National Defence University, Pakistan

About: National Defence University, Pakistan is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Decision support system & Population. The organization has 802 authors who have published 816 publications receiving 3701 citations. The organization is also known as: National Defence University of Pakistan & National Defence University Islamabad.

Threat Asymmetry and Transition in Deterrence: Technical Assessment of India’s Ballistic Missile Defense Shield

Abstract: The global change in perception following the Cold War from deterrence by punishment in the form of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) to deterrence by denial has multiplied the utility of the Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD). India’s willingness to acquire and develop the advanced BMD shield is inspired, especially by Reagan’s Star Wars and the global shift in using it as an instrument of deterrence by denial. But as the application of its offensive-defensive paradox, India is raising a multi-layer air defense system to enhance its freedom of action and to acquire impunity in carrying out what New Delhi believes as its ‘limited war’ strategy against Pakistan. However, despite having a number of air defense systems in place including the recently acquired advanced S-400 air defense system, India is unable to shield itself completely from the counter-force or counter-value strikes by Pakistan as evident by the Balakot debacle. This is not only because India lags behind in BMD technology but also because of its inability to afford a comprehensive pan-national BMD shield. Therefore, the paper argues that, India’s attempt to build a multi-layer air defense system, rather than ensuring balance of power, destabilizes it and the delicate deterrence in place. This is because the threat asymmetry allows Pakistan to develop advanced nuclear capabilities including BMD evading delivery vehicles like MIRV as the offensive firepower to communicate the threat as an effective deterrence. Resultantly, the employment of BMD in South Asia disturbs strategic parity, fractures deterrence, drags down nuclear threshold and hence raises the cost of conflict between Pakistan and India with an elevated threat of annihilation.

Framework Of Malay Intelligent Autonomous Helper (Min@H): Text, Speech And Knowledge Dimension Towards Artificial Wisdom For Future Military Training System

Abstract: Industrial Revolution 4.0 is expected to improve the way of military training system. Most of the assistant systems use English for their Human Machine Interaction (HMI) such ‘SARA’ a virtual socially aware robot assistant which exclude Malay socio-emotional aspects. This scenario opens a suggestion, to internalize socio-emotional aspects based on Malay culture, custom and beliefs to military autonomous training systems (i.e. MIN@H) that can improve the ‘collaborative’ skills between Malaysian military personnel and the systems. Therefore, to increase the wisdom of the systems, they must have feature to capture information for their human users or helping human users to learn new knowledge and ensure the interaction is comfortable and engaging. For that reason, the systems must understand Malay language and be able to interpret emotion and expression behavior according to the Malay culture and custom, furthermore, the systems able to differentiate the level of user’s understanding and build a good rapport or feeling of harmony that makes communication possible or easy between the systems and users. This concept of the systems is referred as Malay Artificial Wisdom System (AWS). There are three fundamental aspects to achieve the AWS. First, to computationally model the conversational strategies and rapport between the system and human users based-on user’s understanding and system’s articulation. Second, to computationally model, recognize and synthesize the emotion and expression behavior according to the Malay culture, custom and beliefs. Third, the AWS can do analytical reasoning and responding in relation to falsehood analysis and users’ understanding level. Knowledge discovery and inference technique as well as HMI that cater the inputs and output of the MIN@H will be developed to accomplish the AWS concept. This program could embrace military training system in Malaysia to enhance military personnel skills and experts in various areas.

Fabrication of micromachined uniform microtrench arrays for silicon based filtration membrane

Abstract: In this paper, we report a uniform microtrench array fabricated on silicon substrate. The proposed system is aimed for the biological molecules separation process via filtration in artificial kidney. The system consists of silicon based membrane having arrays of trench with the dimension of approximately 1 μm. The fabrication of the trenches is following standard silicon MEMS process with additional surface modification of the fabricated trench by using thermal oxidation process. The result shows that trench patterns having size of 1~2 μm have been produced. The thermal oxidation process shows that the trench size could be reduced up to 50%. The study will be beneficial for the development of silicon membrane with uniform microtrench arrays for application in filtration of blood cell from other solutes based on molecule size. When the microtrench is etched through the silicon membrane, a filtration membrane is then formed. The separation of solutes will be better due to the uniform size of microtrench.

First Principles Study on Structural and Electronic Properties of PZT and PSnZT Using Density Functional Theory

Abstract: The geometry optimization of the tetragonal supercell 1x1x2 (P4mm, 99 space group) of PZT and PSnZT were calculated using different exchange correlation functional such as Local Density Approximate (LDA-CAPZ) and Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA-PBE & GGA-PBEsol).The calculation using functional GGA-PBEsol exhibits the most accurate values of lattice parameter and volume of structure relative to the experiment results with typical error of approximately 1% underestimate (only for PZT-as reference materials). The electronic band structure and density of state (DOS) were also studied in order to understand the electron density and hybrization between cation and anion in the compound. The density of state studies indicated existing of hybridizations among anion O 2p, cation Pb 6s/Sn 5s (special lone pair) and the Ti 3d/Zr 4d states of PZT and PSnZT compound. An indirect band gap was respectively obtained for both cubic PZT and PSnZT at the F-G and Q-G point with 3.154 eV and 2.571 eV.