National Defence University, Pakistan

About: National Defence University, Pakistan is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Decision support system & Population. The organization has 802 authors who have published 816 publications receiving 3701 citations. The organization is also known as: National Defence University of Pakistan & National Defence University Islamabad.

Hitler’s Downfall and the Collapse of the Thousand Years Reich: Multi Fronts and Incapable Allies

Abstract: Abstract The downfall of Adolf Hitler was a significant development in the history of the world. His armies conquered almost all of Europe in a dramatic span of time by the employment of Blitzkrieg tactics. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Hitler assisted General Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Later, while still fighting on the Western front, Hitler ordered the Afrika Korps to assist Italians in Northern Africa and in the Balkans region and finally launched Operation Barbarossa by invading the Soviet Union. The Anti-Comintern Pact, Pact of Steel and Tripartite Pact brought the Third Reich, the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Italy onto one page. This paper attempts to probe the multiple fronts and the efficacy of Hitler’s allies including Japan, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Croatia and to try and find the causes behind the downfall of one of the strongest men the world has ever seen from a theoretical perspective. This research did not intend to glorify Hitler or Nazism, but focuses on how the maximization of power and the states’ actions with hegemonic aspirations triggered a balancing coalition and ultimately resulted in punishment from the system itself.

Counteraction to information influence in social networking services by means of fuzzy logic system

Abstract: The article describes a decision support system based on fuzzy inference aimed to automate the procedure of choosing a model of formalizing the interaction between actors in virtual communities of social networking services and synergistic management of such processes. The developed system aims to increase the effectiveness of counteracting threats to information security of the state in social networking services. The mathematical apparatus of the fuzzy set theory and the Mamdani algorithm are the basis for the functioning of the decision support system. The usage of the developed fuzzy inference system will remove the ambiguity of information security expertise in the course of choosing approaches to formalization and the model of synergistic management of actors’ interaction in the conditions of incomplete information and ambiguous assessment of the state information security threat in social networking services.

Threshold-Based Bit Error Rate for Stopping Iterative Turbo Decoding in a Varying SNR Environment

Abstract: Online bit error rate (BER) estimation (OBE) has been used as a stopping iterative turbo decoding criterion. However, the stopping criteria only work at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), and fail to have early termination at low SNRs, which contributes to an additional iteration number and an increase in computational complexity. The failure of the stopping criteria is caused by the unsuitable BER threshold, which is obtained by estimating the expected BER performance at high SNRs, and this threshold does not indicate the correct termination according to convergence and non-convergence outputs (CNCO). Hence, in this paper, the threshold computation based on the BER of CNCO is proposed for an OBE stopping criterion (OBEsc). From the results, OBEsc is capable of terminating early in a varying SNR environment. The optimum number of iterations achieved by the OBEsc allows huge savings in decoding iteration number and decreasing the delay of turbo iterative decoding.

Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on human lipids: Systematic review

Abstract: 1 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia, 2 Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia. (UPNM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3 Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Malaysia, 4 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia, 5 College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.

An appraisal of mortality in Intensive Care Unit of a Level III military hospital of Bangladesh

Abstract: Background: Mortalities in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) are high and widely variable. The unpredictability of death rates is attributable to age, sex, nature and severity of illness, comorbidity, well-timed medical attention, quality of the attending staffs, iatrogenic events, total management facilities, and overall grade of the ICU in general. Materials and Methods: A total of seventy patients who died in the ICU of a Level III Combined Military Hospital within a period of 2 years were studied in retrospect to review the mortality pattern. Results: Overall mortality rate was 3.58%, among which 81.43% were male and 18.57% were female. The mortality rate in geriatric patients was 12.26% and 2.84% in the age group of 12–60 years and 2.56% in below 12 years. The major causes of death were ischemic heart disease (20%), cerebrovascular disease (14.28%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10%). Highest incidence of death occurred during 1–3 days of ICU stay (34.28%) and the lowest was at 4 days to 1 week (4.28%). Conclusion: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is remaining as the most important cause of mortality in our community although many countries have succeeded in reducing the IHD mortality by a combination of lifestyle modification and improving the health-care delivery systems.