National Defence University, Pakistan

About: National Defence University, Pakistan is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Context (language use) & Decision support system. The organization has 802 authors who have published 816 publications receiving 3701 citations. The organization is also known as: National Defence University of Pakistan & National Defence University Islamabad.

Research on Geographical Information Service Architecture Based on SOA

Abstract: SOA is a service-oriented software architecture model,and it can support the transformation of geographical information software from "system and function" to "service and application".The connotation,model structure and main features of SOA were analyzed firstly,then the basic frame and service process of geographical information service based on SOA were proposed,and finally taken the Yellow River's Basic Information System as an example,the strategies,methods and effects of the geographical information service based on SOA have been verified.

The Integration and Strengthening of Vulnerable Segments of Society in Disaster Risk Reduction Initiatives (Evidence from Developing World)

Abstract: The Integration and Strengthening of Vulnerable Segments of Society in Disaster Risk Reduction Initiatives (Evidence from Developing World) Vol. IV, No. IV (Fall 2019) 9 change. In this new structure of capriciousness, communities and states are fronting complex and connected threats, which are able to reverse years and often eras of growth. Specific kinds of persons can face larger risks of misfortunes or global warming, associated with habitation in which they live such as inundation inclined regions or harvests that are developed by them, can indicate worse preparedness & managing capacity as these individuals possess little resources for disbursement in adapting or can show poorer flexibility and resilience and the reasons for this deficiency is the lack of monetary & social sustenance networks (Levy, 2018). Intermediation related to hazard administration are planned, well-thought-out and it is directed under the guidelines provided by the comprehensive information about social susceptibility data of various fragments of vulnerable people. Different complications and concerns arise during the definition of communally weak persons in DRR programs. An array of elements that are utilized for the description of societal weakness includes and it is not only limited to earnings variation, gender, family status, disability, age, language, literacy rate, etc. (Sterrett & Turnbell, 2013). Those individuals who lie in the category of vulnerability to climate-related risks are supposed to manage numerous & intertwined exclusions. Their social, economic, ethnic, racial, political banishment exaggerates these vulnerabilities, partly due to constraints present in the way of participation in decision-making practices. Thus during disaster risk reduction designing, agents of weak segments do not consider themselves meticulously involved & accessed, consequently, DRR strategies incline towards overseeing the miscellaneous necessities by the sidelined sectors. A key cause making this segregation indicates that vulnerable people are generally perceived to be the sufferers and are not considered to be helpful in improving capabilities for managing disasters. The weak segments do not feel conversant regarding dangers they have to deal with and this situation gets harder in the process of taking suitable judgments and follow activity sequence in disaster risk reduction processes (Yangisawa, 2015). The Global Agenda for Integration and Strengthening of Vulnerable Segments of Society: HFA (Hogo Framework of Action), acknowledged nearly by 150 nations during the commencement of International Conference on DR in 2005, is offered as an excellent document for the weak parts of the community in comparison with other international policy outlines for disaster risk reduction. 13-A of this document highlights a viewpoint in context of gender and emphasizes that it must be mainstreamed in all DRR plans, guidelines, and decision-making initiatives, comprising of all groups linked with hazard investigation, early-warning, data administration, awareness, training & education. 13-E states about the social miscellany & age & weak individuals must be ranked on the top when designing DRR strategies. 13-F shows that weak groups and district level establishments must be accredited to handle & reduce risks associated with disasters by accessing significant details & statistics, available means and authority for deciding the actions for DRR. 16-3(H) defines that public involvement in disaster risk reduction must be endorsed by applying specific rules, developing linkages, managing those resources that are available voluntarily whether they are human or financial, describing responsibilities, and providing required facilitation. 17-2(D) comments about individuals-focused early-warning arrangements should be established within guidelines provided by a particular plan as these warnings are well-timed and rational to those at risk, on the basis of the demographic, social characteristics and means of support for the vulnerable people, encompassing course of actions about behaviors after distribution of these early-warning messages. 18-1(A) articulates the understandable information on threats because of disasters and defensive actions should be delivered, especially for persons in areas that are on high risks, for their empowerment and enabling individuals for taking a decision or act for reducing fears and constructing resilient attitude. The knowledge must incorporate correct traditional & native understanding and culture heritage and be modified to several target segments according to social & communal dynamics. 18-2(H) expresses about amalgamation of DRR knowledge into interrelated components of educational institutions’ syllabuses should be supported and the employment of official & unofficial setups for expanding this information among children & youth. 18-2 (M) declares about fair approach to appropriate preparation & informative scenarios for weak groups and women should be guaranteed; sensitivity about gender and culture exercise in the form of dynamic components of training & education for DRR should be stimulated. 184(P) shows, obligations borne by media to boost an attitude of resilience during disasters and resilient societal groups’ contribution during continual community education initiatives & community consultations at different social levels should be encouraged. 19-2(G) announces about implementation of social security networks for caring the deprived, aged & persons with disabilities, as well as people suffered by calamities should be supported. Rehabilitation measures including training frameworks in psychological and social contexts in for diminishing the psychosomatic destruction borne by weak people, particularly kids, as consequence caused by catastrophes should be improved. 19-2(I) encourages, it should be guaranteed about schemes designed for the moved individuals must not exaggerate the defencelessness during risks. 20-F reassures about specific methods for inclusion of energetic Afsheen Zeeshan, Shahzad Hussain and Muhammad Bashir Khan 10 Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR) contribution & enabling main stakeholders, containing groups, in DRR, for construction of passion for volunteerism should be presented (HFA, 2005) Many countries recognize that there is lack of attention towards susceptible sets’ necessities, matters & involvement in disaster risk reduction at the United Nations General Assembly’s 61 session and presented statement about wish for encouraging determination to incorporate vulnerable folks’ contribution in disaster risk reduction activities (United Nations, 2006). Disabled individuals, elderly, children and women’s difficulties had been discussed during first meeting conducted by International Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction (2007). The conference ending declaration emphasized the fact about making elderly persons and women a significant part in formation of philosophy to prepare them for disaster & mitigation, especially at level of community was not recognized and because of their capability for supporting disaster risk reduction was generally ignored. A concern about weak persons’ management of unequal influences related to calamities was also debated. Concluding statement certified to improve responsiveness, initiate activities to lessen vulnerable segments’ problems in DRR, and facilitate these people’s headship & assistances in DRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2007) The Manila Statement for International Initiatives on Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change, and Gender acknowledged by two hundred fifty members during 3rd Global Conference of Females in Politics, highlighted about privation of global covenants about sensitizing gender on climate change. Twelve key pledges were taken, encompassing, initiative for males & females should similarly be supported in global warming and disaster risk reduction policy formulation practices at societal, international, regional and national levels & costing regarding gender sensitivity should be monitored with the help of international establishments & states for making proper resource division guaranteed for increasing females’ expertise, mainly the underprivileged & the most deprived, for improvement of the resistance to threats posed by global warming and catastrophes (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2008). The Beijing Framework for International Action on the integration of weak segments of society in DRR (2009) designated rules to apply disaster risk reduction guidelines with the help of global groups & states for generating resilience during disaster that is gender-sensitive at the national & local domain. It stresses upon political leadership to show readiness for incorporation of weak sets in DRR & enable countries for administering the weakness, peril & competency examination and assessment (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2009) Following are some case studies which can be debated to study best DRR modules that are being implemented by developing a world for inclusion and empowerment of disabled, women, elderly and children in DRR. Alleviating Incomes by Involving Community in Preparedness – India (Malda, West Bengal) Susceptible for floods, storms and starvation approximately every year, West Bengal’s district Malda, is tormented by fewer quantities of agricultural products and scarcity regarding occupations too. These conditions are the causes to increase relocation, hunger & many related problems, which multiply weaknesses for disasters. Labour without lands and marginalized agriculturalists, that constitute 70 percent of region’s populations, are the real victims. World Vision Office in India, in alliance to Indian State & United Nations Children’s Fund (February 2006), initiated a program planned for making people aware of preparedness & mitigation for disasters, whereas providing earni

Critical Factors of Underground Economy and Tax Evasion: Evidence from Pakistan:

Abstract: Underground Economy and Tax evasion remains the hot cake for economists because of its direct relationship with the country’s GDP and social development. This paper aims to investigate the main critical factors of underground economy and tax evasion contributing towards the regressing economic landscape of Pakistan. The presence of Underground Economy is a reflection of the citizens of the country. As it conceals their income generation sources to avoid tax payments; this is either because they are not worth revealing or more primarily earned from illegal businesses that are banned in Pakistan including Smuggling, Trafficking, Drugs and other similar unlawful activities. Tanzi (1983) equation for measuring the underground economy is used to highlight the contributing factors of underground economy. These factors are analysed prudently to dig out the critical factors for the Underground Economy of Pakistan from the existing literature. The findings of the study explains that corruption and concealment of income to avoid tax payments to state are the main factors; consequently followed by unaware labour force, de-regularized fiscal policies and weak tax collection system are the constituents of Underground Economy in Pakistan. The paper concludes with recommendations to policy makers to combat the nuisance of underground economy and tax evasion, and to put the economy of Pakistan on the track towards progress.