National Defence University, Pakistan

About: National Defence University, Pakistan is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Context (language use) & Decision support system. The organization has 802 authors who have published 816 publications receiving 3701 citations. The organization is also known as: National Defence University of Pakistan & National Defence University Islamabad.

Studies on electrochemical behaviour of PVdF-HFP based ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte

Abstract: Ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte (ILGPE) film consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim][BF4] with different composition ratio were prepared through solution casting technique. The prepared films were subjected to impedance, temperature dependence, and total ionic transference number analysis. Ionic conductivity for each ILGPEs were measured at room temperature and with increasing temperature ranging from 303 to 373 K. The maximum room temperature ionic conductivity is found to be 2.84 × 10-3 S cm-1 for film containing 60% composition ratio of [Bmim][BF4]. Temperature dependence analysis showed that the ionic conductivity of the ILGPEs increased with increasing temperature and seem to obey Arrhenius behaviour. Total ionic transference number showed that ions are the major charge carriers in this system.Ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte (ILGPE) film consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim][BF4] with different composition ratio were prepared through solution casting technique. The prepared films were subjected to impedance, temperature dependence, and total ionic transference number analysis. Ionic conductivity for each ILGPEs were measured at room temperature and with increasing temperature ranging from 303 to 373 K. The maximum room temperature ionic conductivity is found to be 2.84 × 10-3 S cm-1 for film containing 60% composition ratio of [Bmim][BF4]. Temperature dependence analysis showed that the ionic conductivity of the ILGPEs increased with increasing temperature and seem to obey Arrhenius behaviour. Total ionic transference number showed that ions are the major charge carriers in this system.

Sectarian Divide as a Cause of Protracted Conflict: A Case of Syria (2011-18)

Abstract: Since the people’s uprising in 2011 against the authoritarian regime of Bashar Al Assad and its oppressive policies, Syria is entangled in a long spiral of violent conflict. Though a number of factors explain the violent nature of war and its longevity, however sectarianism proved to be the most significant and the most dominant factors of all. The dominancy of minority Alawite community in the country led to the discrimination against other sects especially the Sunni majority, comprising 74 percent of the total population. Such prejudices against Sunnis and other sects have pitched Syrian people against the regime which evolved into a long and sectarian civil war that dominates the Syrian society till date. Applying Protracted Social Conflict Model, this paper tries to answer the question that how sectarianism played a role in the perpetuation of the Syrian civil war during 2011-2018. Using qualitative methods of analysis, the paper endeavours to dig out the roots of the current violent conflict in the country. For data collection and analysis, secondary sources in the form of books, research articles and other internet sources have been consulted in an attempt to analyse what is unknown on the basis of what is known.

China-Laos Economic Corridor: Challenges for Regional and Policy Countermeasures

Abstract: This corridor is an important link between Chinas "the Belt and Road Initiative" and the strategy of Laos to turn "land-locked country" into "land-linked country". Continued to strengthen the construction of software and hardware facilities along the China-Laos economic corridor and promote the connectivity of the areas along the corridor, this research explores the channels of cooperation between China, Laos and third parties, starting with scientific and technological cooperation, carry out scientific diplomacy, and dissolve a series of remarks smearing Chinas "The Belt and Road Initiative" such as "Environmental Destruction Theory" and "Debt Trap Theory". Finally, through the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation system in order to construct this economic corridor, the overall situation of the facilities of the economic corridor construction project can be controlled. The research also finds whether Laos has benefited from the construction of the China-Laos economic corridor and to what extent.

An Introduction to the Law of War

Abstract: The Law of War is the legal regime of a series of principles, rules and regulations with binding force which regulate the relations among belligerent parties, among the belligerent parties and neutral parties or non-belligerent parties, and the combat activities during wars or armed conflicts in the form of treaties and custom (GU Dexin. An Introduction to the Law of War, the National Defence University Press, p.9, 1991)The Law of War mainly includes two parts: the first part is the principles, rules, regulations and regimes which regulate the relations among belligerent parties, among the belligerent parties and neutral states, and stipulates the beginning and the end of war; the second part is the rules and regulations regulate the activities of the belligerent parties. The second part can be further divided into two sections: one is the rules and regulations which restrict the means and methods of operations, which is represented by the Hague Conventions; another one is the principles, rules, regulations and regimes which protect civilians and war victims, which are mainly contained in the Geneva Conventions.

Stability of block backward differentiation formulas method

Abstract: In this paper, a technique for finding A(α) - stability interval for the Block Backward Differentiation Formulas (BBDFs) are presented. The stability region is obtained for a single equation and stable step size restriction is indicated for the BBDF of order four, (BBDF(4)), and BBDF of order five, (BBDF(5)). Numerical examples are given to illustrate the stability interval in choosing a suitable step size in the implementation of the method.