Showing papers by "National Institutes of Health published in 1984"
TL;DR: Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or with signs or symptoms that frequently precede AIDS (pre-AIDS) were grown in vitro with added T-cell growth factor and assayed for the expression and release of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV).
Abstract: Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or with signs or symptoms that frequently precede AIDS (pre-AIDS) were grown in vitro with added T-cell growth factor and assayed for the expression and release of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV). Retroviruses belonging to the HTLV family and collectively designated HTLV-III were isolated from a total of 48 subjects including 18 of 21 patients wih pre-AIDS, three of four clinically normal mothers of juveniles with AIDS, 26 of 72 adult and juvenile patients with AIDS, and from one of 22 normal male homosexual subjects. No HTLV-III was detected in or isolated from 115 normal heterosexual subjects. The number of HTLV-III isolates reported here underestimates the true prevalence of the virus since many specimens were received in unsatisfactory condition. Other data show that serum samples from a high proportion of AIDS patients contain antibodies to HTLV-III. That these new isolates are members of the HTLV family but differ from the previous isolates known as HTLV-I and HTLV-II is indicated by their morphological, biological, and immunological characteristics. These results and those reported elsewhere in this issue suggest that HTLV-III may be the primary cause of AIDS.
3,618 citations
TL;DR: Using voltage-clamp experiments on mouse spinal cord neurones, it is shown that the voltage-sensitivity of NMDA action is greatly reduced on the withdrawal of physiological concentrations (∼1 mM) of Mg2+ from the extracellular fluid, providing further evidence that Mg 2+ blocks inward current flow through ion channels linked to NMDA receptors.
Abstract: Acidic amino acids are putative excitatory synaptic transmitters1,2, the ionic mechanism of which is not well understood. Recent studies with selective agonists and antagonists suggest that neurones of the mammalian central nervous system possess several different receptors for acidic amino acids3,4, which in turn are coupled to separate conductance mechanisms5. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) is a selective agonist for one of these receptors3,4. The excitatory action of amino acids acting at NMDA receptors is remarkably sensitive to the membrane potential and it has been suggested that the NMDA receptor is coupled to a voltage-sensitive conductance6–9. Recently, patch-clamp experiments have shown the voltage-dependent block by Mg2+ of current flow through ion channels activated by L-glutamate10. We now show using voltage-clamp experiments on mouse spinal cord neurones that the voltage-sensitivity of NMDA action is greatly reduced on the withdrawal of physiological concentrations (∼1 mM) of Mg2+ from the extracellular fluid. This provides further evidence that Mg2+ blocks inward current flow through ion channels linked to NMDA receptors.
2,810 citations
TL;DR: Preliminary studies in 11 patients suggest that extending the photoperiod with bright artificial light has an antidepressant effect and sleep recordings in nine depressed patients confirmed the presence of hypersomnia and showed increased sleep latency and reduced slow-wave (delta) sleep.
Abstract: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a syndrome characterized by recurrent depressions that occur annually at the same time each year. We describe 29 patients with SAD; most of them had a bipolar affective disorder, especially bipolar II, and their depressions were generally characterized by hypersomnia, overeating, and carbohydrate craving and seemed to respond to changes in climate and latitude. Sleep recordings in nine depressed patients confirmed the presence of hypersomnia and showed increased sleep latency and reduced slow-wave (delta) sleep. Preliminary studies in 11 patients suggest that extending the photoperiod with bright artificial light has an antidepressant effect.
2,186 citations
TL;DR: The complete (172,282 base pairs) nucleotide sequence of the B95-8 strain of Epstein–Barr virus has been established using the dideoxynucleotide/M13 sequencing procedure.
Abstract: The complete (172,282 base pairs) nucleotide sequence of the B95-8 strain of Epstein-Barr virus has been established using the dideoxynucleotide/M13 sequencing procedure. Many RNA polymerase II promoters have been mapped and the mRNAs from these promoters have been assigned to the latent or early/late productive virus cycles. Likely protein-coding regions have been identified and three of these have been shown to encode a ribonucleotide reductase, a DNA polymerase and two surface glycoproteins.
2,016 citations
TL;DR: Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.
Abstract: Stress stimulates several adaptive hormonal responses. Prominent among these responses are the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, and adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary. A number of complex interactions are involved in the regulation of these hormones. Glucocorticoids regulate catecholamine biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla and catecholamines stimulate adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary. In addition, other hormones, including corticotropin-releasing factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin stimulate while the corticosteroids and somatostatin inhibit adrenocorticotropin secretion. Together these agents appear to determine the complex physiologic responses to a variety of stressors.
1,529 citations
TL;DR: Six-month prevalence rates for selected DSM-III psychiatric disorders are reported based on community surveys in New Haven, Conn, Baltimore, and St Louis based on data gathered on more than 9,000 adults using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
Abstract: • Six-month prevalence rates for selected DSM-III psychiatric disorders are reported based on community surveys in New Haven, Conn, Baltimore, and St Louis. As part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area program, data were gathered on more than 9,000 adults, employing the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to collect information to make a diagnosis. The most common disorders found were phobias, alcohol abuse and/or dependence, dysthymia, and major depression. The most common diagnoses for women were phobias and major depression, whereas for men, the most predominant disorder was alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Rates of psychiatric disorders dropped sharply after age 45 years.
1,500 citations
TL;DR: The cortical representations of the hand in area 3b in adult owl monkeys were defined with use of microelectrode mapping techniques 2–8 months after surgical amputation of digit 3, or of both digits 2 and 3.
Abstract: The cortical representations ofthe hand in area 3b in adult owl monkeys were defined with use of microelectrode mapping techniques 2-8 months after surgical amputation of digit 3, or of both digits 2 and 3. Digital nerves were tied to prevent their regeneration within the amputation stump. Suc cessive maps were derived in several monkeys to determine the nature of changes in map organization in the same individuals over time. In all monkeys studied, the representations of adjacent digits and pal mar surfaces expanded topographically to occupy most or all of the cortical territories formerly representing the amputated digit(s). With the expansion of the representations of these surrounding skin surfaces (1) there were severalfold increases in their magnification and (2) roughly corresponding decreases in receptive field areas. Thus, with increases in magnification, surrounding skin surfaces were represented in correspondingly finer grain, implying that the rule relating receptive field overlap to separation in distance across the cortex (see Sur et aI., '80) was dynamically maintained as receptive fields progressively decreased in size. These studies also revealed that: (1) the discontinuities between the representations of the digits underwent significant translocations (usually by hundreds of microns) after amputation, and sharp new discontinuous boundaries formed where usually separated, expanded digital representa tions (e.g., of digits 1 and 4) approached each other in the reorganizing map, implying that these map discontinuities are normally dynamically main tained. (2) Changes in receptive field sizes with expansion of representations of surrounding skin surfaces into the deprived cortical zone had a spatial distribution and time course similar to changes in sensory acuity on the stumps of human amputees. This suggests that experience-dependent map changes result in changes in sensory capabilities. (3) The major topographic changes were limited to a cortical zone 500-700 JIm on either side of the initial boundaries of the representation of the amputated digits. More dis tant regions did not appear to reorganize (i.e., were not occupied by inputs from surrounding skin surfaces) even many months after amputation. (4) The representations of some skin surfaces moved in entirety to locations within the former territories of representation of amputated digits in every
1,327 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define social support as an exchange of resources between two individuals perceived by the provider or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient.
Abstract: We define social support as “an exchange of resources between two individuals perceived by the provider or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient.” We then discuss the assumptions and implications of this definition and address several gaps in the support literature. Specifically, we consider the costs and benefits of supportive exchanges for both participants, the dual and possibly incongruent perceptions of support held by the provider and the recipient, and the importance of non-network sources of support. In addition, we distinguish between the health-sustaining versus health-compensating functions of support and how these functions link with the resources provided in supportive exchanges. We next address the factors that can influence support effects and suggest a broad range of outcomes for both the provider and the recipient. Finally, we distinguish the dimensions of support from the contextual variables that can influence its quality and effectiveness.
1,303 citations
TL;DR: Of 10 distinct cloned DNA copies of mRNAs expressed in T lymphocytes but not in B lymphocytes and associated with membrane-bound polysomes, one hybridizes to a region of the genome that has rearranged in a T- cell lymphoma and several T-cell hybridomas, suggesting that it encodes one chain of the elusive antigen receptor on the surface of T lymphocyte.
Abstract: Of 10 distinct cloned DNA copies of mRNAs expressed in T lymphocytes but not in B lymphocytes and associated with membrane-bound polysomes, one hybridizes to a region of the genome that has rearranged in a T-cell lymphoma and several T-cell hybridomas. These characteristics suggest that it encodes one chain of the elusive antigen receptor on the surface of T lymphocytes.
1,218 citations
TL;DR: The National Institute of Mental Health multisite Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program is described in the context of four previous psychiatric epidemiologic surveys that included a combined total of 4,000 subjects from Stirling County, the Baltimore Morbidity Study, Midtown Manhattan, and the New Haven third-wave survey.
Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health multisite Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program is described in the context of four previous psychiatric epidemiologic surveys that included a combined total of 4,000 subjects from Stirling County, the Baltimore Morbidity Study, Midtown Manhattan, and the New Haven third-wave survey. The ECA program is distinguished by its sample size of at least 3,500 subjects per site (about 20,000 total); the focus on Diagnostic Interview Schedule--defined DSM-III mental disorders; the one-year reinterview-based longitudinal design to obtain incidence and service use data; the linkage of epidemiologic and health service use data; and the replication of design and method in multiple sites. Demographic characteristics of community and sample populations are provided for New Haven, Conn, Baltimore, and St Louis.
1,193 citations
TL;DR: A binding assay for radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies in which the fraction of immunoreactive antibody is determined by linear extrapolation to conditions representing infinite antigen excess is developed.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the independently developed schemata for classification of dopamine receptors in either the central nervous and endocrine systems or the cardiovascular system are similar although maybe not completely identical.
TL;DR: The 50 amino acid mature TGF-α produced by expression of the appropriate coding sequence in E. coli binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor and induces the anchorage independence of normal mammalian cells in culture.
TL;DR: Neurons within the RVL, most probably C1 adrenaline- synthesizing neurons, exert an excitatory influence on sympathetic vasomotor fibers, the adrenal medulla, and the posterior pituitary, as well as under tonic inhibitory control, in part via GABAergic mechanisms.
Abstract: We have studied the responses to electrical and chemical stimulation of the ventrolateral medulla in the chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated rat Locations of most active pressor responses were compared to regions containing neurons labeled immunocytochemically for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of adrenaline Elevations of arterial pressure (+816 +/- 25 mm Hg) and cardioacceleration (+73 +/- 136 bpm) were elicited with low current (5 times threshold of 95 +/- 11 microA) electrical stimulation in a region of rostral ventrolateral medullary reticular formation we have termed the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis (RVL) Electrical stimulation of the RVL increased plasma catecholamines (168-fold for adrenaline, 53-fold for noradrenaline, and 19-fold for dopamine) and vasopressin (17-fold before spinal transection, 47-fold after) The location of the most active pressor region in the ventrolateral medulla corresponded closely with the location of C1 adrenaline-synthesizing (PNMT-containing) neurons In addition, the location of the most active pressor region in the dorsomedial medulla corresponded with the location of a bundle of PNMT-containing axons Unilateral injections into the RVL of the excitatory amino acid monosodium L-glutamate (50 pmol to 10 nmol), but not saline, caused transient dose-dependent and topographically specific elevations (maximum +716 +/- 49 mm Hg) of arterial blood pressure and tachycardia Injections of the rigid structural analogue of glutamate, kainic acid, caused large, prolonged (at least 15 min) pressor responses and tachycardia Unilateral injections of the inhibitory amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the RVL caused transient dose-dependent hypotension (maximum -408 +/- 66 mm Hg) and bradycardia, whereas the specific GABA antagonist bicuculline caused prolonged (10 to 20 min) elevations (+642 +/- 68 mm Hg) of arterial pressure and tachycardia By contrast, injections of the glycine antagonist strychnine had no significant effect Bilateral injections of the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, dropped arterial pressure to low levels (517 +/- 47) not changed by subsequent spinal cord transection at the first cervical segment (525 +/- 62) We propose the following (1) Neurons within the RVL, most probably C1 adrenaline-synthesizing neurons, exert an excitatory influence on sympathetic vasomotor fibers, the adrenal medulla, and the posterior pituitary (2) These neurons are tonically active and under tonic inhibitory control, in part via GABAergic mechanisms--perhaps via the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: The striatal patch and matrix compartments appear to be functionally distinct and interactive parallel input–output processing channels in the mammalian forebrain.
Abstract: The striatum (caudate-putamen) of the basal ganglia in the mammalian forebrain is a mosaic of two interdigitating, neurochemically distinct compartments. One type, the 'patch' compartment, is identified by patches of dense opiate receptor binding, and is enriched in enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity. The other compartment, the 'matrix', has a high acetylcholinesterase activity, and is shown here to have a dense plexus of fibres displaying somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. The present study demonstrates the two compartments have distinct connections, using a method that concurrently reveals striatal input, output and neurochemical systems in the rat. Patches receive inputs from the prelimbic cortex (a medial frontal cortical area with direct 'limbic' inputs from the amygdala and hippocampus); they also project to the substantia nigra pars compacta (the source of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system). Conversely, the matrix receives inputs from sensory and motor cortical areas; here it is shown to project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (the source of the non-dopaminergic nigrothalamic and nigrotectal system). Also, an intrinsic striatal somatostatin-immunoreactive system is described that may provide a link between the two compartments. The striatal patch and matrix compartments thus appear to be functionally distinct and interactive parallel input-output processing channels.
TL;DR: The human T-cell growth factor (interleukin-2) receptor is purified and cloned, sequenced and expressed cDNAs corresponding to this receptor and one gene, but two interleukIn-2 receptor mRNAs which differ in their polyadenylation signals are identified.
Abstract: We have purified the human T-cell growth factor (interleukin-2) receptor and have cloned, sequenced and expressed cDNAs corresponding to this receptor. We identify one gene, but two interleukin-2 receptor mRNAs which differ in their polyadenylation signals. We have isolated an additional cDNA that may correspond to an alternatively spliced mRNA that lacks a 216 base segment and appears to encode an altered membrane protein which cannot bind interleukin-2.
TL;DR: It is reported here that MPTP is oxidized in the brain to a pyridinium species (a compound with potent herbicidal activity) and, in the monkey, is trapped intraneuronally and demonstrated that this enzymatic oxidation is blocked in vivo in the mouse by a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, indicating that the oxidative metabolism is required for its neurotoxic effect.
Abstract: The compound 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces an irreversible neurological syndrome in man and monkey which is similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease in its clinical, pathological, neurochemical and pharmacological response properties. MPTP is selectively neurotoxic to the dopaminergic regions of the brain, destroying neurones in the substantia nigra (A8 and A9 cells, nigrostriatal system) but not the ventral tegmental area (A10 cells, mesolimbic system). Selective dopamine depletion and nigral cell loss after MPTP treatment has also been reported recently in the mouse. The mechanism by which a peripherally administered, low-molecular weight compound exerts permanent but selective toxic effects on dopamine systems in the brain may be relevant to parkinsonian syndromes induced by other toxins and to the disease process in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. We report here that MPTP is oxidized in the brain to a pyridinium species (a compound with potent herbicidal activity) and, in the monkey, is trapped intraneuronally. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this enzymatic oxidation is blocked in vivo in the mouse by a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, a condition which also blocks the neurotoxicity, indicating that the oxidative metabolism of MPTP is required for its neurotoxic effect.
TL;DR: In seeking mental health services, men were more likely to turn to the specialty sector than to the generalist; women used both sectors about equally; the aged infrequently received care from mental health specialists.
Abstract: • Utilization of health and mental health services by noninstitutionalized persons aged 18 years and older is examined based on interviews with probability samples of 3,000 to 3,500 persons In each of three sites of the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program: New Haven, Conn, Baltimore, and St Louis. In all three ECAs, 6% to 7% of the adults made a visit during the prior six months for mental health reasons; proportions were considerably higher among persons with recent DSM-III disorders covered by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) or severe cognitive impairment. Between 24% and 38% of all ambulatory visits by persons with DIS disorders were to mental health specialists. In seeking mental health services, men were more likely to turn to the specialty sector than to the generalist; women used both sectors about equally. The aged infrequently received care from mental health specialists. Visits for mental health reasons varied considerably depending on specific types of DIS disorder.
TL;DR: Reconstituting the irradiated host with T-cell depleted bone marrow containing both host (syngeneic) and donor (allogeneic or xenogeneic) components leads to long-term survival of the reconstituted animals and specific prolongation of subsequent skin grafts of donor type.
Abstract: Clinical organ transplantation between genetically disparate individuals currently requires the use of chemotherapeutic agents to suppress the rejection reaction. The deleterious side effects of these reagents and their inability to prevent rejection completely has led to a continuing search for methods to induce specific transplantation tolerance in adult recipients. Numerous experimental animal models utilizing irradiation and bone marrow transplantation coincident with organ transplantation have been proposed. Bone marrow transplantation, however, has its own major complications, including graft-versus-host reactions and immunoincompetence, probably resulting from a failure of appropriate immune cell interactions in the reconstituted host. We have now attempted to overcome these difficulties by reconstituting the irradiated host with T-cell depleted bone marrow containing both host (syngeneic) and donor (allogeneic or xenogeneic) components. This technique leads to long-term survival of the reconstituted animals and specific prolongation of subsequent skin grafts of donor type. Animals reconstituted in this fashion are fully reactive to third-party allografts and xenografts and do not appear to manifest signs of graft-versus-host disease.
TL;DR: The gene for the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum has been cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined and suggests that they may have a function such as binding to liver cells and may represent an invariant target for immunity.
Abstract: The gene for the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum has been cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. The gene encodes a protein of 412 amino acids as deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The protein contains 41 tandem repeats of a tetrapeptide, 37 of which are Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro and four of which are Asn-Val-Asp-Pro. Monoclonal antibodies against the CS protein of Plasmodium falciparum were inhibited from binding to the protein by synthetic peptides of the repeat sequence. The CS protein of Plasmodium falciparum and the CS protein of a simian malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, have two regions of homology, one of which is present on either side of the repeat. One region contains 12 of 13 identical amino acids. Within the nucleotide sequence of this region, 25 of 27 nucleotides are conserved. The conservation of these regions in parasites widely separated in evolution suggests that they may have a function such as binding to liver cells and may represent an invariant target for immunity.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the cellular biology and biochemistry of the retinoids are discussed and the effects of retinoid on cell differentiation in many different types of epithelia.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cellular biology and biochemistry of the retinoids In isolated 9-day-old rat embryos, retinoic acid prevents the formation of the pharyngeal arches, which are derived from cephalic mesenchyme; these structures later form the maxilla and the mandible Another mesenchymal derivative, whose formation is markedly suppressed by retinoic acid in rat embryos, is the yolk sac circulation Retinoids can exert a powerful influence on cell differentiation in many different types of epithelia The effects of retinoids on differentiation of epithelia in organ culture result from a combination of complex cellular responses and interactions of different cell types in the explant One of the most illuminating examples of the ability of retinoids to promote differentiation is the effect of retinoids on mouse embryonal carcinoma cells These undifferentiated stem cells of teratocarcinomas are multipotential, that is, they can differentiate into a multiplicity of somatic cell types Another example of the ability of retinoic acid to promote terminal differentiation of neoplastic cells to nonneoplastic cell types is the effect of retinoic acid on human promyelocytic leukemia cells
TL;DR: Comparison of the sequence of a cloned T cell-specific cDNA with those of cross-reacting cloned cDNAs isolated from a thymocyte library indicates the presence of variable, constant and joining regions remarkably similar in size and sequence to those encoding immunoglobulin proteins.
Abstract: Comparison of the sequence of a cloned T cell-specific cDNA with those of cross-reacting cloned cDNAs isolated from a thymocyte library indicates the presence of variable, constant and joining regions remarkably similar in size and sequence to those encoding immunoglobulin proteins. Together with the evidence for somatic gene rearrangements reported in the accompanying paper, this strongly suggests that the TM86 cDNA clone encodes one chain of the T-cell receptor for antigen.
TL;DR: A large number of cases of central giant cell granuloma are characterized by derangements of the alveolar walls and loss of functionalAlveolar capillary capillary function.
Abstract: THE interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders of the lower respiratory tract characterized by derangements of the alveolar walls and loss of functional alveolar capillary un...
TL;DR: The recombinant lymphokine supports the growth of murine and human interleukin-2 dependent cell lines, enhances the generation of cytolytic cells in vitro and in vivo after alloimmunization, and generates lymphokin activated killer cells from murineand human lymphocytes.
Abstract: The gene for interleukin-2 was isolated from the Jurkat cell line and from normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and, when inserted in Escherichia coli, was expressed at high concentrations. This interleukin-2 was purified to apparent homogeneity and tested for biological activity in a variety of assays in vitro and in vivo. The recombinant lymphokine supports the growth of murine and human interleukin-2 dependent cell lines, enhances the generation of murine and human cytolytic cells in vitro, and generates lymphokine activated killer cells from murine and human lymphocytes. It has a serum half-life of 2 to 3 minutes in the mouse and significantly enhances the generation of cytolytic cells in vivo after alloimmunization. No functional differences between native and the recombinant interleukin-2 molecules have been detected.
TL;DR: Tissue culture studies indicate that amino acids located at or near the C-terminus are required for cellular transformation, membrane association and lipid binding in Ha-MuSV.
Abstract: The Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV) transforming gene, v-rasH, encodes a 21,000 molecular weight protein (p21) that is closely related to the p21 proteins encoded by the cellular transforming genes of the ras gene family1–8 The primary translation product (prop21), which is found in the cytosol, undergoes post-translational modification9 and the mature protein subsequently becomes associated with the inner surface of the plasma membrane and binds lipid tightly10,11 The p21 proteins have the capacity to bind guanine nucleotides non-covalently in vitro3,12 To assess the biological relevance of these biochemical features of the protein, we have now studied a series of deletion mutants located at or near the C-terminus of the viral p21 protein Our tissue culture studies indicate that amino acids located at or near the C-terminus are required for cellular transformation, membrane association and lipid binding
TL;DR: The most effective delivery system at present uses retroviral-based vectors to transfer a gene into murine bone marrow cells in culture as discussed by the authors, and the genetically altered bone marrow is then implanted into recipient animals.
Abstract: Procedures have now been developed for inserting functional genes into the bone marrow of mice. The most effective delivery system at present uses retroviral-based vectors to transfer a gene into murine bone marrow cells in culture. The genetically altered bone marrow is then implanted into recipient animals. These somatic cell gene therapy techniques are becoming increasingly efficient. Their future application in humans should result in at least partial correction of a number of genetic disorders. However, the safety of the procedures must still be established by further animal studies before human clinical trials would be ethical.
TL;DR: Treatment outcome, which was evaluated primarily in terms of the occurrence of major depression or manic episodes, was significantly related to characteristics of the index episode, ie, the episode that brought the patient into the study.
Abstract: • In a double-blind, long-term follow-up study, 117 bipolar patients received lithium carbonate, imipramine hydrochloride, or both and 150 unipolar patients received lithium carbonate, imipramine, both lithium carbonate and imipramine, or placebo. With bipolar patients, lithium carbonate and the combination treatment were superior to imipramine in preventing manic recurrences and were as effective as imipramine in preventing manic recurrences and were as effective as imipramine in preventing depressive episodes. The combination treatment provided no advantage over lithium carbonate alone. With unipolar patients, imipramine and the combination treatment were more effective than lithium carbonate and placebo in preventing depressive recurrences. The combination treatment provided no advantage over imipramine alone. The lithium carbonate-treated group had fewer manic episodes than the other groups. Treatment outcome, which was evaluated primarily in terms of the occurrence of major depression or manic episodes, was significantly related to characteristics of the index episode, ie, the episode that brought the patient into the study.
TL;DR: In this article, experimentaux experimentaux d'impulsions a 90 and 180° obtenues en utilisant des formes d'ondes derivees des solutions de l'equation de Bloch-Riccati.
TL;DR: There was a general tendency toward co-occurrence, so that the presence of any disorder increased the odds of having almost any other disorder, even if DSM-III does not list it as a related disorder.
Abstract: • The diagnostic criteria of the third edition of the DSM-III often state that one diagnosis cannot be made If It is "due to" another disorder. Using data from the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, with a sample of 11,519 subjects from a community population, we found that if two disorders were related to each other according to the DSM-III exclusion criteria, then the presence of a dominant disorder greatly increased the odds of having the excluded disorder. We also found that disorders, which DSM-III says are related to each other, were more strongly associated than disorders, which DSM-III says are unrelated. However, we also found there was a general tendency toward co-occurrence, so that the presence of any disorder increased the odds of having almost any other disorder, even if DSM-III does not list it as a related disorder. We concluded that empirical studies are needed to study the assumptions underlying the use of a diagnostic hierarchy.