least 0.5 percent by weight.

Synthesis of zeolite ZSM-4

Abstract: As synthesized by previous methods, ZSM-4 zeolites are crystallized in the presence of substantial amounts of a tetramethylammonium hydroxide or halide. When synthesized in this way, they contain the tetramethylammonium cation as well as a metal cation such as sodium. To obtain a more catalytically active form, the sodium ion must be exchanged to very low levels. Catalysts prepared in this manner have been found to be quite low in stability. By synthesizing these zeolites in the presence of pyrrolidine or choline salts, ZSM-4 having a different organic nitrogen containing cation but the same crystal structure as previously prepared ZSM-4 is obtained. Catalysts made therefrom are, surprisingly, much more stable than those prepared from ZSM-4 made by previous methods.

Neutron-neutron logging

Abstract: A borehole logging tool includes a steady-state source of fast neutrons, two epithermal neutron detectors, and two thermal neutron detectors. A count rate meter is connected to each neutron detector. A first ratio detector provides an indication of the porosity of the formation surrounding the borehole by determining the ratio of the outputs of the two count rate meters connected to the two epithermal neutron detectors. A second ratio detector provides an indication of both porosity and macroscopic absorption cross section of the formation surrounding the borehole by determining the ratio of the outputs of the two count rate meters connected to the two thermal neutron detectors. By comparing the signals of the two ratio detectors, oil bearing zones and salt water bearing zones within the formation being logged can be distinguished and the amount of oil saturation can be determined.

Method for reducing the sulfur level of gasoline product

Abstract: Gasoline product of cracking desulfurized with a selective desulfurizing catalyst by processing particularly a high boiling portion thereof to minimize hydrogenation of desired olefins in the gasoline product of cracking.

Oil recovery by microemulsion injection

Abstract: A process for the recovery of oil from a subterranean oil reservoir involving the injection of a microemulsion comprising neutralized organic acids extracted from a petroleum oil, oil, and a co-surfactant having mutual solubility for oil and water. The microemulsion may be injected in two portions with the terminal portion having lower concentrations of oil and co-surfactant than the initial portion. The neutralized organic acids employed in the microemulsion may be produced by the alkaline extraction of a petroleum oil. The microemulsion may also contain an alkyl aryl sulfonate, an alkaline agent, and a monovalent salt.

Method for producing gasoline from methanol

Abstract: A method for converting lower alcohols to ethers and hydrocarbons in an exothermic restricted process control arrangement with efficient utilization of process generated heat is described.

Preparation of zeolites

Abstract: An improved method for preparing a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite having uniform pores and greater than 40 percent crystallinity which comprises forming a critical reaction mixture containing a source of at least two cations, silica, alumina and water, wherein at least about 70 weight percent of the alumina is provided to the reaction mixture by an alumina-containing clay being added thereto, and maintaining the reaction mixture at a temperature and pressure for a time necessary to crystallize the crystalline aluminosilicate from the reaction mixture. It is desirable to preform said reaction mixture into discrete particles such as pellets or extrudates which retain their shape and acquire substantial strength in the crystallization process.

Epoxy modified acrylic latices and method of producing same

Abstract: Acrylic latices containing epoxy resins are prepared by emulsion polymerization in which an epoxy resin (polyepoxide) is incorporated into at least one of the monoethylenic monomers, including an epoxy-reactive monomer, and the monomers including the epoxy resin are emulsified into water containing surfactant to provide the oil phase of an oil-in-water emulsion. The monomers are then polymerized in the aqueous emulsion using a free radical polymerization catalyst and a reaction temperature which does not cause premature reaction between the epoxy groups and the reactive monomer. This provides thermosetting latex particles of fine particle size in the presence of less emulsifying agent than is normally needed.

Manufacture of gasoline

Abstract: Reacting mixtures of difficultly convertible aliphatic organic oxygenate compounds, such as short chain aldehydes, carboxylic acids or carbohydrates with easily convertible aliphatic alcohols, ethers, acetals and analogs thereof over a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite having a silica to alumina ratio of at least about 12 and a constraint index of about 1 to 12, at elevated temperatures, 0.5 to 50 LHSV and 1 to 200 atmospheres to produce a product comprising water, full range highly aromatic hydrocarbon gasoline and light aliphatic hydrocarbon gases having an improved production of C6 and C10 monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Alkylation in presence of phosphorus-modified crystalline luminosilicate catalyst

Abstract: Process for the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons by contacting same with an olefin alkylating agent in a reaction zone maintained under conditions such that said alkylation is accomplished in the vapor phase and in the presence of a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite, said zeolite having a silica to alumina ratio of at least about 12 and a constraint index, as hereinafter defined, of from 1 to 12, said catalyst having been modified by the addition thereto of phosphorus in an amount of at least about 0.5 percent by weight.

Method for upgrading Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products

Abstract: The products of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis boiling below a separated decant oil fraction are subjected to cooling to a temperature of about 100° F and separation of the cooled product to recover Fischer-Tropsch produced water comprising oxygenates, a normally liquid hydrocarbon phase comprising absorbed oxygenates and a gaseous phase normally comprising a substantial amount of C5 hydrocarbons in combination with lower boiling materials including unreacted synthesis gas and carbon dioxide. Each of said gaseous phase and said normally liquid hydrocarbon phase are thereafter contacted with a selected crystalline zeolite catalyst particularly selective for the formation of gasoline boiling material of high octane.

Methylation of toluene in the presence of a phosphorus-modified activated crystalline aluminosilicate catalyst

Abstract: Process for the methylation of toluene to selectively yield para-xylene by reacting toluene with a methylating agent, such as methanol, in the presence of a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite, which zeolite has a silica/alumina ratio of at least about 12 and a constraint index, as hereinafter defined, within the approximate range of 1 to 12, the catalyst having been modified by the addition thereto of phosphorus in an amount of at least 0.5 percent by weight and activated by vapor phase treatment at a temperature between about 400° C. and about 650° C. for at least about 1 hour with a methanol/water mixture.