Showing papers by "National Institute of Technology, Karnataka published in 2012"

Digital Signature-Based Secure Node Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract: The objective of energy efficient routing protocol is to increase the operational lifetime of the wireless sensor networks Multipath routing protocols enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks by distributing traffic among multiple paths instead of a single optimal path Transmission of secured data is also an important research concern in the wireless sensor networks In this paper, a secure node disjoint multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed Here, the data packets are transmitted in a secure manner by using the digital signature crypto system It is compared with an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol It shows better results in terms of packet delivery fraction, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay compared to the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue Dye from Dye-Contaminated Water by Adsorption Using Red Mud: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

Abstract: Utilization of industrial solid wastes for the treatment of wastewater from another industry could help environmental pollution abatement, in solving both solid waste disposal as well as liquid waste problems. Red mud (RM) is a waste product in the production of alumina and it poses serious pollution hazard. The present paper focuses on the possibility of utilization of RM as an adsorbent for removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue dye (RBB), a reactive dye from dye-contaminated water. Adsorption of RBB, from dye-contaminated water was studied by adsorption on powdered sulfuric acid-treated RM. The effect of initial dye concentration, contact time, initial pH, and adsorbent dosage were studied. Langmuir isotherm model has been found to represent the equilibrium data for RBB–RM adsorption system better than Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity of RM was found to be 27.8 mg dye/g of adsorbent at 40 °C. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption of RBB on acid-treated RM is an endothermic reaction with ∆H 0 of 28.38 kJ/mol. The adsorption kinetics is represented by second-order kinetic model and the kinetic constant was estimated to be 0.0105 ± 0.005 g/mg min. Validity of intra-particle diffusion kinetic model suggested that among the mass transfer processes during the dye adsorption process, pore diffusion is the controlling step and not the film diffusion. The process can serve dual purposes of utilization of an industrial solid waste and the treatment of liquid waste.

Introduction to Concepts of Teaching and Learning

Abstract: It is an accepted fact that teachers are usually not born but made. Good teachers nurture their knowledge and skills through constant and deliberate efforts. One of the pre-requisite to be good teacher is to understand the teaching learning process in more depth. This facilitates better appreciation of the teaching profession as well as the process of imparting education. This paper is intended to give an insight into the concept of teaching and learning for teachers who intend to excel in their teaching career.

Designing a Methodology to Investigate Accessibility and Impact of Financial Inclusion

Abstract: A well developed financial system brings poor people into the mainstream of the economy and allows them to contribute more actively to economic development both individually and collectively. This is the essence of “financial inclusion”, a new paradigm in the economics of growth and development. Financial inclusion as a corollary of social intermediation has both regional (global and local) and human perspectives. Therefore, it has emerged as a significant strategy of “growth with equity” in the emerging economies like India. The Reserve Bank of India promulgated a drive for financial inclusion, wherein banks take the lead in providing all unbanked households in a district, with savings accounts and gradually they access other financial services and products through this channel thereby enabling them to reduce poverty and inequality. Having the proof of the data that is conditioned about the levels and trends of financial inclusion and its impact on the socio-economic status of rural and urban households is a critical step towards this aspect. ‘Accessibility’ to financial resources is found to be the key parameter in this regard. The purpose of this paper therefore, is to evolve a research methodology to measure the impact of access to financial services by the poor and marginalized sections of the society. Authors analyze the supply and demand intricacies of financial resources (such as the functional complexities of the formal, informal and semiformal agencies) and the impact of accessibility to financial services on the socio-economic life of the rural households’ vis-a-vis the urban households in India. While doing these authors examine the evolving and multidimensional concept of financial inclusion, giving an account of the social banking background, the initiatives of financial inclusion in India, the experiences gained, and the challenges ahead. Research findings point out that in the context of inclusive growth in general and financial inclusion in particular, a quantifiable and pragmatic approach calls for a well designed and executed research methodology. Authors suggest an amalgamation of technological approach and human approach for strengthening the enabling and evaluating mechanisms of financial inclusion.

Future applications of carbon nanotube reinforced functionally graded composite materials

Abstract: Future applications demand materials having extraordinary mechanical, thermal and chemical properties which must sustain the different environment conditions and in the same time available easily at reasonable prices. The carbon nanotubes(CNT) reinforced functionally graded composite materials(FGCM) is expected to be the new generation material having a wide range of unexplored potential applications in various technological areas such as aerospace, defence, energy, automobile, medicine, structural and chemical industry. They can be used as gas adsorbents, templates, actuators, catalyst supports, probes, chemical sensors, nanopipes, nano-reactors etc. This paper explores in detail the different possibilities of application of CNT reinforced functionally graded composites and manufacturing techniques, which raise the awareness on the promise of nanotechnology and the potential impact on aerospace industry as well as on other areas.

Effect of cooling rate during solidification of Sn–9Zn lead-free solder alloy on its microstructure, tensile strength and ductile–brittle transition temperature

Abstract: Solidification rate is an important variable during processing of materials, including soldering, involving solidification. The rate of solidification controls the metallurgical microstructure at the solder joint and hence the mechanical properties. A high tensile strength and a lower ductile–brittle transition temperature are necessary for reliability of solder joints in electronic circuits. Hence in the present work, the effect of cooling rate during solidification on microstructure, impact and tensile properties of Sn–9Zn lead-free solder alloy was investigated. Four different cooling media (copper and stainless steel moulds, air and furnace cooling) were used for solidification to achieve different cooling rates. Solder alloy solidified in copper mould exhibited higher cooling rate as compared to other cooling media. The microstructure is refined as the cooling rate was increased from 0.03 to 25 °C/s. With increase in cooling rate it was observed that the size of Zn flakes became finer and distributed uniformly throughout the matrix. Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of the solder alloy increased with increase in cooling rate. Fractured surfaces of impact test specimens showed cleavage like appearance and river like pattern at very low temperatures and dimple like appearance at higher temperatures. The tensile strength of the solder alloy solidified in Cu and stainless moulds were higher as compared to air and furnace cooled samples. It is therefore suggested that the cooling rate during solidification of the solder alloy should be optimum to maximize the strength and minimize the DBTT.

Parameter Estimation and Vulnerability Assessment of Coastal Unconfined Aquifer to Saltwater Intrusion

Abstract: The focus of the present work is to characterize a tropical, coastal aquifer and to carry out its vulnerability to saltwater intrusion using hydrogeological parameters. The characterization of the aquifer involves pumping tests, vertical electrical sounding, and water quality analysis carried out at 41 monitoring wells. The area under investigation lies between two tropical, seasonal, tidal rivers, i.e., Pavanje and Gurpur rivers, joining the Arabian on the west coast of India. The aquifer is predominantly shallow and unconfined, having moderate to good groundwater potential with transimissivity and specific yield ranging from 49.2 to 461:4 m2∕day and 0.00058 to 0.2805, respectively. The electrical resistivity tests indicated that the thickness of the aquifer ranges from 18 to 30 m. The study also investigates the saltwater affected areas in the region the vertical electrical sounding and water quality analysis. The resistivity results revealed several probable isolated saltwater intruded pockets in the region with resistivity less than 70 Ωm. From the salinity analysis of water, the locations that are affected during February to May (summer) and throughout the year are identified. The wells that are located close to the coast (< 350 m) and at lower elevations (well bottom 200 ppm) during the summer period from tidal inflow along the rivers. The water samples were also analyzed for chloride to bicarbonate ratios during December to May at all the monitoring wells and were found to be exceeding the allowable limit at several locations. The saltwater vulnerability maps are derived for the area by the index-based method using the hydrogeological parameters. The method was found to be effective while compared to the field observations. The results from the analysis indicate that the aquifer is medium to highly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion at majority of the locations. The impact of projected sea level rise by 0.25 and 0.50 m from the climate change is also assessed on the vulnerability of the region to saltwater intrusion. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000524. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers

Fabrication and high-temperature structural characterization study of porous anodic alumina membranes

Abstract: Porous anodic alumina (PAA) membranes with highly ordered array of nanopores were prepared by two-step anodization process. Studies on structural and thermal properties and the thermal stability of the prepared PAA membranes were carried out. Investigation using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy was performed on the prepared PAA membranes at room temperature and in the temperature range 600–1,400 °C. The as-prepared PAA membranes revealed the amorphous nature. Polycrystalline PAA membranes were obtained by annealing carried out at different temperatures. Annealing study confirmed that the heat treatment transformed the amorphous PAA membranes to their crystalline phases, namely, γ-alumina at about 870 °C and then to α-alumina around 1,250 °C.

Effect of Cement and Quarry Dust on Shear Strength and Hydraulic Characteristics of Lithomargic Clay

Abstract: The lithomargic clay constitutes an important group of residual soils existing under lateritic soils. This soil is found on the western and eastern coasts of India over large areas. This soil is a problematic one and is very sensitive to water and loses a greater part of its strength when becomes saturated. These high silt deposits have invited many problems such as slope failures, foundation failures, embankment failures, uneven settlements etc. In this investigation an attempt is made to study the effect of cement and quarry dust on shear strength and hydraulic characteristics of the lithomargic clay after the stabilization. Microfabric and mineralogical studies were carried out to find out the reason for the strength development of the stabilized soil using SEM and XRD analysis. The results indicated that there is an improvement in the properties of the lithomargic clay with the addition of cement and quarry dust. The XRD results indicated the formation of CSH and CAH, which are responsible for strength development in the stabilized soil.

Optimal scheduling of computational task in cloud using Virtual Machine Tree

Abstract: The increasing demand in computing resources and widespread adaptation of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has made cloud as a new IT delivery mechanism. In cloud, computing resources are provided to the requester as a service, which include Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Cloud Computing is still in developing stage and faces many challenges. Out of the various issues, scheduling plays a very important role in determining the efficient execution of tasks in cloud environment. In this paper we present a scheduling algorithm which uses tree based data structure called Virtual Machine Tree (VMT) for efficient execution of tasks. The proposed algorithm is tested using CloudSim simulator and the results shows that algorithm gives better performance compared to other traditional scheduling algorithms.

Pickup and delivery problem using metaheuristics techniques

Abstract: Dial-a-ride problem (DARP) is an optimization problem which deals with the minimization of the cost of the provided service where the customers are provided a door-to-door service based on their requests. This optimization model presented in earlier studies, is considered in this study. Due to the non-linear nature of the objective function the traditional optimization methods are plagued with the problem of converging to a local minima. To overcome this pitfall we use metaheuristics namely Simulated Annealing (SA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). From the results obtained, we conclude that Artificial Immune System method effectively tackles this optimization problem by providing us with optimal solutions.

T4 and T6 Treatment of 6061 Al-15 Vol. % SiCP Composite

Abstract: Aging temperature history has profound effect on the mechanical and corrosion behavior of 6061 Al/SiC composite. In order to understand the effect of aging on the corrosion resistance, the natural and artificial aging behavior of 15 vol. % 6061 Al-SiCP composites was studied using the aging treatment and the Brinell hardness measurements. The aging curves for the composite (T6 treated) were determined at various aging temperatures such as room temperature, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, and 240°C. According to the peak hardness variation with temperature profile, it is found that the composite is underaged at 140°C and 160°C. Peak aging takes place at 180°C. Overaging takes place at 200°C, 220°C, and 240°C. The natural aging characteristics of the composite (T4 treated) are also studied using the Brinell hardness measurements.

Forming of Tubular Commercial Purity Aluminum by ECAP

Abstract: The equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process is a promising technique for imparting a large plastic deformation to materials without a resultant decrease in cross-sectional area. In the present study, the suitability of this technique for the processing of tubular specimens has been investigated. Commercially pure aluminum was selected for the study. Tubular specimens were extruded to three passes using four processing routes through an ECAP die with an angle of 150° between the two intersecting channels. Sand was used as a mandrel during the pressing. Analysis of force–stroke diagram was carried out. The mechanical properties were also investigated. Improvement in mechanical properties was observed in all the routes. These investigations demonstrate that ECAP is a promising technique for improving properties of tubular materials while ensuring retention of shape (with the possibility of imparting further deformation to the specimen using the same die) and with low pressing pressures.

Extruded poly(ethylene-co-octene)/fly ash composites – value added products from an environmental pollutant

Abstract: Fly ash (FA) is a by-product generated during combustion of coal and has caused serious environmental concerns. In an effort to utilize FA beneficially, we developed composites from an ethylene-octene random copolymer (EOC) and unmodified as well as surface-modified class-F fly ash (MFA) by twin screw extrusion. Addition of 20 wt% of MFA to EOC improves its tensile strength by 150%; also, MFA improves stress at 100% and 300% strains (M100 and M300) of EOC. Thermal stability of EOC matrix is appreciably improved by the addition of either FA or MFA, while the melting behavior is not appreciably influenced by either. Fractography study reveals an improved adhesion between the EOC and MFA particles up to a filler loading of 20%, beyond which the adhesion between EOC and MFA is weakened causing a reduction in mechanical properties. The ‘flammable’ nature of EOC changes to ‘self extinguishing’ on addition of even 10 wt% of FA or MFA, as found out from LOI study.

Land use/land cover change and urban expansion during 1983–2008 in the coastal area of Dakshina Kannada district, South India

Abstract: Urban settlements in developing countries are, at present, growing five times as fast as those in developed countries. This paper presents the urban expansion and land use/land cover changes in the fast urbanizing coastal area of the Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka state, South India, during the years 1983-2008 as a case study. Six Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite images were used in the present work. Supervised classification was carried out using maximum likelihood algorithm. The overall accuracy of the classification varied from 79% to 86.6%, and the kappa statistics varied from 0.761 to 0.850. The results indicate that the urban/built-up area in the study area has almost tripled during the study period. During the same time, the population has increased by 215%. The major driving forces for the urbanization were the enhanced economic activity due to the port and industrialization in the area. The urban/built-up area is projected to increase to 381 km 2 and the population in the study area is expected to reach 2.68 million by the year 2028. Urban growth prediction helps urban planners and policymakers provide better infrastructure services to a huge number of new urban residents.