National Defence University, Pakistan

About: National Defence University, Pakistan is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Decision support system & Population. The organization has 802 authors who have published 816 publications receiving 3701 citations. The organization is also known as: National Defence University of Pakistan & National Defence University Islamabad.

Effect of Tool Pin Profile on the Hook Geometry and Mechanical Properties of a Friction Stir Spot Welded AA6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy

Abstract: AA6082-T6 alloy was joined by friction stir spot welding using five different pin profiles, namely cylindrical, conical, triangular, hexagonal, and cylindrical with two grooves, at different dwell ...

Cattle Production for Exports in Water-Abundant Areas: The Case of Finland

Abstract: Water scarcity is a severe global threat, and it will only become more critical with a growing and wealthier population. Annually, considerable volumes of water are transferred virtually through the global food system to secure nations’ food supply and to diversify diets. Our objective is to assess, whether specializing water-intensive production for exports in areas with an abundance of natural resources, would contribute to globally resource-efficient food production. We calculated Finland’s virtual water net export potential (four scenarios) by reallocating the present underutilized agricultural land and combining that with a domestic diet change (three scenarios) to maximize the exports of cattle products. Assessed scenarios indicate that the greatest potential to net export virtual water (3.7 billion m3 year−1, 25-time increase to current) was achieved when local production was maximized with domestic and exported feed, and bovine meat consumption in Finland was replaced with a vegetarian substitute. This corresponds to annual virtual water consumption for food of about 3.6 million global citizens (assuming 1032 m3 cap−1 year−1). Therefore our results suggest, that optimizing water-intensive production to water-rich areas, has a significant impact on global water savings. In addition, increasing exports from such areas by decreasing the domestic demand for water-intensive products to meet the nutrition recommendation levels, saves water resources.

Potential strategies to reduce inappropriate prescribing and dispensing of antimicrobials in Bangladesh building on the experiences in other developing countries

Abstract: In our previous editorial, we discussed that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem world-wide increasing morbidity, mortality and costs1-3. This needs to be urgently addressed with the World Bank recently documenting that the costs associated with AMR could exceed US$1 trillion annually after 2030, and potentially up to US$3.4 trillion annually, unless activities are instigated across countries to improve the prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics4. This is equivalent to 3.8% of annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP)4, with the costs associated with AMR typically greatly exceeding the costs of any antibiotic prescribed or dispensed5. We are aware that mortality rates from AMR are likely to be greatest among low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Asian countries such as Bangladesh by 2050, which is a concern going forward6,7. This builds on considerable resistance already to commonly prescribed antibiotics among LMICs including Bangladesh, with AMR rates continuing to rise2,8-15 enhanced by appreciable usage in animal and food production alongside humans16-18. In their recent study, Ara et al. (2021) found high rates of resistance to colistin as well as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and the cephalosporins in isolates of women attending out-patient clinics for urinary tract infections9. This needs to be urgently addressed.