National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

About: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology is a government organization based out in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Catalysis & Thin film. The organization has 22114 authors who have published 65856 publications receiving 1669827 citations. The organization is also known as: Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kenkyū-sho.

Interannual and seasonal variation of the Huanghe (Yellow River) water discharge over the past 50 years: Connections to impacts from ENSO events and dams

Abstract: The Huanghe, the second largest river in China, is now under great pressure as a water resource. Using datasets of river water discharge, water consumption and regional precipitation for the past 50 years, we elucidate some connections between decreasing water discharges, global El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and anthropogenic impacts in the drainage basin. Global ENSO events, which directly affected the regional precipitation in the river basin, resulted in approximately 51% decrease in river water discharge to the sea. The degree of anthropogenic impacts on river water discharge is now as great as that of natural influences, accelerating the water losses in the hydrological cycle. The large dams and reservoirs regulated the water discharge and reduced the peak flows by storing the water in the flood season and releasing it in the dry season as needed for agricultural irrigation. Thus, as a result, large dams and reservoirs have shifted the seasonal distribution patterns of water discharge and water consumption and finally resulted in rapidly increasing water consumption. Meanwhile, the annual distribution pattern of water consumption also changed under the regulation of dams and reservoirs, indicating that the people living in the river basin consume the water more and more to suit actual agricultural schedule rather than depending upon natural pattern of annual precipitation. The combination of the increasing water consumption facilitated by the dams and reservoirs and the decreasing precipitation closely associated with the global ENSO events over the past half century has resulted in water scarcity in this world-famous river, as well as in a number of subsequent serious results for the river, delta and coastal ocean.

Aerosol Deposition of Ceramic Thick Films at Room Temperature: Densification Mechanism of Ceramic Layers

Abstract: A novel method for depositing ceramic thick films by aerosol deposition (AD) is presented. Submicron ceramics particles are accelerated by gas flow up to 100–500 m/s and then impacted on a substrate, to form a dense, uniform and hard ceramic layer at room temperature. However, actual deposition mechanism has not been clarified yet. To clarify densification mechanism during AD, a mixed aerosol of α-Al2O3 and Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 powder was deposited to form a composite layer in this study. The cross-section of the layer was observed by HR-TEM to investigate the densification and bonding mechanism of ceramic particles. As a result, a plastic deformation of starting ceramic particles at room temperature was observed.

Magnitude and Directionality of Interaction in Ion Pairs of Ionic Liquids: Relationship with Ionic Conductivity

Abstract: The intermolecular interaction energies of nine ion pairs of room temperature ionic liquids were studied by MP2/6-311G** level ab initio calculations. The magnitude of the interaction energies of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (emim) complexes follows the trend CF3CO2- > BF4- > CF3SO3- > (CF3SO2)2N- ∼ PF6- (−89.8, −85.2, −82.6, −78.8, and −78.4 kcal/mol, respectively). The interaction energies of BF4- complexes with emim, ethylpyridinium (epy), N-ethyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium ((C2H5)(CH3)3N), and N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (empro) are not very different (−85.2, −82.8, −84.6, and −84.4 kcal/mol, respectively), while the size of the orientation dependence of the interaction energies follows the trend emim > epy ∼ (C2H5)(CH3)3N > empro. Comparison with the experimental ionic conductivities shows that the magnitude and directionality of the interaction energy of the ion pairs play a crucial role in determining the ionic dissociation/association dynamics in the ionic liquids. The electrostatic interaction is t...