National Defence University, Pakistan

About: National Defence University, Pakistan is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Decision support system & Population. The organization has 802 authors who have published 816 publications receiving 3701 citations. The organization is also known as: National Defence University of Pakistan & National Defence University Islamabad.

Correlation of microstructural evolution and hardness properties of 99.0Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu (SAC0307) lead-free solder under blast wave condition

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of a blast wave on the microstructure, intermetallic layers and hardness properties of Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu (SAC0307) lead-free solder.,Soldered samples were exposed to the blast wave by using trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive. Microstructure and intermetallic layer thickness were identified using Alicona ® Infinite Focus Measurement software. Hardness properties of investigated solders were determined using a nanoindentation approach.,Microstructure and intermetallic layers changed under blast wave condition. Hardness properties of exposed solders decreased with an increase in the TNT explosive weight.,Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the exposed solder to the blast wave provide a fundamental understanding on how blast waves can affect the reliability of a solder joint, especially for military applications.

Food Preferences in Finland: Sustainable Diets and their Differences between Groups

Abstract: The world is facing the great challenge of how to feed the increasing and wealthier population sustainably in the future, with already limited natural resources. The existing literature reveals the negative impacts of animal-based diets, and thus global diet changes are required to ensure future food availability. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that food consumption is more than caloric intake—it is based on personal preferences. We assessed how sustainable food choices vary among Finnish citizens. The respondents (n = 2052) answered nine statements about their consumption behavior. We applied quantitative and qualitative methods, and our results indicate that favoring plant-based diets was the highest among people under 30 and above 60 years old. Middle-aged men with high incomes was the most reluctant group to adopt sustainable diets. Health-related issues and origin of food were the most preferred reasons for food choices, while environmental awareness was ranked lower. The key to mainstream sustainable diets lies in the co-benefits —transition towards more sustainable diets among Finns could be possible, if people felt that they can combine the selfish, hedonistic factors (e.g., health, weight loss) and altruistic factors (e.g., ecological benefits) in their everyday diets.

The impact of the Supervisor's Role in training Programmes on the transfer of training : A case study in four East Malaysian Local Governments

Abstract: The Malaysian public sector plays a key role in the government's vision to enhance the economic status, assist the growth of industrial and private sectors, and support the country's human capital needs. Extant studies advocated that a supervisor plays an important role in enhancing the transfer of training among employees, and although the nature of this relationship has been studied, it is has been given less attention especially in the context ofthe Malaysian public sector. Hence, this study attempted to rectify the lack of literature by investigating the relationship between a supervisor's role in training programmes, and the transfer of training in four East Malaysian local governments. Indepth interviews were conducted with a total of 12 employees to develop the self report questionnaire, and a pilot study was conducted with the participation of 60 employees to pre test the questionnaire. The questionnaire was then used to gather quantitative data from 1100 management and non management employees working in the administrative and technical divisions for hypotheses testing. Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between supervisor's role in training programmes and the transfer of training. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated among the studied variables, supervisor communication acted as a dominant factor in enhancing the transfer of training. These findings have implications for human resource management (HRM) policies and practices by detailing guidelines to improve organisational remuneration system as well as pathways for enhancing the role of supervisors in training programmes in order to facilitate the transfer of training, particularly within the Malaysian public sector.

Thermo-mechanical analysis of non Newtonian peristaltic mechanism: Modified heat flux model

Abstract: In this study, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux through non-Newtonian peristaltic flow in a two dimensional asymmetric channel is investigated. Non-Newtonian features are characterized by the constitutive relationships of the second order fluid. Series solutions are derived about wave number for highly nonlinear coupled equations. Detailed analysis of the emerging parameters of interest on the flow quantities is presented. Vanishing the relaxation time of Cattaneo–Christov​ heat flux model leads the results to a limiting case of Fourier’s law. It is concluded that in the vicinity of upper boundary convective heat transfer is dominant while at the centerline the conductive heat transfer is dominant. Further, non-Newtonian fluid film near the upper boundary faces severe friction while at lower boundary it goes through lesser friction. Wavy boundaries bring oscillatory nature in the heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux plays a vital role in the enhancement of fluid temperature above the centerline.