Institution
National Physical Laboratory
Facility•London, United Kingdom•
About: National Physical Laboratory is a facility organization based out in London, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Dielectric & Thin film. The organization has 7615 authors who have published 13327 publications receiving 319381 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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TL;DR: The hot plate technique for measuring the thermal conductivities of insulating materials has been in existence in various forms since 1898 as discussed by the authors, and it is now unarguably recognized as the most accurate technique for determining thermal conductivity of insulations, having an uncertainty of about 1.5% over a limited temperature range near ambient.
Abstract: The hot plate technique for measuring the thermal conductivities (the exact term for the quantity measured is thermal transmission, which, depending on the material being measured, can have components of convective, radiative and conductive heat transfer; it is commonly referred to as the effective or apparent thermal conductivity) of insulating materials has been in existence in various forms since 1898. A brief historical survey of the early development of the experimental technique is followed by a brief description of the basic principles of the method of measurement. The technique has since become very well established and is documented in the written standard ISO8302:1991. It is now unarguably recognized as the most accurate technique for determining the thermal conductivity of insulations, having an uncertainty of about 1.5% over a limited temperature range near ambient. Details of two guarded hot plate apparatuses designed and constructed at NPL over the last decade or so, one to measure insulations up to 250 mm thick at or around room temperature and the other to measure insulations and refractories at temperatures up to 850 °C, are given. Finally, there is a section on certified reference materials required for validating the performance of newly built guarded hot plate apparatus and for calibrating heat flow meter apparatus, a type of hot plate apparatus commonly used for quality control purposes in insulation manufacturing plant. A brief overview of these reference materials includes details of their availability, thermal conductivities and temperature ranges.
138 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new model is developed that takes account of the influence of the cavitation of rubber particles on yield behavior under stress states where there is a significant dilatational component.
138 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, an optical cavity is designed and implemented that is insensitive to vibration in all directions, and a minimum response of 0.1 $(3.7)$ is achieved for low-frequency vertical (horizontal) vibrations.
Abstract: An optical cavity is designed and implemented that is insensitive to vibration in all directions. The cavity is mounted with its optical axis in the horizontal plane. A minimum response of 0.1 $(3.7)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}∕{\mathrm{ms}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ is achieved for low-frequency vertical (horizontal) vibrations.
138 citations
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TL;DR: Simulations of commonly proposed forest-management portfolios for Europe show that no single portfolio would meet all the requirements of the Paris Agreement, and climate benefits from forest management would be modest and local, rather than global.
Abstract: The Paris Agreement promotes forest management as a pathway towards halting climate warming through the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions1. However, the climate benefits from carbon sequestration through forest management may be reinforced, counteracted or even offset by concurrent management-induced changes in surface albedo, land-surface roughness, emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, transpiration and sensible heat flux2–4. Consequently, forest management could offset CO2 emissions without halting global temperature rise. It therefore remains to be confirmed whether commonly proposed sustainable European forest-management portfolios would comply with the Paris Agreement—that is, whether they can reduce the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, reduce the radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, and neither increase the near-surface air temperature nor decrease precipitation by the end of the twenty-first century. Here we show that the portfolio made up of management systems that locally maximize the carbon sink through carbon sequestration, wood use and product and energy substitution reduces the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, but does not meet any of the other criteria. The portfolios that maximize the carbon sink or forest albedo pass only one—different in each case—criterion. Managing the European forests with the objective of reducing near-surface air temperature, on the other hand, will also reduce the atmospheric CO2 growth rate, thus meeting two of the four criteria. Trade-off are thus unavoidable when using European forests to meet climate objectives. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that if present-day forest cover is sustained, the additional climate benefits achieved through forest management would be modest and local, rather than global. On the basis of these findings, we argue that Europe should not rely on forest management to mitigate climate change. The modest climate effects from changes in forest management imply, however, that if adaptation to future climate were to require large-scale changes in species composition and silvicultural systems over Europe5,6, the forests could be adapted to climate change with neither positive nor negative climate effects. Simulations of commonly proposed forest-management portfolios for Europe show that no single portfolio would meet all the requirements of the Paris Agreement, and climate benefits from forest management would be modest and local.
137 citations
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TL;DR: The pure and transition metal (Co and Fe)-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a chemical route using polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant as discussed by the authors.
137 citations
Authors
Showing all 7655 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Rajesh Kumar | 149 | 4439 | 140830 |
Akhilesh Pandey | 100 | 529 | 53741 |
A. S. Bell | 90 | 305 | 61177 |
David R. Clarke | 90 | 553 | 36039 |
Praveen Kumar | 88 | 1339 | 35718 |
Richard C. Thompson | 87 | 380 | 45702 |
Xin-She Yang | 85 | 444 | 61136 |
Andrew J. Pollard | 79 | 673 | 26295 |
Krishnendu Chakrabarty | 79 | 996 | 27583 |
Vinod Kumar | 77 | 815 | 26882 |
Bansi D. Malhotra | 75 | 375 | 19419 |
Matthew Hall | 75 | 827 | 24352 |
Sanjay K. Srivastava | 73 | 366 | 15587 |
Michael Jones | 72 | 331 | 18889 |
Sanjay Singh | 71 | 1133 | 22099 |