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Institution

National Physical Laboratory

FacilityLondon, United Kingdom
About: National Physical Laboratory is a facility organization based out in London, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Dielectric & Thin film. The organization has 7615 authors who have published 13327 publications receiving 319381 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper critically reviews the body of publications on intensity modulated radiotherapy treatment planning approaches with automation support up to April 2018 and describes the different types of automation algorithms, including the advantages and current limitations.
Abstract: Radiotherapy treatment planning of complex radiotherapy techniques, such as intensity modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy, is a resource-intensive process requiring a high l...

145 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a fundamental limit to the frequency stability of the optical cavity is revealed, which is attributed to the Brownian motion of the mirror substrates and coatings, and the stability of a laser locked to the cavity reaches a floor $l2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{1.10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ for averaging times in the range
Abstract: A pair of optical cavities are designed and set up so as to be insensitive to both temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. With the influence of these perturbations removed, a fundamental limit to the frequency stability of the optical cavity is revealed. The stability of a laser locked to the cavity reaches a floor $l2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ for averaging times in the range $0.5\ensuremath{-}100$ s. This limit is attributed to Brownian motion of the mirror substrates and coatings.

145 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that inelastic strain is a far more important parameter than time in determining the extent of acceleration of strain rate and that tertiary creep is produced by at least two competing strain-softening damage micromechanisms.

145 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Significant room temperature coupling is demonstrated by monitoring changes in ferroelectric domain patterns induced by magnetic fields in a newly discovered room temperature multiferroic.
Abstract: Single-phase magnetoelectric multiferroics are ferroelectric materials that display some form of magnetism. In addition, magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters are not independent of one another. Thus, the application of either an electric or magnetic field simultaneously alters both the electrical dipole configuration and the magnetic state of the material. The technological possibilities that could arise from magnetoelectric multiferroics are considerable and a range of functional devices has already been envisioned. Realising these devices, however, requires coupling effects to be significant and to occur at room temperature. Although such characteristics can be created in piezoelectric-magnetostrictive composites, to date they have only been weakly evident in single-phase multiferroics. Here in a newly discovered room temperature multiferroic, we demonstrate significant room temperature coupling by monitoring changes in ferroelectric domain patterns induced by magnetic fields. An order of magnitude estimate of the effective coupling coefficient suggests a value of ~1 × 10(-7) sm(-1).

145 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the sessile drop technique has been used to measure the contact angle of molten aluminium, aluminium-nickel and aluminium-copper alloys, copper and gold, with sapphire, ruby and recrystallised alumina.
Abstract: The sessile drop technique has been used to measure the contact angle of molten aluminium, aluminium-nickel and aluminium-copper alloys, copper and gold, with sapphire, ruby and recrystallised alumina. Measurements were madein vacuo, and as a function of time and temperature over the range 800 to 1500° C. Cinematography and time-lapse photography were used. At temperatures below 950° C, sessile drops of aluminium reached equilibrium only after a period of time which increased with decrease in temperature and could be in excess of one hour. A rapid increase in contact area occurred around 900° C. Above 1150° C drops of aluminium and of the aluminium alloys were observed to spread and contract repeatedly. Contractions were observed with both polycrystalline and single-crystal alumina, although they were much more pronounced with the latter, and were associated with the formation of a series of reaction rings on the plaque. Ruby and sapphire behaved similarly. The shape of the rings depended on the crystallographic orientation of the plaque: the reaction profile tended to terminate in certain low index directions. Neither contractions nor reaction was observed with copper or gold. The observations are discussed in terms of the combined effects of evaporation, chemical reactivity and interfacial tensions in the system.

144 citations


Authors

Showing all 7655 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Rajesh Kumar1494439140830
Akhilesh Pandey10052953741
A. S. Bell9030561177
David R. Clarke9055336039
Praveen Kumar88133935718
Richard C. Thompson8738045702
Xin-She Yang8544461136
Andrew J. Pollard7967326295
Krishnendu Chakrabarty7999627583
Vinod Kumar7781526882
Bansi D. Malhotra7537519419
Matthew Hall7582724352
Sanjay K. Srivastava7336615587
Michael Jones7233118889
Sanjay Singh71113322099
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202315
202242
2021356
2020438
2019434
2018406