Showing papers by "National Autonomous University of Nicaragua published in 2014"

Etiology of childhood diarrhea after rotavirus vaccine introduction: a prospective, population-based study in Nicaragua.

Abstract: Background: Nicaragua was the first developing nation to implement routine immunization with the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5). In this RV5-immunized population, understanding infectious etiologies of childhood diarrhea is necessary to direct diarrhea treatment and prevention efforts. Methods: We followed a population-based sample of children less than5 years in Leon, Nicaragua for diarrhea episodes through household visits. Information was obtained on RV5 history and sociodemographics. Stool samples collected during diarrhea episodes and among healthy children underwent laboratory analysis for viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens. Detection frequency and incidence of each enteropathogen was calculated. Results: The 826 children in the cohort experienced 677 diarrhea episodes during 607.5 child-years of exposure time (1.1 episodes per child-year). At least 1 enteropathogen was detected among 61.1% of the 337 diarrheal stools collected. The most common enteropathogens among diarrheal stools were: norovirus (20.4%), sapovirus (16.6%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (11.3%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (8.3%), Giardia lamblia (8.0%) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (7.7%), with rotavirus detected among 5.3% of diarrheal stools. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli were frequently detected among stools from healthy children. Among children with diarrhea, norovirus was more commonly detected among younger children (less than2 years) and G. lamblia was more commonly detected among older children (2-4 years). The mean age of rotavirus detection was 34.6 months. Conclusions: In this Central American community after RV5 introduction, rotavirus was not commonly detected among children with diarrhea. Prevention and appropriate management of norovirus and sapovirus should be considered to further reduce the burden of diarrheal disease.

Changes in childhood pneumonia and infant mortality rates following introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Nicaragua

Abstract: Background:In 2010, Nicaragua became the first developing nation to add 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) to its national immunization schedule, using a “3+0” dosing schedule. We assessed changes in incidence rates of health facility visits for childhood pneumonia and infant mortalit

Testing Focus Groups as a Tool for Connecting Indigenous and Local Knowledge on Abundance of Natural resources with Science-Based Land Management Systems

Abstract: One of the clearly stated intentions of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is to bring both “western scientific” and “indigenous and local” knowledge systems within synthetic global, regional, and thematic assessments. A major challenge will be how to use, and quality-assure, information derived from different knowledge systems. We test how indigenous and local knowledge on natural resources in Miskito and Mayangna communities in Nicaragua, validated through focus groups with community members, compares with information collected on line transects by trained scientists. Both provide comparable data on natural resource abundance, but focus groups are eight times cheaper. Such approaches could increase the amount and geographical scope of information available for assessments at all levels, while simultaneously empowering indigenous and local communities who generally have limited engagement in such processes.

Unsuspected leptospirosis is a cause of acute febrile illness in Nicaragua.

Abstract: Background Epidemic severe leptospirosis was recognized in Nicaragua in 1995, but unrecognized epidemic and endemic disease remains unstudied. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine the burden of and risk factors associated with symptomatic leptospirosis in Nicaragua, we prospectively studied patients presenting with fever at a large teaching hospital. Epidemiologic and clinical features were systematically recorded, and paired sera tested by IgM-ELISA to identify patients with probable and possible acute leptospirosis. Microscopic Agglutination Test and PCR were used to confirm acute leptospirosis. Among 704 patients with paired sera tested by MAT, 44 had acute leptospirosis. Patients with acute leptospirosis were more likely to present during rainy months and to report rural residence and fresh water exposure. The sensitivity of clinical impression and acute-phase IgM detected by ELISA were poor. Conclusions/Significance Leptospirosis is a common (6.3%) but unrecognized cause of acute febrile illness in Nicaragua. Rapid point-of-care tests to support early diagnosis and treatment as well as tests to support population-based studies to delineate the epidemiology, incidence, and clinical spectrum of leptospirosis, both ideally pathogen-based, are needed.

Vitamin E protection of obesity-enhanced vascular calcification in uremic rats

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the extent of extraskeletal calcification in uremic Zucker rats, by comparing obese and lean phenotypes, and to evaluate the influence of vitamin E (VitE) on the devel...

Prevalence and risk factors related to intestinal parasites among children in Department of Rio San Juan, Nicaragua

Abstract: BACKGROUND The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among children in Department of Rio San Juan (Nicaragua), to explore the extent of polyparasitism, and to identify the risk factors that might favour transmission of these parasites. METHODS A coprological study of single stool specimen, collected at random from 382 children (167 boys and 215 girls) aged 2-15 years from two municipalities, and a questionnaire, concerning demographic and epidemiological data on sanitary and behavioural habits, was filled in to identify risk factors. RESULTS About 93% of the children presented infection. Blastocystis hominis, the most frequently protozoa, and Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm, the most prevalent helminths. Polyparasitism (85.4%[326/382]), with the highest percentages detected in females (p=0.001), in the 6-11 year age group (p<0.001) and having a rural background (p<0.001). A firm relationship between any parasite and age (OR=1.2, p=0.036) and rural background (OR=0.3, p=0.027) was detected. Living in rural areas and drinking river water were also positively associated with each of the STH species detected, and walking barefoot was also associated with hookworm infection. CONCLUSIONS Government efforts should be focused on controlling the risk factors associated with these enteroparasites, with health education programmes in rural areas of Nicaragua.

Integrating climate change adaptation into disaster risk reduction in urban contexts: perceptions and practice.

Abstract: This paper analyses the perceptions of disaster risk reduction (DRR) practitioners concerning the on-going integration of climate change adaptation (CCA) into their practices in urban contexts in Nicaragua. Understanding their perceptions is important as this will provide information on how this integration can be improved. Exploring the perceptions of practitioners in Nicaragua is important as the country has a long history of disasters, and practitioners have been developing the current DRR planning framework for more than a decade. The analysis is based on semi-structured interviews designed to collect information about practitioners’ understanding of: (a) CCA, (b) the current level of integration of CCA into DRR and urban planning, (c) the opportunities and constraints of this integration, and (d) the potential to adapt cities to climate change. The results revealed that practitioners’ perception is that the integration of CCA into their practice is at an early stage, and that they need to improve their understanding of CCA in terms of a development issue. Three main constraints on improved integration were identified: (a) a recognized lack of understanding of CCA, (b) insufficient guidance on how to integrate it, and (c) the limited opportunities to integrate it into urban planning due to a lack of instruments and capacity in this field. Three opportunities were also identified: (a) practitioners’ awareness of the need to integrate CCA into their practices, (b) the robust structure of the DRR planning framework in the country, which provides a suitable channel for facilitating integration, and (c) the fact that CCA is receiving more attention and financial and technical support from the international community. (Less)

Hydrological and Geomorphological Controls on the Water Balance Components of a Mangrove Forest During the Dry Season in the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua

Abstract: Hydrological and geomorphological processes are key to mangrove forest growth and development However, few mangrove hydrology studies exist in Central America A 02 km2 mangrove forest on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua was investigated to determine the water balance dynamics during the dry season The used multi-methods approach combined hydrology, hydrochemistry and geophysics Precipitation is the main freshwater input Beach ridges are the key geomorphologic features which allowed an increase in water storage of 351 m3d−1 during a 22 day period Large precipitation events cause breaking of the beach ridges by excess water, suddenly emptying the system Grey water and pit latrines from the nearby town influence shallow groundwater quality, but also provide extra nutrients for the mangrove forest Groundwater chemistry is also affected by calcite dissolution and seawater Refreshening and salinization processes are controlled by the general groundwater flow direction Hydraulic and hydrochemical influence of seawater on coastal piezometers seems to be controlled by the elevation of the water table and the tidal amplitude These conditions control forest subsistence during the dry season, which is essential for the mangrove forest to provide ecological and economic benefits such as protection against flooding, habitat for numerous species, and tourist attraction

Decreasing risk of hepatitis A infection in León, Nicaragua: evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal seroepidemiology studies.

Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nicaragua is highly endemic for hepatitis A. We aimed to provide an estimate of the change in the age-specific risk of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection based on serological data from cross-sectional and longitudinal samples collected in Leon, Nicaragua, in 1995/96 (n = 979) and 2003 (n = 494). METHODS The observed age-specific prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies was correlated to the age-specific risk of infection by calculating the probability of freedom from infection at a specific age. RESULTS The proportion of seropositive children aged 1.5 to 6 years was 42% in 2003 compared to 67% in 1995/96. Estimated annual risk of infection for a 3-year old child was 30% (95% CI: 27.0%, 33.1%) in 1995 and 15.5% (95% CI: 12.4%, 19.0%) in 2003. There was good agreement between estimates based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data. The age-specific geometric mean of the quantified anti-HAV antibody levels assessed in 2003 was highest at age 4 and decreased steadily up to age 40. CONCLUSIONS The substantially lower risk of HAV infection in 2003 than in 1995 for young children indicates a beginning transition from high to intermediate endemicity in Leon, Nicaragua. Consecutive age-stratified serosurveys are useful to assess changes in risk of infection following public health interventions. The decreasing age-specific GMC of anti-HAV antibodies during adulthood in a country with endemic HAV indirectly suggests that ongoing HAV exposure in the community has marginal boosting effect on antibody levels once protective immunity has been established by natural infection.

Comunidad de aprendizaje y participación social en un curso MOOC

Abstract: La presente investigacion examina las dimensiones referidas a la interaccion social que se originan en un MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) De este modo, abordamos la dimension social del cuestionario “Community of Inquiry” (CoI) cuyos resultados se sintetizan es este estudio El alumnado participo en una accion formativa a traves del MOOC “Capacitacion Emprendedora”, curso que emplea las TIC para ofrecer una formacion a escala masiva y abierta El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar las repercusiones de los MOOC en cuanto a la creacion y construccion de comunidades de aprendizaje, junto al fomento de la participacion social del alumnado

Household management of childhood diarrhoea: a population-based study in Nicaragua.

Abstract: Diarrhoea remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity among children in Nicaragua. As the majority of diarrhoeal cases are treated at home and appropriate household management can lessen severity of diarrhoea, the objective of this study was to examine household management of childhood diarrhoea. A simple random sample of households was selected from the Health and Demographic Surveillance Site-Leon. Parents or caretakers of children below five years of age, who developed diarrhoea (n=232), were surveyed about household diarrhoea management practices in 2011. Fifty-seven percent of children received oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in the home prior to visiting any health facility. We encountered certain practices in contradiction with WHO recommendations for the management of diarrhoea in communities: 41% of children were offered protein-rich foods less frequently during diarrhoeal episodes, 20% of children were nursed less frequently or not at all during diarrhoeal episodes, and zinc supplementation was recommended at only 39% of visits with healthcare providers. Our findings provide insights for efforts to improve the household management of childhood diarrhoea in Nicaragua.

Characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from Nicaraguan children in hospital, primary care and community settings.

Abstract: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea among young children in developing countries. ETEC vaccines offer promise in reducing the burden of ETEC disease, but the development of these vaccines relies on the characterization of ETEC isolates from a variety of settings. To best reflect the full spectrum of ETEC disease in Leon, Nicaragua, the aim of this study was to characterize ETEC strains isolated from children with diarrhoea attending different settings (hospital, primary care clinics and in the community) and children from different age groups. We characterized ETEC isolates in terms of their colonization factors (CFs) and enterotoxins, and determined whether these factors varied with setting and age group. Diarrhoeal stool samples were obtained from children under the age of 60 months from: (1) the regional public hospital, (2) four public primary care clinics, and (3) a population-based cohort. In total, 58 ETEC-positive isolates were analysed by multiplex-PCR assays for the identification of CFs (CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS7, CS8, CS12, CS13, CS14, CS15, CS17, CS18, CS19, CS20, CS21, CS22 and CFA/I), and enterotoxins [heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable variants STh and STp]. The frequency of CFs and enterotoxins was compared among the three settings and for different age groups, using Fisher’s exact test or a χ2 test. At least one CF was detected among one-half of samples; CS19 was detected among all strains in which a CF was identified, either alone or in combination with another CF. Among all CFs detected, 91.7 % were identified as members of the class 5 fimbrial family. CFs were detected more commonly among samples from infants captured in the health facility setting compared with the community setting. Overall, LT was detected among 67.2 % of samples, STh was detected among 20.7 % and both enterotoxins were detected among 12.1 %. The enterotoxin STh was detected more commonly among cases in the community, whilst a combination of STh and LT was detected more commonly among cases treated in health facilities. Our results suggest that, to protect against diarrhoeal cases associated with this E. coli pathotype in Leon, Nicaragua, an ETEC vaccine that effectively targets the archeotype CFA/I of the class 5 fimbrial family would be the most effective in this setting.

Sociodemographic, Socio-economic, Clinical and Behavioural Factors Modifying Experience and Prevalence of Dental Caries in the Permanent Dentition.

Abstract: Objective To identify the sociodemographic, socio-economic, clinical and behavioural factors that modify the experience of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and caries prevalence in Nicaraguan children 9-12 years old. Subjects and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in 800 school children 9-12 years old in the city of Leon, Nicaragua. The clinical oral examinations to identify caries experience were undertaken by two trained and certified examiners. Sociodemographic, socio-economic and behavioural data were collected using questionnaires. Negative binomial regression (NBR) and binary logistic regression (BLR) models were used to model caries experience and caries prevalence, respectively. Results Mean DMFT index was 0.98 ± 1.74 and caries prevalence (DMFT > 0) was 37.9%. In the NBR model, the categories that increase the expected DMFT mean were: older age, female gender, presence of plaque, and if the school children received curative and curative/preventive dental care in the last year. In the BLR model, the odds of presenting with caries in the permanent dentition were increased in older children, those from large families, mothers with a positive dental attitude, and those school children who received curative and curative/preventive dental care in the last year. Conclusions Using different models, we identified several sociodemographic, socio-economic, clinical and behavioural factors that modify the experience (NBR) and prevalence (BLR) of dental caries.

Stratigraphy, chemistry, and eruptive dynamics of the 12.4 ka plinian eruption of Apoyeque volcano, Managua, Nicaragua

Abstract: Apoyeque volcano, located 9 km northwest of Managua city, erupted explosively at 12.4 ka. The Plinian eruption deposited a widespread pumice fall deposit known as the Upper Apoyeque Tephra (UAq). The UAq is massive, reversely graded, and consists of white juvenile pumice (~78 vol.%), a variety of cognate lithics and accidental altered lithics. The whole-rock pumice composition is rhyodacitic (SiO2 = 66.9–68.5 wt.%) with a mineral paragenesis of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, amphibole, titanomagnetite, and ilmenite in a rhyolitic glass groundmass (SiO2 = 74.4 ± 0.6 wt.%). The deposit’s dispersal axis is to the south, with the deposit covering a minimum area of 877 km2 within the 50 cm isopach and has a total volume of 3 km3 (dense rock equivalent, 1.15 km3). The eruption column reached a maximum height of ca.28 km. The eruption ejected a total mass of 3 × 1012 kg at an average rate of 2 × 108 kg/s, and based on available models, we infer duration of almost 4 h. Petrographic and geochemical characteristics suggest that the eruption was triggered by magma mixing.

Vinculación universidad empresa estado, algunas experiencias en américa y otros países de europa y asía

Abstract: Entailment theories linking University enterprise state, give us guidelines for what knowledge societies must do to obtain a sustainable development, experiences accumulated in different countries of the world bring us the way that countries and universities that do not have developed this theme should follow. The core activities of any higher education institution are teaching, research and extension. To accomplish these activities with the greatest success it must be done in association with the above institutions and society as a whole

Efecto nematicida de extractos de Quassia amara y Brugmansia suaveolens sobre Meloidogyne sp. asociado al tomate en Nicaragua.

Abstract: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar extractos de hojas de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) y flores de Brugmansia suaveolens L. (Solanaceae) para determinar su efecto nematicida contra Meloidogyne sp. El estudio se realizo en el Campus Agropecuario de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua-Leon (UNAN-Leon) en el ano 2012. El material vegetal fue deshidratado, pulverizado y sus compuestos fueron extraidos utilizando como solvente metanol. Este estudio se realizo in vitro, se evaluo la mortalidad de los juveniles de Meloidogyne sp. en segundo instar despues de 12, 24 y 48 horas de exposicion a los extractos. Ademas, estos se aplicaron a plantas de tomate en maceteras bajo condiciones de invernadero, cuantificandose las poblaciones de nematodos a los 25, 50 y 75 dias de exposicion al extracto (DEE). En el experimento in vitro Q. amara y B. suaveolens diluidos al 10%, presentaron los mas altos porcentajes de mortalidad despues de 48 h, alcanzando 89 y 78% de juveniles muertos, respectivamente. En maceteras se evaluo la mortalidad de juveniles, indice de agallamiento (IA) y factor de reproduccion (FR). Los mejores resultados para Q. amara se obtuvieron a los 25 DEE, con un porcentaje de mortalidad de 80%, un IA de 1 en una escala de 0-5 y FR de 0,20. Con B. suaveolens, a los 25 DEE se alcanzo el mayor porcentaje de mortalidad de 71%, un IA de 1,2 y un FR de 0,29. Estos resultados in vitro y en maceteras evidenciaron que ambos extractos poseen propiedades nematicidas, ya que redujeron significativamente (P≤0,05) las poblaciones de nematodos, su reproduccion y el nivel de agallamiento de las raices de tomate.

Acid-Base Balance in Uremic Rats with Vascular Calcification

Abstract: Background/Aims: Vascular calcification (VC), a major complication in humans and animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), is influenced by changes in acid-base balance. The purpose of this study was to describe the acid-base balance in uremic rats with VC and to correlate the parameters that define acid-base equilibrium with VC. Methods: Twenty-two rats with CKD induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) and 10 nonuremic control rats were studied. Results: The 5/6 Nx rats showed extensive VC as evidenced by a high aortic calcium (9.2 ± 1.7 mg/g of tissue) and phosphorus (20.6 ± 4.9 mg/g of tissue) content. Uremic rats had an increased pH level (7.57 ± 0.03) as a consequence of both respiratory (PaCO2 = 28.4 ± 2.1 mm Hg) and, to a lesser degree, metabolic (base excess = 4.1 ± 1 mmol/l) derangements. A high positive correlation between both anion gap (AG) and strong ion difference (SID) with aortic calcium (AG: r = 0.604, p = 0.02; SID: r = 0.647, p = 0.01) and with aortic phosphorus (AG: r = 0.684, p = 0.007; SID: r = 0.785, p = 0.01) was detected. Conclusions: In an experimental model of uremic rats, VC showed high positive correlation with AG and SID.

Noteworthy snake records from Nicaragua (Reptilia: Serpentes)

Abstract: We report new localities in Nicaragua for thirteen poorly known snake species that were collected for the second ( Dipsas articulata and Ungaliophis panamensis ), third ( Coniophanes bipunctatus , Lachesis stenophrys , Sibon annulatus , Sibon dimidiatus , Tantilla reticulata , and Tropidodipsas sartorii ), fourth ( Atropoides mexicanus , Enuliophis sclateri , Imantodes inornatus , and Nothopsis rugosus ), and fifth ( Corallus annulatus ) times in the country. We also provide distributional range extensions for all viper species known to occur in Nicaragua ( Agkistrodon howardgloydi , Atropoides mexicanus , Bothriechis schlegelii , Bothrops asper , Crotalus simus , Lachesis stenophrys , Porthidium nasutum , and Porthidium ophryomegas ), one coral snake ( Micrurus alleni ), and four mildly venomous snakes ( Conophis lineatus , Leptodrymus pulcherrimus , Leptophis ahaetulla , and Xenodon rabdocephalus ), and the first records for four snake species ( Imantodes gemmistratus , Lachesis stenophrys , Pseudoelaphe flavirufa , and Tantilla armillata ) from within the Nicaraguan national protected areas system.

Medición de la contribución de la Bioeconomía: Caso Nicaragua

Abstract: La presente investigacion se focaliza en medir la bioeconomia de Nicaragua utilizando el enfoque canadiense de la economia bio-basada, siguiendo las sub-categorias de Sistema de Clasicacion Industrial Norteamericano (NACIS). Los datos y registros disponibles en el Banco Central de Nicaragua registrados en el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales fueron utilizados para homologar las subcategorias del NACIS y el Clasicador Industrial Internacional Uniforme (CIIU) revision 3 de las Naciones Unidas que permitio homologar los principales componentes de la economia bio-basada. El ano base de referencia fue 1994 para el periodo 1994-2000 y 2006 como ano de referencia para el 2006-2007. Los resultados evidencian que la Bioeconomia contribuyo al PIB en un 28 % durante el periodo 1994-2000, en cambio durante el nuevo ano de referencia 2006 se estimo un 7 % en promedio consistente con las estimaciones de Pellerin [24]. De los componentes principales se destaco la industria de quimica organica con un 74% y 75 % respectivamente, durante el periodo 2006-2007. En segundo orden el componente de las actividades de agricultura y cultivos con una contribucion del 22%, para el periodo 2006-2007, pero represento el primer orden para el periodo 1994-2000 y el componente de salud, industrias medicas y farmaceuticas represento una contribucion de un 24 % durante el periodo 1994-2000, pero no asi para el siguiente periodo, que al igual que los alimentos y bio-procesos de bebidas tienen una baja contribucion.

Investigation of seasonal river–aquifer interactions in a tropical coastal area controlled by tidal sand ridges

Abstract: Water exchanges between streams and aquifers influence the quantity and quality of water in both domains. Seasonal river–aquifer interactions were investigated in a tropical coastal area where tidal sand ridges control river discharge to the sea. The study site is located in southwestern Nicaragua, dominated by humid tropical hydro-climatic conditions. The aquifer provides water to the rural town of Ostional. Connectivity between the river and the aquifer influences water quality and water availability for humans and for the downstream estuarine ecosystem. The effect of stream stage fluctuations on river–aquifer flows and pressure propagation in the adjacent aquifer was investigated analyzing high temporal resolution hydraulic head data and applying a numerical model (HYDRUS 2-D). Tidal sand ridges at the river outlet control the flow direction between the river and the aquifer. Surface water accumulation caused by these features induces aquifer recharge from the river. Simulations show groundwater recharge up to 0.2 m 3 h −1 per unit length of river cross section. Rupture of the sand ridges due to overtopping river flows causes a sudden shift in the direction of flow between the river and the aquifer. Groundwater exfiltration reached 0.08 m 3 h −1 immediately after the rupture of the sand ridges. Simulated bank storage flows are between 0.004–0.06 m 3 h −1 . These estimates are also supported by the narrow hysteresis loops between hydraulic heads and river stage. The aquifer behaves as confined, rapidly transmitting pressure changes caused by the river stage fluctuations. However, the pressure wave is attenuated with increasing distance from the river. Therefore, we concluded that a dynamic pressure wave is the mechanism responsible for the observed aquifer responses. Pressure variation observations and numerical groundwater modeling are useful to examine river–aquifer interactions and should be coupled in the future with chemical data to improve process understanding.

Prevalencia de Diabetes Mellitus y factores de riesgo en mayores de 20 años de las cabeceras departamentales de Nicaragua.

Abstract: El estudio se centro en determinar la prevalencia de Diabetes Mellitus en mayores de 20 anos en el area urbana de Nicaragua. Se selecciono la poblacion mayor de 20 anos, utilizando la proyeccion del censo de 2010 en las cabeceras del norte, centro y pacico de Nicaragua. La Costa Caribe fue excluida por problemas de factibilidad. Las cabeceras seleccionadas fueron escogidas al azar, estraticando los sectores de cada cabecera para la seleccion de la poblacion, la que una vez denido los lugares los participantes fueron seleccionados al azar usando el metodo de loteria. El calculo del tamano de la muestra fue hecho usando el Programa Epidemiologico EPIINFO version 6.04, usando una frecuencia de 0.5, un maximo error permisible de 3% y un intervalo de conanza del 95%, siendo multiplicado el total muestreado por dos para evitar el error por el efecto de diseno. Al nal se entrevistaron un total de 3150 encuestas a los que se les pregunto por datos generales, datos sobre factores de riesgo de Diabetes Mellitus y una medicion de variables biologicos (Presion arterial, frecuencia cardiaca, pulso, peso, talla, cintura, cadera y la medicion de la glicemia ya fuese en ayunas o glicemia casual) Los resultados evidencian la prevalencia fue de 9.5%; 6.1% resultaron ser prediabeticos y 84.4% al momento de hacer la encuesta no padecian de la enfermedad. Hubo un predominio de Diabetes en el sexo masculino con 12.9% y en el sexo femenino se encontro una prevalencia de 7.4%. Por grupos etareos predomino en la mayoria de 40 anos. De los 300 diabeticos encontrados en el estudio, 171 (57%) sabian que eran diabeticos y 129 (43%) desconocian que padecian de la enfermedad. Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados fueron: la edad mayor de 45 anos (OR:5.5; IC : 4.2-7.2), para las mujeres la 95% historia de Diabetes gestacional (OR:4.5; IC : 1.7-11.7), hipertension arterial (OR:4.0; IC : 3.1-5.1), sedentarismo (OR:3.1; 95% 95% IC : 2.4-4.1), obesidad (OR:2.7; IC : 2.0-3.7), e historia familiar de Diabetes (OR:2.0; IC95%: 1.6-2.6). 95% 95% En conclusion, la Diabetes Mellitus constituye un problema importante para la salud publica para la poblacion nicaraguense y que en paises con pocos recursos la prevencion debe ir orientada a cambiar factores de riesgo modicables como sedentarismo y obesidad en la poblacion y la promocion de estilos de vida saludables.

Actitudes lingüísticas de los hablantes de Managua, Nicaragua

Abstract: Resumen Este articulo analiza las actitudes linguisticas de hablantes nativos de espanol de la ciudad de Managua, hacia al espanol de Nicaragua y el de los otros paises hispanohablantes. El articulo es parte de los resultados del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America, financiado por El Consejo Noruego de Investigacion (RCN). La recoleccion de los datos se realizo en la capital del pais, entrevistando a una muestra de 400 informantes estratificada con las variables de edad, sexo y nivel socioeconomico, en la capital del pais. Esta investigacion acerca de las actitudes linguisticas hacia el espanol de Nicaragua y el de los demas paises de habla hispana es la primera de su tipo en el pais. Los resultados mas relevantes muestran que mayoritariamente se nombra espanol a la lengua que se habla. El espanol de la capital es el que mas les agrada a los entrevistados y estos lo perciben como un habla muy similar a la de la region del Pacifico. Por otro lado, el habla de la region Central se considera diferente y no gusta tanto. En lo relacionado con las variantes hispanoamericanas, consideran que el espanol peninsular es bastante correcto mientras que el de Costa Rica no lo es. A pesar de este hecho, los datos muestran que hay senales de que los nicaraguenses sienten una creciente autoestima por su propia variante de la lengua espanola. Abstract This article analyzes the linguistic attitudes of native Spanish speakers from the city of Managua, towards Spanish spoken in Nicaragua and in the other Spanish-speaking countries. It is a result of the LIAS-Project (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America), funded by The Norwegian Research Council of Norway (RCN). The data were gathered in the capital of the country, interviewing a stratified sample of 400 respondents based on the variables of age, sex and socioeconomic status. This research study of language attitudes towards the Spanish of Nicaragua and the other Spanish-speaking countries is the first of its kind in the country. The main results show that the language spoken in the country is mostly named espanol. The Spanish language of the capital is the one respondents like the most, and is also perceived as very similar to the way people speak in the Pacific region. On the other hand, the Spanish of the Central region is considered different and not as agreeable. In relation to the other Spanish-American variants, Spain is considered to have a very correct variety, while Spanish in Costa Rica is not. In spite of this fact, there are signs that Nicaraguans have an increasingly high esteem for their own variety of the Spanish language.

Cuestionario de opinión para la evaluación del desempeño docente en la unan-managua, nicaragua, farem-chontales

Abstract: Resumen es: El articulo expone la metodologia empleada para desarrollar un cuestionario de evaluacion docente para la Facultad Regional Multidisciplinaria de Chontal...

USO DE AISLAMIENTOS ENDOFÍTICOS DE Trichoderma spp., PARA EL BIOCONTROL DEL MAL DE PANAMÁ (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) RAZA 1 EN VITROPLANTAS DE BANANO DEL CULTIVAR GROS MICHEL (AAA) EN CONDICIONES DE INVERNADERO

Abstract: El objetivo de la presente investigacion fue seleccionar aislamientos endofiticos de Trichoderma spp., para el biocontrol de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense raza 1. Se evaluaron los tres aislamientos mas patogenicos FOC2, FOC4, FOC8 obtenidos del criobanco del Laboratorio de Fitopatologia del CATIE, en una prueba de antibiosis y posteriormente se procedio a realizar la prueba de biocontrol con veinte aislamientos endofiticos de Trichoderma spp. y dos aislamientos FOC2 y FOC4 en vitroplantas de Gros Michel (AAA) en condiciones de invernadero. Por medio de la tecnica de cocultivo veinte aislados de Trichoderma spp., inhibieron el crecimiento radial de FOC hasta en un 53,46%. En el bioensayo de biocontrol, los aislamientos endofiticos de Trichoderma spp., presentaron un minimo porcentaje de incidencia con 37,5% del tratamiento TJ5, en comparacion al testigo absoluto que no presento incidencia. Asi mismo los tratamientos TC9, TP3 y TCL1 redujeron desde un 92% hasta 90% los sintomas externos en comparacion a los testigos referenciales. Los sintomas internos del cormo se redujeron hasta un 74% por el tratamiento TC9. Adicionalmente se detecto que plantas protegidas con los aislamientos endofiticos de Trichoderma spp., promovieron el crecimiento vegetativo de la planta en peso de la raiz y follaje.

Degradabilidad ruminal del follaje de Moringa oleifera a tres diferentes edades de rebrote

Abstract: El presente estudio se realizo con el objetivo de estimar la degradabilidad ruminal de la materia seca (MS) y materia organica (MO) del follaje de Moringa oleifera a tres edades de rebrote (30, 45 y 60 dias) y nueve tiempos de incubacion ruminal (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 y 120 horas). Se utilizo un diseno completamente al azar con una estructura bi-factorial de tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones. La degradabilidad se estimo mediante el modelo de Orskov y McDonald (1979) y los parametros de degradacion fueron evaluados por regresion no lineal. Para conocer el efecto del tiempo de incubacion sobre la tasa de degradabilidad para cada edad de rebrote se realizo analisis de varianza y la prueba honesta de Tukey. Con 48 horas de incubacion ruminal, la degradabilidad potencial de la MS y la MO disminuyo (p<0.001) de 81.48% a 73.27% y desde 58.87% a 52.28%, respectivamente, y esto ocurrio cuando la edad de rebrote del follaje de Moringa se incremento de 45 a 75 dias. En conclusion, el follaje de Moringa con edad de rebrote de 45 dias y a 48 horas de incubacion ruminal presento la mejor (p<0.001) degradabilidad ruminal de la MS y MO con 81.46% y 58.87% respectivamente.

Crecimiento de camarones blancos Litopenaeus vannamei en juveniles con dos tipos de alimentos: uno comercial con 25% de proteína vrs experimental con 18% de proteína a densidad de siembra de 12 ind/m2 (Sistema semi-intensivo).

Abstract: La alimentacion es una de las funciones mas importantes de un organismo, a partir de ella se obtiene la energia necesaria para el crecimiento, sostenimiento y produccion, de manera que la calidad del alimento y su disponibilidad son factores muy importantes para el cultivo del camaron, ya que la base de toda produccion camaronera es la alimentacion, la cual debe de suministrar todos los requerimientos nutricionales. El presente trabajo consistio en la comparacion de dos dietas alimenticias para camarones juveniles Litopenaeus vannamei , el primer tratamiento (T1) consistio en alimento comercial con 25% de proteina, el tratamiento dos (T2) alimento experimental con 18% de proteina, con una densidad de siembra de 12 ind/m2 (Sistema semi intensivo). Uno de los fines de este trabajo es demostrar cual de los dos tratamientos proteinicos es mas efectivo. El diseno experimental consistio en la comparacion de ambos tratamientos, cada uno con tres repeticiones en recipientes de plastico de 200 litros. Para la elaboracion del alimento experimental al 18% de proteina se elaboro con harina de pescado, maiz, sorgo, soya, con aglutinante de almidon, minerales vitaminas y aceite de pescado. Se tomaron los factores fisico-quimicos del agua diariamente como son: salinidad, oxigeno disuelto, temperatura y pH, a las 6 am y 6 pm, Dentro de los resultados obtenidos los parametros de salinidad variaron entre 30 a 35‰ en ambos tratamientos, los datos de oxigeno disuelto se mantuvieron en el T1 entre 4,4 a 6,6 mg/l y en el T2 de 4 a 6,5 mg/l, y los de temperatura oscilaban en T1 de 27 0 C a 30,7 0 C y el T2 27,1 0 C a 30,6 0 C y los de pH de mantuvieron en el T1 entre 7,5 a 8,4 y en el T2 de 7,5 a 8,5 a lo largo del experimento haciendo muestreos poblacionales cada cinco dias. Con una sobrevivencia de 100% en ambos experimentos por lo cual demostramos que con ambos tratamientos la sobrevivencia se mantuvo y al final se obtuvo un rendimiento productivo en el T1 5216,79 y el T2 5738,47 y Obteniendo al final del experimento un FCA en el T1 de 1,27 y en el T2 1,27.

Poder y política en la era absolutista medieval del renacimiento

Abstract: La era absolutista medieval abarca los siglos XVI al XVIII, este periodo define el inicio de la era moderna porque aqui se sientan las bases filosoficas y teoricas que niegan el feudalismo medieval para dar paso al estado absolutista, donde el rey ejerce el poder absoluto. En esta epoca se desarrolla el renacimiento que representa un amplio movimiento cultural donde se producen cambios significativos en las artes, las ciencias, la politica, la filosofia y la religion. El enfoque central del renacimiento esta en el ser humano como centro del pensamiento occidental, se desarrolla el humanismo medieval, donde se combina el racionalismo y el naturalismo. En este articulo se anotan los principales aportes de: Nicolas Maquiavelo, Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Erasmo de Roterdam, Tomas Moro y los iluministas franceses del Siglo XVIII Montesquieu, Voltaire y Rousseau. La base metodologica de este articulo es la investigacion documental bibliografica y en linea. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/farem.v0i10.1613 Revista Cientifica de FAREM-Esteli No.10 2014: 36-48