National Defence University, Pakistan

About: National Defence University, Pakistan is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Context (language use) & Decision support system. The organization has 802 authors who have published 816 publications receiving 3701 citations. The organization is also known as: National Defence University of Pakistan & National Defence University Islamabad.

Evaluation of pier-scour predictions for wide piers using field data

Abstract: Many research have been carried out and formulas derived to estimate wide pier scour equation.However, many of these formulas were derived using data from laboratory and very limited equation that hadbeen developed were tested using data from field. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the laboratory widepier scour equation that proposed from the previous findings with field data set. Large number of field data fromthe literature were extracted and it consist both clear-water and live-bed scour. A technique for evaluating thequality of the data was created and tested to the data set. Three pier-scour equations of wide pier from theliterature also used to analyze the performance of each equation. Comparisons of computed and measured scourdepths show that the formula from the previous publication demonstrated the smallest discrepancy ratio and RootMean Square Error value when compared with the large number of laboratory and data from field.

Economic Conditions of Pakistan and Their Impact on FDI

Abstract: IntroductionThe economy of Pakistan is the 27th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), and 47th largest in terms of nominal GDP. Pakistan has three main sectors in his economy which encompasses agriculture sectors, services sector and industrial. Pakistan’s economy is in a downward spiral and is passing through a period of slow growth, mainly on account of security challenges, political instability, natural disasters, weak global economy and energy crisis. Pakistan’s economy is mostly dependent on agriculture sectors throughout of his independent. The importance of the agriculture sector increases manifold because of its strong influence over demand for industrial goods and services. Because of the devastating floods for two three consecutive years has ruined agriculture sector badly. Textile sector is also dependent on agriculture sector. Textile industry has been growing through one of the toughest periods in recent years because of sever energy crisis, low international demand. There are many other industries are also dependent of agriculture sectors. Sustained growth in services sector is an important drive of overall economic growth of an economy. The development experiences manifest that the services sector not only engenders growth in agricultural and manufacturing sectors but also results into greater economic integration with the development world. The services sector in Pakistan has also posited considerable growth episodes over the last decade and now claims the largest share in GDP. In last few years terrorist attacks has damaged the services sector badly in Pakistan. These economic conditions of Pakistan have great impact on foreign direct investment in the country, which is decreasing very sharply.Statement of the ProblemForeign Direct Investment (FDI) fell by 48.2% during July-March 2011-12 and stood at $599 million as against $1157 million during the comparable period of last years. The portfolio investment decreases by 148.5% as it turned to outflow of $83 million against inflow of $305 million in the corresponding period of last year because of the recent economic conditions of Pakistan.Purpose of the studyThe purpose of the study is to analyze the current economic conditions of Pakistan and their impact on Pakistan. In this study we will deeply analyze the three major economic sectors of Pakistan’s economy and their positive and negative impact on FDI. In this study we will also follow the most recent political conditions of Pakistan and their impact on economy. Beside energy crises and security conditions in Pakistan are also the part of this study.HypothesisHo = the current economic conditions are not decreasing the FDI in PakistanHa = the current economic conditions are decreasing the FDI in PakistanLiterature Review“In its latest report on Pakistan’s economy, The World Bank has painted a dismal report in which it has reported a noticeable decline in per capita income (PCI), and increase in unemployment by volumes. Expressing its deep apprehensions over Pakistan’s economic progress, it has said that progress had slowed considerably, and Pakistan was lagging well behind even such SAARC counterparts as Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri-Lanka and India. The report cites political tensions, confrontations and natural calamities, chiefly floods, as the main reasons for this sad state of affairs. “Pakistan’s economy is estimated to grow by 3.7% against the target of 4.2% set for the year 2011-12 and actual growth of 3% in 2010-11. Agriculture sector is estimated to grow by 3.1% as against the target of 3.4%. The rain damaged agriculture sector badly in lower Sindh Industrial sector is also shown downfall due to the shortage of gas and electricity in the Pakistan. “The services sector grew by 4% which is below the targeted growth of 5% and actual growth of 4.5% last year.National Saving is estimated to fall from 13.2% of GDP to 10.8% in 2011-12 as against the target of 13.2%. Real private and public investment both fell by 13% and 8.4% respectively.MethodologyI shall use both qualitative and quantitative research to solve the problem. In this research I shall collect both the qualitative data and quantitative data with primary and secondary resources. In qualitative research I shall see the economic instability of the country, security problem of the country and their overall impact on country and FDI. In quantitative research I shall collect the data of agriculture, services and industrial sector data of last ten years and the FDI data of last ten years and then compare their impacts and the results.

Numerical and experimental study on droplet size of kerosene fuel

Abstract: This project is mainly about study on spray characteristic for kerosene fuel. Fine spray with homogeneous mixture of fuel and air during the injection process is expected to be promising for optimisation of combustion processes in order to achieve high efficiencies and emissions as low as possible. Firstly all the important physical properties of Jet A-1 will be determined. Then spray of the fuel will be study by an experiment using Phase Droppler Anemometer. Those spray characteristics will be analyzed. Empirical study will be conduct using chosen equations of flow number, discharge coefficient, cone angle, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and film thickness. Result of SMD for both methods will be compared. Numerical study also will be conduct by using Gambit and FLUENT software to observe the spray characteristic such as Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) for kerosene fuel using 2D Discrete Phase Model with 2D axisymetric, without swirl model.

Vector-space approach to evaluation of the efficiency of use of radioelectronic controls

Abstract: The intensive development of information and control technologies, as well as their integration into a single information space, leads to an increase in the role of such technologies in the processes of control of troops (forces) and weapons, including high-precision. At the same time, the electronic material basis of information infrastructure, created within the framework of the concept of a network-centric war, is potentially vulnerable to the devices of electronic warfare. However, the analysis of the experience of using electronic devices has shown that in practice there are cases where the level of effectiveness of the use of these devices is lower than necessary. Accordingly, the improvement of the effectiveness of electronic warfare devices is an important area of scientific research. The primary component of increasing the effectiveness of electronic warfare devices is the substantiation and development of indicators that provide an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the use of these tools, taking into account all the important factors and conditions (including inaccuracies or uncertainties about the parameters of suppressed objects). Accordingly, the article develops an approach to the selection of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the use of electronic warfare devices. The basis of the proposed approach is that the potential ability of the devices of electronic warfare to perform the tasks set forth is sufficiently fully described by the corresponding vector space, each point of which is determined by the corresponding vector, which includes a certain number of indicators describing the properties of these devices. In the course of the research, the main provisions of the theory of electronic warfare, the method of analysis of hierarchies, as well as general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis were used. The proposed approach to the evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of electronic warfare devices allows us to use a combination of system-resource approach to calculate indicators on the basis of the multilevel description of the composition of the devices of electronic warfare, when the multi-dimensional structure of its integral index (level of functioning) is gradually filled with parametric content, which is the advantage of this methodological approach. Also, the developed approach to evaluation allows us to develop, on a quantitative basis, recommendations on the choice of rational indicators of the composition of electronic warfare in accordance with the tasks set, to determine the level of functioning of the devices of electronic warfare by converting their partial and aggregate indicators.

Fabrication of micromachined uniform microtrench arrays for silicon based filtration membrane

Abstract: In this paper, we report a uniform microtrench array fabricated on silicon substrate. The proposed system is aimed for the biological molecules separation process via filtration in artificial kidney. The system consists of silicon based membrane having arrays of trench with the dimension of approximately 1 μm. The fabrication of the trenches is following standard silicon MEMS process with additional surface modification of the fabricated trench by using thermal oxidation process. The result shows that trench patterns having size of 1~2 μm have been produced. The thermal oxidation process shows that the trench size could be reduced up to 50%. The study will be beneficial for the development of silicon membrane with uniform microtrench arrays for application in filtration of blood cell from other solutes based on molecule size. When the microtrench is etched through the silicon membrane, a filtration membrane is then formed. The separation of solutes will be better due to the uniform size of microtrench.