Showing papers by "Monash University published in 1996"
TL;DR: The associations between giving a history of physical, emotional and sexual abuse in children and a range of mental health, interpersonal, and sexual problems in adult life were examined in a community sample of women as mentioned in this paper.
953 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors conducted double-anonymous dictator experiments to explore the role of altruism in motivating subjects' behavior and concluded that subjects are rational in the way they incorporate fairness into their decisions, and that a significant increase in donations occurs when they increase the extent to which a donation goes to a recipient generally agreed to be "deserving".
Abstract: We conduct double-anonymous dictator experiments to explore the role of altruism in motivating subjects’ behavior. We vary the extent to which an anonymous recipient is deserving of aid and investigate its effect on the allocation of a fixed pie by student subjects. This is accomplished by including as treatments: (1) an anonymous student subject and (2) an established charity. We find that a significant increase in donations occurs when we increase the extent to which a donation goes to a recipient generally agreed to be “deserving.” We conclude that subjects are rational in the way they incorporate fairness into their decisions.
917 citations
TL;DR: The authors' findings indicate that D3 receptors play an inhibitory role in the control of certain behaviors, and this mutation is associated with hyperactivity in an exploratory test.
Abstract: While most effects of dopamine in the brain are mediated by the D1 and D2 receptor subtypes, other members of this G protein-coupled receptor family have potentially important functions. D3 receptors belong to the D2-like subclass of dopamine receptors, activation of which inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Using targeted mutagenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells, we have generated mice lacking functional D3 receptors. A premature chain-termination mutation was introduced in the D3 receptor gene after residue Arg-148 in the second intracellular loop of the predicted protein sequence. Binding of the dopamine antagonist [125I]iodosulpride to D3 receptors was absent in mice homozygous for the mutation and greatly reduced in heterozygous mice. Behavioral analysis of mutant mice showed that this mutation is associated with hyperactivity in an exploratory test. Homozygous mice lacking D3 receptors display increased locomotor activity and rearing behavior. Mice heterozygous for the D3 receptor mutation show similar, albeit less pronounced, behavioral alterations. Our findings indicate that D3 receptors play an inhibitory role in the control of certain behaviors.
479 citations
TL;DR: The study found that fewer than 10% of children with intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorder had received specialist assistance, a finding that is in contrast to that found in general child psychopathology.
Abstract: This paper reports findings from an epidemiologically derived population in a multicentre study in NSW, Australia. The design of this study is described in the accompanying paper. Those with mild intellectual disability (ID) were likely to have been underascertained, but identification and participation rates for those with more severe ID were high. The study found that in the regions surveyed 40.7% of those with ID and aged between 4 and 18 could be classified as having severe emotional and behaviour disorder or as being psychiatrically disordered. The profoundly intellectually handicapped had lower levels of disturbance overall compared with those with mild, moderate and severe ID. The level of ID affected scores on a number of behavioural dimensions, with disruptive and antisocial behaviours more prominent in the mild ID group, and 'self-absorbed' and 'autistic' behaviours more prominent in those with severe ID. Age and sex did not affect prevalence, a finding that is in contrast to that found in general child psychopathology. The study found that fewer than 10% of children with intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorder had received specialist assistance.
421 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the levels of metabolites surrounding the human oocyte and embryo in vivo were determined by microfluorimetry, which indicated that the early human embryo is exposed to low glucose and high lactate levels in vivo.
342 citations
TL;DR: Insight is led into the etiology of fetal lung hypoplasia and how it may be remedied in utero and links between lung tissue stress, increased growth, structural remodeling, and the endocrine environment are defined.
Abstract: Fetal lung growth depends on the degree to which lungs are distended with luminal liquid. Fetal lungs are highly distended such that mean luminal volume exceeds the static relaxation volume. This high level of expansion is maintained by fetal breathing movements and by resistive effects of the upper airway during apnea; both factors oppose lung recoil. Mechanical stress in lung and other tissues stimulates cell division and tissue remodeling. Potential transduction mechanisms involve direct effects of cellular tension and mediation of locally released mitogenic factors. Further studies are required to further define links between lung tissue stress, increased growth, structural remodeling, and the endocrine environment. A common cause of fetal lung hypoplasia is a sustained reduction in mean lung expansion. Studies of mechanisms controlling fetal lung expansion have led to insights into the etiology of fetal lung hypoplasia and how it may be remedied in utero. Fetal lung hypoplasia can have long-lasting effects on postnatal lung function, as airway and alveolar formation may be compromised. Preterm birth may also result in incomplete structural development of the lungs as it shortens the period of increased intrauterine lung expansion.
337 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1996TL;DR: The first comprehensive study of the Pol Pot regime as mentioned in this paper describes the violent origins, social context, and course of the revolution, providing a new answer to the question of why a group of Cambodian intellectuals imposed genocide on their own country.
Abstract: The Khmer Rouge revolution turned Cambodia into grisly killing fields, as the Pol Pot regime murdered or starved to death a million and a half of Cambodia's eight million inhabitants. This book - the first comprehensive study of the Pol Pot regime - describes the violent origins, social context, and course of the revolution, providing a new answer to the question of why a group of Cambodian intellectuals imposed genocide on their own country.
329 citations
TL;DR: This review will attempt to collate the current knowledge regarding the roles of neuromodulators in the NTS, the receptor types involved in mediating observed responses and the degree of importance of such neurochemicals in the tonic regulation of the cardiovascular system.
280 citations
TL;DR: The data demonstrate that development of CF1 zygotes to the blastocyst stage is readily achievable and in the presence of non-essential amino acids and glutamine the removal of glucose is detrimental to CF1 mouse embryo development in culture and reduces subsequent viability.
Abstract: The role of amino acids, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), transferrin, oxygen, glucose, glutamine, taurine and ammonium in CF1 mouse zygote development in culture was examined. Non-essential amino acids and glutamine were shown to alleviate the 2-cell block in culture, and acted in synergy with EDTA to facilitate development to the blastocyst stage. In the presence of amino acids and EDTA, transferrin conferred no beneficial effect. Development of zygotes was significantly impaired if amino acids were removed from the collection medium, even when they were subsequently cultured in the presence of amino acids. Zygote development to the blastocyst stage was significantly improved when modular incubator chambers were used compared to using a conventional incubator, and when an oxygen concentration of 7% was used as opposed to 20%. Addition of taurine to medium containing non-essential amino acids had no effect on embryo development, whereas the removal of glutamine and/or glucose from the culture medium significantly reduced blastocyst cell number. Removal of glucose from the culture medium also resulted in a significant decrease in implantations. Ammonium, generated from the breakdown of amino acids, significantly reduced blastocyst development. EDTA was found to confer its beneficial effects during the first 48 h of culture, and indeed was inhibitory during the second 48 h, resulting in loss of subsequent viability. In summary, the data demonstrate that development of CF1 zygotes to the blastocyst stage is readily achievable. In the presence of non-essential amino acids and glutamine the removal of glucose is detrimental to CF1 mouse embryo development in culture and reduces subsequent viability. Optimal development and maintenance of viability requires more than one culture medium to support the preimplantation period.
255 citations
TL;DR: A conceptual model is developed and empirically tested, examining the relationships among the sales management control system, sales territory design, salesforce behavior and outcome performance, and sales organization effectiveness constructs.
239 citations
TL;DR: The potential use of the varicella vaccine should be considered as a measure to reduce the risk of nosocomial transmission in view of the possible changing epidemiology of variceella.
Abstract: Chickenpox is a relatively mild disease in healthy children but may be life threatening in immuno-suppressed patents, neonates, and normal adults, especially smokers-for whom the risk of varicella pneumonia is high. The epidemiology of chickenpox appears to be changing: There has been an unexplained upward shift in the age distribution of cases over the last 20 years. This is reflected by increased consultations for chickenpox in general practices and more deaths in England and Wales. On the basis of hospital admissions for chickenpox in young adults, there is evidence of a similar trend in the United States. This epidemiologic change has important consequences for future mortality rates and for risk of infection in health care workers and pregnant women. The potential use of the varicella vaccine should be considered as a measure to reduce the risk of nosocomial transmission in view of the possible changing epidemiology of varicella.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss recent developments in aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys, focusing on new ageing practices, lithium-containing aluminium alloys and the role of trace elements in controlling precipitation.
Abstract: Light alloys, and aluminium alloys in particular, are widely used to model new processes and their association with the aerospace industries often places them at the forefront of emerging technologies. Moreover, knowledge of microstructure/property relationships is providing opportunities to design alloys to meet specific service requirements. These two themes are used as the basis for discussing recent developments in aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys. Particular attention is given to new ageing practices, lithium-containing aluminium alloys, the role of trace elements in controlling precipitation and to titanium aluminides. Reference is also made to several new materials produced by unconventional methods of processing.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors investigated gender differences in the impact of fairness on the outcome of economic transactions and found that men are more likely than women to make decisions on principle, while women are less likely than men to do so.
Abstract: Ideas of fairness influence economic transactions. Men and women may differ systematically in the nature and extent of this influence. We investigate gender differences in the impact of fairness on the outcome of economic transactions. In our “punishment game” subjects may choose to split a larger pie with a “bad” partner, or a smaller pie with a “good” partner. We find that a higher relative price for fairness reduces its effect on the outcome of the transaction for women, but not for men. Our interpretation of this result is that men are more likely than women to make decisions on principle.
TL;DR: Results suggested that cultures which favor inhibition, compliance, and obedience serve to increase levels of fear in American, Australian, Chinese, and Nigerian children and adolescents.
Abstract: The fears of childhood and adolescence may differ from one cultural context to another. We explored this possibility in 1200 American, Australian, Chinese, and Nigerian children and adolescents between 7 and 17 years of age. Responses to a standard fear survey schedule revealed significant differences in the number, content, pattern, and level of fears. Nigerian children and adolescents endorsed fears at higher levels than American, Australian, or Chinese youth who did not differ from one another. However, differences in the pattern and content of fears for boys and girls of different ages were noted across the countries. Results were interpreted within a cultural context, which suggested that cultures which favor inhibition, compliance, and obedience serve to increase levels of fear. Alternative interpretations are offered and limitations of cross-cultural research are explored.
TL;DR: neonatal thymectomy was shown to induce a wide variety of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in mice, with different strains showing differences in disease susceptibility, and the overlap in autoimmune Diseases in this mouse model is reminiscent of the overlap observed in the endocrine organ/stomach cluster of organ
Abstract: In 1973 two groups reported the induction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases by T cell deprivation. Penhale and co-workers (Penhale et al. 1973) found that autoimmune thyroiditis could be induced in 5-week-old Wistar rats by thymeclomy and repeated low-dose irradiation. On the other hand, Nishizuka and colleagues (Nishizuka et al. 1973) made the fascinating observation that autoimmune thyroiditis spontaneously developed in mice following thymectomy alone, so long as the thymectomy was carried out in the neonatal period. Subsequently, neonatal thymectomy was shown to induce a wide variety of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in mice, with different strains showing differences in disease susceptibility. The overlap in autoimmune diseases in this mouse model is reminiscent of the overlap observed in the endocrine organ/stomach cluster of organ-specific autoimmune diseases of humans. From 1975 onwards a number of other manipulations of the immune system have been shown to induce organ-specific autoimmune diseases in rodents. A common characteristic of these manipulations is either a deficit of T cells or reduction of the TCR repertoire, in other words functional T cell lymphopenia. The range of autoimmune diseases induced by these manipulations is most impressive and includes diabetes, thyroditis, gastritis, orchitis, oophoritis, prostatitis, and coagulating adenitis. Many of these diseases are rare in laboratory strains of rats and mice. Evidence that the autoimmune diseases are due to specific immune responses is supported by the presence of infiltrating lymphocytes in the target organ, circulat-
TL;DR: In this article, a direct comparison between two patient groups whose oocytes were matured in vitro and a comparison of the embryo development of in vitro-matured oocytes from untreated patients with in vivo matured oocytes of superovulated IVF-ET patients obtained during the same period was conducted.
TL;DR: It is shown that some widely accepted criteria for cryptographic functions, including the strict avalanche criterion (SAC) and the propagation criterion, have various limitations in capturing properties of vital importance to cryptographic algorithms, and a new criterion called GAC is proposed to measure the global avalanche characteristics of cryptographic functions.
Abstract: We show that some widely accepted criteria for cryptographic functions, including the strict avalanche criterion (SAC) and the propagation criterion, have various limitations in capturing properties of vital importance to cryptographic algorithms, and propose a new criterion called GAC to measure the global avalanche characteristics of cryptographic functions. We also introduce two indicators related to the new criterion, one forecasts the sum-of-squares while the other the absolute avalanche characteristics of a function. Lower and upper bounds on the two indicators are derived, and two methods are presented to construct cryptographic functions that achieve nearly optimal global avalanche characteristics.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that happiness is intrinsically cardinally measurable and comparable though with many difficulties and propose a sophisticated questionnaire to obtain more accurate and interpersonally comparable reports of happiness based on the concept of just perceivable increments of pleasure/pain.
Abstract: Most questionnaires to obtain reports of happiness are primitive with the results obtained of low (interpersonal) comparability. This paper argues that happiness is intrinsically cardinally measurable and comparable though with many difficulties. Moreover, a sophisticated questionnaire was developed and used to obtain more accurate and interpersonally comparable reports of happiness based on the concept of just perceivable increments of pleasure/pain. Comparisons with the traditional questionnaire are also made (by the respondents) to show the superiority of the sophisticated questionnaire.
TL;DR: The MacArgon program as mentioned in this paper generates argon concentration profiles in minerals assuming argon loss occurs via volume diffusion, with arbitrary P-T-t histories used as input, and uses finite-difference equations to calculate 40Ar∗ concentration profiles across individual diffusion domains.
TL;DR: The results suggest that estradiol may have antipsychotic properties and/or act as a catalyst for neuroleptic responsiveness in women with schizophrenia.
TL;DR: The authors showed that massive, matrix and disseminated sulphide ores and a komatiite from Western Australia yield a magmatic Re-Os isochron age of 2,706 ± 36 Myr and a near-chondritic initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.10889 ± 0.00035, whereas a proposed sulphidic sedimentary contaminant has an extremely radiogenic 187O/188O ratio of 1.0983 at 2.706 Myr.
Abstract: THE late Archaean greenstone terranes of Western Australia contain abundant komatiites (high-MgO lavas) hosting magmatic sulphide deposits rich in nickel, copper and platinum-group elements. Thermal erosion and assimilation of sulphidic sea-floor sediments has been proposed as a mechanism by which the komatiites were brought to sulphide saturation1–4. Such models have important implications not only for the genesis of these sulphide ores, but also for interpreting the magnitude and extent of isotopic heterogeneity in the Archaean mantle. Here we report that massive, matrix and disseminated sulphide ores and a komatiite from Western Australia yield a magmatic Re–Os isochron age of 2,706 ± 36 Myr and a near-chondritic initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.10889 ± 0.00035, whereas a proposed sulphidic sedimentary contaminant has an extremely radiogenic 187Os/188Os of 1.0983 at 2,706 Myr. These data demonstrate that the ore-forming komatiites were derived from the upper mantle without significant contamination by radiogenic crust either before eruption or during turbulent flow at the surface. Thus, ground melting and assimilation of sulphidic sediments may not be as important in ore genesis as current theories suggest.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the stability properties of smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and found that the stability of SPH in general improves as higher-order spline interpolants, approximating a Gaussian, are used as kernels.
Abstract: When using a formulation of smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) which conserves momentum exactly the motion of the particles is observed to be unstable to negative stress. It is also found that under normal circumstances a lattice of SPH particles is potentially unstable to transverse waves. This paper is a summary of a detailed report (Morris 1994) investigating the nature of these and other instabilities in depth. Approaches which may be used to eliminate these instabilities are suggested. It is found that the stability properties of SPH in general improve as higher-order spline interpolants, approximating a Gaussian, are used as kernels.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that field turbidity measurements are well correlated with the concentration of some transported material, in particular total suspended solids and total phosphorus and that these correlations can be used along with logged flow and turbidity data to compute load estimates which are less uncertain than using traditional methods.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In human B-cell lines the Bcl-2-sensitive apoptotic pathway triggered by PMOR inhibitors involves signaling through the protein phosphatase calcineurin, suggesting that the PMOR system is a redox sensor that can, depending on the ambient redox environment and the availability of growth factors, regulate plasma membrane calcium fluxes and signal for apoptosis through calcineURin.
Abstract: Activation of the plasma membrane NADH-oxidoreductase (PMOR) system by addition of growth factors or extracellular electron acceptors stimulates cellular proliferation. We now show that the vanilloids capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and resiniferatoxin are inhibitors of the NADH-oxidase activity of the PMOR system and that both these and two previously identified PMOR inhibitors (chloroquine and retinoic acid) induce apoptosis in human B-cell and mouse myeloid cell lines. At the optimal concentration, PMOR inhibitors can induce between 50 and 70% of apoptosis in mouse myeloid and human B-cell lines within 8-12 h, provided these cell lines do not express Bcl-2. The immunosuppressants cyclosporin A and fujimycin (tacrolimus) inhibit PMOR inhibitor-induced apoptosis. By using combinations of these immunosuppressants and excess amounts of their nonimmunosuppressive analogues, we demonstrate that in human B-cell lines the Bcl-2-sensitive apoptotic pathway triggered by PMOR inhibitors involves signaling through the protein phosphatase calcineurin. We suggest that the PMOR system is a redox sensor that can, depending on the ambient redox environment and the availability of growth factors, regulate plasma membrane calcium fluxes and signal for apoptosis through calcineurin. Bcl-2, a protein that is thought to inhibit apoptosis by regulating reactive oxygen species and calcium fluxes in the cell, inhibits this apoptotic pathway.
TL;DR: In this paper, two new methods for solution of the eigenvalue assignment problem associated with the second-order control system were proposed, which construct feedback matrices F 1 and F 2 such that the closed-loop quadratic pencil has a desired set of eigenvalues and the associated eigenvectors are well conditioned.
Abstract: We propose two new methods for solution of the eigenvalue assignment problem associated with the second-order control system \global\hsize=30pc Specifically, the methods construct feedback matrices F 1 and F 2 such that the closed-loop quadratic pencil has a desired set of eigenvalues and the associated eigenvectors are well conditioned. Method 1 is a modification of the singular value decomposition-based method proposed by Juang and Maghami which is a second-order adaptation of the well-known robust eigenvalue assignment method by Kautsky et al. for first-order systems. Method 2 is an extension of the recent non-modal approach of Datta and Rincon for feedback stabilization of second-order systems. Robustness to numerical round-off errors is achieved by minimizing the condition numbers of the eigenvectors of the closed-loop second-order pencil. Control robustness to large plant uncertainty will not be explicitly considered in this paper. Numerical results for both the two methods are favourable. A compara...
TL;DR: Findings from previous studies are reviewed and the methodology of a new study using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist is described, clear that psychopathology is several times more prevalent in children and adolescents with ID than in those without this disability.
Abstract: Our knowledge of the epidemiology of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) is hampered by a number of factors. These include the relative scarcity of studies of children rather than adults, the study of non-epidemiological samples such as those in institutions or those attending psychiatric clinics, a lack of standardized methods of assessment of psychopathology, studies with numbers too small to provide adequate confidence intervals around identified prevalence rates, insufficient detail concerning symptoms or syndromes as well as disorder, and a lack of consistent data concerning the effects of basic demographic variables such as age, sex and IQ. Despite these limitations, it is clear that psychopathology is several times more prevalent in children and adolescents with ID than in those without this disability. This paper reviews findings from previous studies and describes the methodology of a new study using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the behavior of the base convective envelope of a giant branch star during third dredge-up and found that the extent and even the presence of 3rd dredgeup depends critically on the treatment of convection within a stellar structure calculation.
Abstract: We present results of an investigation into the behavior of the base of the convective envelope of models of asymptotic giant branch stars during third dredge-up. We find that the extent, and even the presence, of third dredge-up depends critically on the treatment of convection within a stellar structure calculation.
TL;DR: The problem of endowing large applied general equilibrium models with numerical values for parameters is formidable as mentioned in this paper, and the problem of estimating a complete set of own-and cross-price elasticities of demands for the MONASH model of the Australianeconomy involves in excess of 50000 items.
Abstract: The problem of endowing large applied general equilibrium models with numerical values for parameters is formidable. For example, a complete set of own- and cross-price elasticities of demands for the MONASH model of the Australianeconomy involves in excess of 50000 items. Invoking the minimal assumptions that demand is generated by utility maximization reduces the load to about 26000 - obviously still a number much too large for unrestrained econometric estimation. To obtain demand systems estimates for a dozen or so generic commodities at a top level of aggregation (categories like ‘food’, ‘clothing and footwear’, etc.), typically Johansen's lead has been followed, and directly additive preferences imposed upon the underlying utility function. With the move beyond one-step linearized solutions of applied general equilibrium models, the functional form of the demand system adopted becomes an issue. The most celebrated of the additive-preference demand systems, the linear expenditure system (LES), has one...
TL;DR: None of the existing classifications of soft tissue disorders of the neck and upper limb appeared acceptable for reasons such as failure to be comprehensive, overlap of categories, and lack of demonstration that the criteria for inclusion into the categories are valid and reliable.