National Defence University, Pakistan

About: National Defence University, Pakistan is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Decision support system & Population. The organization has 802 authors who have published 816 publications receiving 3701 citations. The organization is also known as: National Defence University of Pakistan & National Defence University Islamabad.

Comparison of Al and Cu Ions Emissions by Nd:YAG Laser Matter Interaction

Abstract: The infrared radiation from Nd:YAG laser (1604 nm, 8ns, 125mJ, 15.6MW) is focused by IR lens (20cm) to irradiate Cu and Al (99.99%) target in air. The angular distribution and arrival of ions are collected by Faraday Cups (FC). For anisotropic investigation, the cups are arranged at different positions (5cm and 10cm) from the targets at different angles (5° , 30° , 45° , 60° and 90° ) with respect to the normal on targets surface. Faraday Cups are biased at -100V and the ion current signals are obtained on Tektronix TDS 3054B Digital Storage oscilloscope (500 MHz) through integrated circuit. The average kinetic energy of ions is also calculated. Maximum arrival rate of ions is observed at angle 5° and minimum ions flux is at angle 90° to normal on the target surface. The results show that the plume is peaked strongly in forward direction. The laser matter interaction is good for the laser based ion sources generation, which can produce a collimated beam of ions because of forward peaking.

Military aviation capabilities and limitations in intervention operations

Abstract: The aim of this paper is the identification and description of the capabilities and limitations of military aviation in intervention operations. Over the last two decades, military aviation was treated by political decision-makers as a remedy for solving international crises and conflicts. Intervention operations with the participation of military aviation included: humanitarian intervention, crisis response operation and regional ethnic conflicts in many areas of the world. Short analysis of the abovementioned operations shows a tendency for military aviation to possess attributes (capabilities) which distinguish it from other services. Doctrinal attributes describing military aviation, that is to say, speed, reach, height, ubiquity, agility and concertation, give the intervening coalition an advantage over the enemy from the beginning of the intervention. However, the doctrinal capabilities of military aviation in many cases are not sufficient for conducting air operations during an intervention. It is believed that military aviation may create other capabilities that are very important in the context of the political and military end state of intervention. These might be: possibility of enforcement of no-fly zones as an element of military deterrence, creation of psychological effects against the enemy, show of force or inputs to intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. However, the most important capability of military aviation in intervention operations may be the ability for coercion, which allows politicians to put pressure on adversaries. There is no doubt that military aviation also possesses limitations which may reduce its capabilities during intervention operations. The most known of these are: impermanence, limited payload and vulnerability. Sometimes, these would also be political challenges connected with witnessing a given operation by individual countries or the international community. In a specific situation, they may limit or prevent conducting air operations in the area of operations. key words: military aviation, intervention operations, capabilities, limitations, coercion, no-fly zones

Angular distribution of Cu ions by Nd:YAG laser using faraday cups

Abstract: The infrared radiation from Nd:YAG laser (1604 nm, 8ns, 125mJ, 15.6MW) is focused by IR lens (20cm) to irradiate Cu (99.99%) target in air. The angular distribution and arrival of ions are collected by Faraday Cups (FC). For anisotropic investigation, the cups are arranged at different positions (5cm and 10cm) from the target at different angles (5°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°) with respect to the normal on target surface. Faraday Cups are biased at -100V and the ion current signals are obtained on Tektronix TDS 3054B Digital Storage oscilloscope (500 MHz) through integrated circuit. The debris that deposited on FC is also characterized by SEM and EDX analysis. Metallurgical analysis of exposed FC provides evidences of Cu material on Faraday's cup. Mass removal rate for copper target is also calculated. Maximum arrival rate of ions is observed at angle 5° and minimum ions flux is at angle 90° to normal on the target surface. The results show the plume is peaked strongly in forward direction. The laser matter interaction is good for the laser based ion sources generation, which can produce a collimated beam of ions because of forward peaking.

An on-line Pittsburgh LCS for the Three-Cornered Coevolution Framework

Abstract: The Three-Cornered Coevolution Framework describes a method that is capable of addressing classification tasks through coevolution (coadaptive evolution) where three different agents (i.e. a generation agent and two classification agents) learn and adapt to the changes of the problems without human involvement. Here, artificial problems can be generated in concert with classification agents in order to provide insight into their relationships. Previous work on the Two-Cornered Coevolution Framework provided foundation for implementing the system that was able to set-up the problem’s difficulty appropriately while triggering the coevolutionary process. However, the triggering process was set manually without utilising the third agent as proposed in the original framework to perform this task. Previous work on the Three-Cornered Coevolution introduced the third agent (a new classification agent) to trigger the coevolutionary process within the system, where its functionality and effect on the system requires investigation. This paper details the implementation for this case; two classification agents that use different styles of learning techniques (e.g. supervised versus reinforcement learning techniques) is adapted in the classification agents to learn the various classification problems. Ultimately, Learning Classifier System (LCS) is chosen to be implemented in the participating agents. LCS has several potential characteristics, such as interpretability, generalization capability and variations in representation, that are suitable for the system. Experiments show that the Pittsburgh-style LCS with the adaptation of Tabu Search technique in S capable to autonomously adjust the problem’s difficulty and generate a wide range of problems for classification. The adaptation of A-PLUS to an ‘on-line’ system is successful implemented. Further, the classification agents (i.e. R and I) are able to solve the classification tasks where the classification performance are varied. The Three-Cornered Coevolution Framework offers a great potential for autonomous learning and provides useful insight into coevolution learning over the standard studies of pattern recognition. The system is capable of autonomously generating various problems, learning and providing insight into each learning system’s ability by determining the problem domains where they perform relatively well. This is in contrast to humans having to determine the problem domains.