Showing papers by "National Chemical Laboratory published in 2018"

g‑C3N4/NiAl-LDH 2D/2D Hybrid Heterojunction for High-Performance Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 into Renewable Fuels

Abstract: 2D/2D interface heterostructures of g-C3N4 and NiAl-LDH are synthesized utilizing strong electrostatic interactions between positively charged 2D NiAl-LDH sheets and negatively charged 2D g-C3N4 nanosheets. This new 2D/2D interface heterojunction showed remarkable performance for photocatalytic CO2 reduction to produce renewable fuels such as CO and H2 under visible-light irradiation, far superior to that of either single phase g-C3N4 or NiAl-LDH nanosheets. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity could be attributed mainly to the excellent interfacial contact at the heterojunction of g-C3N4/NiAl-LDH, which subsequently results in suppressed recombination, and improved transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers. In addition, the optimal g-C3N4/NiAl-LDH nanocomposite possessed high photostability after successive experimental runs with no obvious change in the production of CO from CO2 reduction. Our findings regarding the design, fabrication and photophysical properties of 2D/2D heterostructure systems may find use in other photocatalytic applications including H2 production and water purification.

Interlayer hydrogen-bonded covalent organic frameworks as high-performance supercapacitors

Abstract: Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising electrode materials in supercapacitors (SCs). However, their insoluble powder-like nature, poor capacitive performance in pristine form, integrated with inferior electrochemical stability is a primary concern for their long-term use in electrochemical devices. Keeping this in perspective, herein we report a redox active and hydrogen bonded COF with ultrahigh stability in conc. H2SO4 (18 M), conc. HCl (12 M) and NaOH (9 M). The as-synthesized COF fabricated as thin sheets were efficiently employed as a free-standing supercapacitor electrode material using 3 M aq. H2SO4 as an electrolyte. Moreover, the pristine COF sheet showcased outstanding areal capacitance 1600 mF cm–2 (gravimetric 169 F g–1) and excellent cyclic stability (>100 000) without compromising its capacitive performance or Coulombic efficiency. Moreover, as a proof-of-concept, a solid-state supercapacitor device was also assembled and subsequently tested.

Quest for Novel Chemical Entities through Incorporation of Silicon in Drug Scaffolds

Abstract: In order to optimize a lead molecule for further development, bioisosteric replacements are generally adopted as one of the strategies. Silicon appears to be the right choice as a carbon isostere because of the similarity in chemical properties. Silicon can be strategically introduced in a molecule to modulate its druglike properties, providing medicinal chemists with an unconventional strategy for replacing a carbon atom. Silicon can also be introduced to replace other heteroatoms and can act as a surrogate of functional groups such as olefin and amide as well. The present Perspective focuses on the opportunities that silicon incorporation offers in drug discovery, with an emphasis on case studies where introduction of silicon has created a benefit over its analog. We have tried to highlight all the recent developments in the field and briefly discuss the challenges associated with them.

Wet chemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles: a review

Abstract: Metal oxide nanoparticles are an important class of nanomaterials that have found several applications in science and technology. Through wet chemical synthesis, it is possible to achieve selective surface structures, phases, shapes, and sizes of metal oxide nanoparticles, leading to a set of desired properties. Wet chemical synthesis routes allow fine tuning of the reaction conditions (temperature, concentration of substrate, additives or surfactants, pH, etc.) to afford the desired nanomaterials. In this review article, we highlight recent developments in the wet chemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles to provide great control over the quality of the obtained nanomaterials. The review critically evaluates the different wet chemical methods for scalable production of metal oxide nanoparticles to satisfy the growing industrial demand for nanomaterials. Special attention is paid to continuous flow synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles.

Ultrastable Imine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Sulfuric Acid Recovery: An Effect of Interlayer Hydrogen Bonding.

Abstract: Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have convened inordinate scientific attention from last few years because of their unique tunable porosity and long range ordered structures with high atomic precisions. Although the high crystalline nature with considerable porosity fashioned these novel materials as an eligible candidate for diverse applications, the ordered nano-channels with controllable pore aperture, especially regarding membrane separations in extreme conditions, have been poorly explored. Herein, we have demonstrated rapid and scalable synthesis of six new imine-linked highly crystalline and porous COFs via salt (p-toluenesulfonic acid) mediated solid state crystallization approach. These as-synthesized materials show exceptionally high chemical stability in harsh environments including conc. H2SO4 (36 N), conc. HCl (12 N) and NaOH (9N). This is exclusivly because of the presence of strong interlayer C–H***N H-bonding interactions among the individual layers. This H-bonding reinforce interlayer stacking interaction and provides a steric hindrance and hydrophobic environ-ment around the imine (–C=N) bonds making it safe from hydrolysis, as confirmed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. By taking advantage of processability of COF powders in salt mediated synthesis approach, the continuous, porous, crystalline, self-standing and crack-free COF membranes (COFMs) with high chemical stability have been transmut-ed, for their potential applications to separate various environmentally toxic materials from drinking water with high water flux. Moreover, owing to its highly robust backbone, the COFM have showed unprecedented Sulfuric acid (12 N) permeance reflecting its potential applications for sulfuric acid purification. Also, the as-synthesized COFMs exhibit exceptionally high permeance of acetonitrile (380 Lm-2h-1bar-1) and acetone (340 Lm-2h-1bar-1).

High and Reversible Lithium Ion Storage in Self‐Exfoliated Triazole‐Triformyl Phloroglucinol‐Based Covalent Organic Nanosheets

Abstract: Covalent organic framework (COF) can grow into self-exfoliated nanosheets. Their graphene/graphite resembling microtexture and nanostructure suits electrochemical applications. Here, covalent organic nanosheets (CON) with nanopores lined with triazole and phloroglucinol units, neither of which binds lithium strongly, and its potential as an anode in Li-ion battery are presented. Their fibrous texture enables facile amalgamation as a coin-cell anode, which exhibits exceptionally high specific capacity of ≈720 mA h g−1 (@100 mA g−1). Its capacity is retained even after 1000 cycles. Increasing the current density from 100 mA g−1 to 1 A g−1 causes the specific capacity to drop only by 20%, which is the lowest among all high-performing anodic COFs. The majority of the lithium insertion follows an ultrafast diffusion-controlled intercalation (diffusion coefficient, DLi+ = 5.48 × 10−11 cm2 s−1). The absence of strong Li-framework bonds in the density functional theory (DFT) optimized structure supports this reversible intercalation. The discrete monomer of the CON shows a specific capacity of only 140 mA h g−1 @50 mA g−1 and no sign of lithium intercalation reveals the crucial role played by the polymeric structure of the CON in this intercalation-assisted conductivity. The potentials mapped using DFT suggest a substantial electronic driving-force for the lithium intercalation. The findings underscore the potential of the designer CON as anode material for Li-ion batteries.

π-π Interaction Between Metal-Organic Framework and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Visible Light Photocatalytic H2 Production

Abstract: Solar water splitting provides a promising path for sustainable hydrogen production and solar energy storage. In recent times, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received considerable attention as promising materials for diverse solar energy conversion applications. However, their photocatalytic performance is poor and rarely explored due to rapid electron–hole recombination. Herein, we have developed a material MOF@rGO that exhibits highly enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. A real-time investigation reveals that a strong π–π interaction between MOF and rGO is responsible for efficient separation of electron–hole pairs, and thereby enhances the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. Surprisingly, MOF@rGO showed ∼9.1-fold enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity compared to that of pristine MOF. In addition, it is worth mentioning here that remarkable apparent quantum efficiency (0.66%) is achieved by π–π interaction mediated charge carrier separation.

Convergent Covalent Organic Framework Thin Sheets as Flexible Supercapacitor Electrodes.

Abstract: Flexible supercapacitors in modern electronic equipment require light-weight electrodes, which have a high surface area, precisely integrated redox moieties, and mechanically strong flexible free-standing nature However, the incorporation of the aforementioned properties into a single electrode remains a great task Herein, we could overcome these challenges by a facile and scalable synthesis of the convergent covalent organic framework (COF) free-standing flexible thin sheets through solid-state molecular baking strategy Here, redox-active anthraquinone (Dq) and π-electron-rich anthracene (Da) are judiciously selected as two different linkers in a β-ketoenamine-linked two-dimensional (2D) COF As a result of precisely integrated anthraquinone moieties, COF thin sheet exhibits redox activity Meanwhile, π-electron-rich anthracene linker assists to improve the mechanical property of the free-standing thin sheet through the enhancement of noncovalent interaction between crystallites This binder-free strategy offers the togetherness of crystallinity and flexibility in 2D COF thin sheets Also, the synthesized porous crystalline convergent COF thin sheets are benefited with crack-free uniform surface and light-weight nature Further, to demonstrate the practical utility of the material as an electrode in energy-storage systems, we fabricated a solid-state symmetrical flexible COF supercapacitor device using a GRAFOIL peeled carbon tape as the current collector

Microwave-assisted MgO NP catalyzed one-pot multicomponent synthesis of polysubstituted steroidal pyridines

Abstract: The present study reports a highly efficient and green synthetic route for the synthesis of steroidal pyridines. The synthetic methodology involves a microwave-assisted one-pot multicomponent reaction using MgO NPs as a heterogeneous, mild and reusable catalyst. The synthesized MgO NPs were characterized by FTIR, TGA/DTA and XRD analyses. The remarkable features of this protocol include simple operational procedure, shorter reaction profiles, mild reaction conditions, minimal chemical waste and economic viability. The recyclability of the catalyst and high yield of products make the proposed method a sustainable alternative.

Active and durable alkaline earth metal substituted perovskite catalysts for dry reforming of methane

Abstract: Dry reforming of methane is an important process for the utilization of CO2 and to get valuable synthesis gas. Alkaline earth metal substituted MZr1-xNixO3-δ perovskites were synthesized by citrate gel method, characterized and evaluated for dry reforming methane. Characterization results show that the type of alkaline earth substituted at the A site of the perovskite oxide plays an important role in terms of structure, basicity, oxygen deficiency and Ni dispersion. Calcium substituted CaZr0.8Ni0.2O3-δ catalyst shows superior activity in terms of high CH4 and CO2 conversion, while maintaining the activity even after 500 h of reaction. Mechanistic investigations were carried out using transient pulse experiments and insitu FTIR-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These experiments reveal that redox property and basicity play important role in activation and sustaining the reforming reaction. Insitu FTIR measurements show that surface hydroxyl groups of the support are vital for high activity and durability of CaZr0.8Ni0.2O3-δ catalyst. XRD and TGA analysis of catalysts after reaction show the structures are retained, but peaks pertaining to coke were observed on SrZr0.8Ni0.2O3-δ and BaZr0.8Ni0.2O3-δ catalysts. On the otherhand, CaZr0.8Ni0.2O3-δ catalyst had only amorphous carbon even after 500 h of reaction. HRTEM studies revealed that SrZr0.8Ni0.2O3-δ and BaZr0.8Ni0.2O3-δ catalysts deactivated mostly due to the formation of carbon nanotubes with Ni embedded in them. Raman and XPS analysis helped in identifying types of coke precursors present on the catalysts. The investigation also illustrate that type of carbon formed depends on the basicity of perovskite oxide, metal to support interaction, Ni crystallite size, surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen defects. This study clearly demonstrated that CaZr0.8Ni0.2O3-δ is an excellent catalyst for dry reforming reaction with long life.

Porosity Prediction through Hydrogen Bonding in Covalent Organic Frameworks

Abstract: Easy and bulk-scale syntheses of two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent an enduring challenge in material science. Concomitantly, the most critical aspect is to precisely control the porosity and crystallinity of these robust structures. Disparate complementary approaches such as solvothermal synthesis have emerged recently and are fueled in part by the usage of different modulators and acids that have enriched the COF library. Yet, the fundamental understanding of the integral processes of 2D COF assembly, including their growth from nucleating sites and the origin of periodicity, is an intriguing chemical question that needs to be answered. To address these cardinal questions, a green and easy-to-perform approach of COF formation has been delineated involving acid-diamine salt precursors. The role of hydrogen bonding [dav(Namine–H···Oacid); dav signifies the average Namine–H···Oacid distances, i.e., the average distance from the H atom of the amine to the O atom of the acid] p...

Sensitive electrochemical detection of cardiac troponin I in serum and saliva by nitrogen-doped porous reduced graphene oxide electrode

Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases pose one of the highest mortality risks among all diseases in developed countries, steadily increasing the burden on the health systems. Early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases has consequently become highly important to decrease mortality and to use more adapted therapeutic decisions. We demonstrate here the utility of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-prGO) for detecting and quantifying of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a key human cardiac protein biomarker, under physiologically relevant conditions. Non-covalent modification of N-prGO by 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (py-COOH) and poly(ethylene glycol) modified pyrene (py-PEG) ligands allowed the covalent integration of Tro4 aptamer, known for its high selectivity towards cTnI. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), a label-free electrochemical sensor for cTnI for concentrations down to 1 pg mL−1 in human serum could be obtained. This sensitive detection arises from the integration of a porous nanomaterial with excellent electrochemical properties being easily amendable to site-specific surface modification.

Role of stem cell derived exosomes in tumor biology.

Abstract: Exosomes are nano-scale messengers loaded with bio-molecular cargo of RNA, DNA, and Proteins. As a master regulator of cellular signaling, stem cell (both normal, and cancer stem cells) secreted exosome orchestrate various autocrine and paracrine functions which alter tumor micro-environment, growth and progression. Exosomes secreted by one of the two important stem cell phenotypes in cancers a) Mesenchymal stem cells, and b) Cancer stem cells not only promote cancerous growth but also impart therapy resistance in cancer cells. In tumors, normal or mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) derived exosomes (MSC-exo) modulate tumor hallmarks by delivering unique miRNA species to neighboring cells and help in tumor progression. Apart from regulating tumor cell fate, MSC-exo are also capable of inducing physiological processes, for example, angiogenesis, metastasis and so forth. Similarly, cancer stem cells (CSCs) derived exosomes (CSC-exo) contain stemness-specific proteins, self-renewal promoting regulatory miRNAs, and survival factors. CSC-exo specific cargo maintains tumor heterogeneity and alters tumor progression. In this review we critically discuss the importance of stem cell specific exosomes in tumor cell signaling pathways with their role in tumor biology.

Efficient Method for Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid from 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Fructose Using Pd/CC Catalyst under Aqueous Conditions

Abstract: Pd/CC catalyst was synthesized from readily available biomass-derived d-glucose. The catalyst was characterized using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, 13C cross polarization NMR, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. This catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity toward the synthesis of industrially important 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and fructose. The process is simple, efficient, green, and industrially feasible. Oxidation of HMF proceeded in 85% yield, and dehydration of fructose followed by oxidation gave 64% yield of FDCA with 100% purity using Pd/CC catalyst and molecular O2 as an oxidizing agent under aqueous reaction conditions. The one pot two step procedure is highly efficient for synthesis of FDCA from fructose as it avoids isolation of HMF a...

Highly Stable COF-Supported Co/Co(OH)2 Nanoparticles Heterogeneous Catalyst for Reduction of Nitrile/Nitro Compounds under Mild Conditions.

Abstract: Ordered nanoporosity in covalent organic framework (COF) offers excellent opportunity for property development. Loading nanoparticles (nPs) onto them is one approach to introducing tailor-made properties into a COF. Here, a COF-Co/Co(OH)2 composite containing about 16 wt% of <6 nm sized Co/Co(OH)2 nPs is prepared on a N-rich COF support that catalyzes the release of theoretical equivalence of H2 from readily available, safe, and cheap NaBH4 . Furthermore, the released H2 is utilized for the hydrogenation of nitrile and nitro compounds to amines under ambient conditions in a facile one-pot reaction. The COF "by choice" is built from "methoxy" functionalized dialdehydes which is crucial in enabling the complete retention of the COF structure under the conditions of the catalysis, where the regular Schiff bonds would have hydrolyzed. The N-rich binding pockets in the COF ensure strong nP-COF interactions, which provides stability and enables catalyst recycling. Modeling studies reveal the crucial role played by the COF in exposing the active facets and thereby in controlling the activation of the reducing agent. Additionally, via density functional theory, we provide a rational explanation for how these COFs can stabilize nanoparticles which grow beyond the limiting pore size of the COF and yet result in a truly stable heterogeneous catalyst - a ubiquitous observation. The study underscores the versatility of COF as a heterogeneous support for developing cheap and highly active nonnoble metal catalysts.

Kinetic investigation for the catalytic reduction of nitrophenol using ionic liquid stabilized gold nanoparticles

Abstract: We demonstrate the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) stabilized by 1-butyl-3-hexadecyl imidazolium bromide (Au@[C4C16Im]Br) and their use as a catalyst for the reduction of nitrophenol. The AuNPs show excellent stability in presence of [C4C16Im]Br ionic liquids for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The detailed kinetics for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol were investigated and the catalytic activity of Au@[C4C16Im]Br was evaluated. The pseudo first-order rate constant (kapp) values for 4-nitrophenol was observed to be greater than that of 2-nitrophenol and explained on the basis of hydrogen bonding present in 2-nitrophenol. Au@[C4C16Im]Br showed good separability and reusability and hence, it can be used for the complete reduction of nitrophenols in multiple cycles. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood reaction mechanism is elucidated for reduction of 4-nitrophenol by Au@[C4C16Im]Br nanocatalyst on the basis of the kapp values. The thermodynamic activation parameters such as activation energy, enthalpy of activation and entropy of activation were determined and explained using the temperature dependent kinetics for the reduction of nitrophenol using Au@[C4C16Im]Br. The above results reveal that the Au@[C4C16Im]Br nanocatalyst demonstrates excellent catalytic performance for the reduction of nitrophenol by NaBH4 at room temperature.

Structural, functional and evolutionary diversity of 4-coumarate-CoA ligase in plants

Abstract: The 4-coumarate-CoA ligases (4CL) contribute in channelizing flux of different phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways. Expression of 4CL is optimized at developmental stages and in response to environmental triggers such as biotic and abiotic stresses. The enzyme is valuable in metabolic pathway engineering for curcuminoids, resveratrol, biofuel production and nutritional improvement. Vigorous analysis of regulation at functional and expression level is obligatory to attain efficient commercial production of candidate metabolites using 4CL. Phenylpropanoid pathway provides precursors for numerous secondary metabolites in plants. In this pathway, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.12, 4CL) is the main branch point enzyme which generates activated thioesters. Being the last enzyme of three shared common steps in general phenylpropanoid pathway, it contributes to channelize precursors for different phenylpropanoids. In plants, 4CL enzymes are present in multiple isoforms and encoded by small gene family. It belongs to adenylate-forming enzyme family and catalyzes the reaction that converts hydroxy or methoxy cinnamic acid derivatives to corresponding thioesters. These thioesters are further utilized for biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, which are known for having numerous nutritional and medicinal applications. In addition, the 4CL enzymes have been characterized from various plants for their role in plant physiology or in biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, specific isoforms are differentially regulated upon exposure to diverse stimuli leading to flux diversion toward the particular metabolite biosynthesis. Evolutionary studies showed that 4CL separately evolved after monocot and dicot segregation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on 4CL, which includes evolution, function, gene/protein structure, role in metabolite biosynthesis and cellular partition, and their regulation. Based on the available data, we have explored the scope for pathway engineering by utilizing 4CL enzymes.

Curcumin: pharmaceutical solids as a platform to improve solubility and bioavailability

Abstract: Curcumin (CUR) is the prime curcuminoid in the Indian dietary spice turmeric, Curcuma longa, a plant of the Zingiberaceae family. CUR has promising and diverse therapeutic benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-hyperglycemic, antimalarial, antibacterial, and antiviral activity, including anti-Alzheimer's disease. However, CUR is yet to reach the status of a therapeutic drug candidate mainly because a standard solid dosage of curcumin suffers from poor oral bioavailability (0.05 μg mL−1, less than 1%). The reasons behind its low bioavailability include poor solubility (<8 μg mL−1 in water), low permeability and absorption, and rapid metabolism (short elimination half-life of <2 h). A successful CUR therapy requires an appropriate formulation system that will enhance the bioavailability and offer greater therapeutic efficacy. This review covers a comprehensive description of the CUR pharmaceutical solids, such as polymorphs, cocrystals, eutectics, and coamorphous solid-state forms with aim to determine ways to improve its physicochemical properties, including dissolution rate, solubility, physicochemical stability, mechanical strength, compressibility for tablet formation, and oral bioavailability. The cumulative publications in the past decade have forecast a bright future for development of an oral drug formulation of curcumin.

Advanced Glycation End Products Modulate Amyloidogenic APP Processing and Tau Phosphorylation: A Mechanistic Link between Glycation and the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as they induce neurodegeneration following interaction with the receptor for AGE (RAGE) This study aimed to establish a mechanistic link between AGE-RAGE signaling and AD pathology AGE-induced changes in the neuro2a proteome were monitored by SWATH-MS Western blotting and cell-based reporter assays were used to investigate AGE-RAGE regulated APP processing and tau phosphorylation in primary cortical neurons Selected protein expression was validated in brain samples affected by AD The AGE-RAGE axis altered proteome included increased expression of cathepsin B and asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), which mediated an increase in Aβ1–42 formation and tau phosphorylation, respectively Elevated cathepsin B, AEP, RAGE, and pTau levels were found in human AD brain, coincident with enhanced AGEs This study demonstrates that the AGE-RAGE axis regulates Aβ1–42 formation and tau phosphorylation via increased cathep

Nucleic aptamer modified porous reduced graphene oxide/MoS2 based electrodes for viral detection: Application to human papillomavirus (HPV)

Abstract: Next to graphene nanomaterials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) offers large surface area that can enhance its biosensing performance. In this work, we investigate the performance of glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified successively with porous reduced graphene oxide (prGO) and molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2) for the sensitive and selective detection of the L1-major capsid protein of human papilloma virus (HPV). Owing to the difficulties to perform serological assays and HPV cultures efficiently, tools based on molecular recognition are becoming of great importance. We developed here an electrochemical sensor for HPV upon covalent functionalization of the electrode with an aptamer Sc5-c3, a RNA aptamer targeted against the HPV-16 L1 protein. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and an optimized To whom correspondence should be send to: sabine.szunerits@univ-lille.fr

Paintable Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Liquid Formulations of Alkylated Bromonaphthalimide.

Abstract: Organic phosphors have been widely explored with an understanding that crystalline molecular ordering is a requisite for enhanced intersystem crossing. In this context, we explored the room-temperature phosphorescence features of a solvent-free organic liquid phosphor in air. While alkyl chain substitution varied the physical states of the bromonaphthalimides, the phosphorescence remained unaltered for the solvent-free liquid in air. As the first report, a solvent-free liquid of a long swallow-tailed bromonaphthalimide exhibits room-temperature phosphorescence in air. Doping of the phosphor with carbonyl guests resulted in enhanced phosphorescence, and hence a large-area paintable phosphorescent liquid composite with improved lifetime and quantum yield was developed.