Showing papers by "National Research University – Higher School of Economics published in 2014"
University of Washington1, Sapienza University of Rome2, Mekelle University3, University of Texas at San Antonio4, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences5, Debre markos University6, Emory University7, University of Oxford8, University of Cartagena9, United Nations Population Fund10, University of Birmingham11, Stanford University12, Aga Khan University13, University of Melbourne14, National Taiwan University15, University of Cambridge16, University of California, San Diego17, Public Health Foundation of India18, Public Health England19, University of Peradeniya20, Harvard University21, National Institutes of Health22, Tehran University of Medical Sciences23, Auckland University of Technology24, University of Sheffield25, University of Western Australia26, Karolinska Institutet27, Birzeit University28, Brandeis University29, American Cancer Society30, Ochsner Medical Center31, Yonsei University32, University of Bristol33, Heidelberg University34, Vanderbilt University35, South African Medical Research Council36, Jordan University of Science and Technology37, New Generation University College38, Northeastern University39, Simmons College40, Norwegian Institute of Public Health41, Boston University42, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention43, University of Bari44, University of São Paulo45, University of Otago46, University of Crete47, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh48, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center49, Teikyo University50, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre51, University of Tokyo52, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health53, Heriot-Watt University54, University of Alabama at Birmingham55, Griffith University56, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health57, University of California, Irvine58, Johns Hopkins University59, New York University60, University of Queensland61, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais62, National Research University – Higher School of Economics63, University of Bergen64, Columbia University65, Shandong University66, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill67, Fujita Health University68, Korea University69, Chongqing Medical University70, Zhejiang University71
TL;DR: The global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013 is estimated using a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
9,180 citations
Nicholas J Kassebaum1, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa1, Megan Coggeshall1, Katya Anne Shackelford1 +349 more•Institutions (179)
TL;DR: Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015, with evidence of continued acceleration in the MMR, and MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013.
1,383 citations
Christopher J L Murray1, Katrina F Ortblad1, Caterina Guinovart1, Stephen S Lim1 +367 more•Institutions (179)
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.
875 citations
Haidong Wang1, Chelsea A. Liddell1, Matthew M Coates1, Meghan D. Mooney1 +228 more•Institutions (123)
TL;DR: Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, and rising income per person and maternal education and changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths.
684 citations
Umeå University1, Tilburg University2, North-West University3, University of Queensland4, National Research University – Higher School of Economics5, Victoria University of Wellington6, University of Lyon7, Stanford University8, Peking University9, Southwest University10, University of Zagreb11, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic12, Tallinn University13, University of Provence14, Heidelberg University15, Panteion University16, Tel-Hai Academic College17, Kyorin University18, Gunma University19, Hosei University20, Vilnius University21, Klaipėda University22, Universidad de Sonora23, The Catholic University of America24, University of Coimbra25, University of the Algarve26, Moscow State University27, University of Education, Winneba28, Tver State University29, Saratov State University30, Saint Petersburg State University31, Russian Academy32, Complutense University of Madrid33, University of East London34, Google35
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200) was assessed.
Abstract: In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.
525 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the concept of cross-group measurement equivalence, look at possible sources of nonequivalence and suggest ways to prevent it, and examine the social science methodological literature for ways to empirically test for measuring equivalence.
Abstract: Determining whether people in certain countries score differently in measurements of interest or whether concepts relate differently to each other across nations can indisputably assist in testing theories and advancing our sociological knowledge. However, meaningful comparisons of means or relationships between constructs within and across nations require equivalent measurements of these constructs. This is especially true for subjective attributes such as values, attitudes, opinions, or behavior. In this review, we first discuss the concept of cross-group measurement equivalence, look at possible sources of nonequivalence, and suggest ways to prevent it. Next, we examine the social science methodological literature for ways to empirically test for measurement equivalence. Finally, we consider what may be done when equivalence is not supported by the data and conclude with a review of recent developments that offer exciting directions and solutions for future research in cross-national measurement equiva...
471 citations
Harvard University1, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center2, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College3, Shanghai Jiao Tong University4, Peking Union Medical College5, Guangdong General Hospital6, Fourth Military Medical University7, Central University of Finance and Economics8, Huazhong University of Science and Technology9, University of California, Berkeley10, King's College London11, All India Institute of Medical Sciences12, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre13, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences14, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center15, National Research University – Higher School of Economics16, The Breast Cancer Research Foundation17
TL;DR: The overall state of health and cancer control in each country is described and additional specific issues for consideration are described: for China, access to care, contamination of the environment, and cancer fatalism and traditional medicine; for India, affordability of care, provision of adequate health personnel, and sociocultural barriers to cancer control.
Abstract: Summary Cancer is one of the major non-communicable diseases posing a threat to world health. Unfortunately, improvements in socioeconomic conditions are usually associated with increased cancer incidence. In this Commission, we focus on China, India, and Russia, which share rapidly rising cancer incidence and have cancer mortality rates that are nearly twice as high as in the UK or the USA, vast geographies, growing economies, ageing populations, increasingly westernised lifestyles, relatively disenfranchised subpopulations, serious contamination of the environment, and uncontrolled cancer-causing communicable infections. We describe the overall state of health and cancer control in each country and additional specific issues for consideration: for China, access to care, contamination of the environment, and cancer fatalism and traditional medicine; for India, affordability of care, provision of adequate health personnel, and sociocultural barriers to cancer control; and for Russia, monitoring of the burden of cancer, societal attitudes towards cancer prevention, effects of inequitable treatment and access to medicine, and a need for improved international engagement.
400 citations
TL;DR: Interactions between high temperatures and air pollution from wildfires in excess of an additive effect contributed to more than 2000 deaths in Moscow, Russia, and should be considered in risk assessments regarding health consequences of climate change.
Abstract: Background:
Prolonged high temperatures and air pollution from wildfires often occur together, and the two may interact in their effects on mortality. However, there are few data on such possible interactions.
294 citations
TL;DR: The performed simulation for data in the Euclidean spaces shows that the structure built using the proposed algorithm has small world navigation properties with log 2 ( n ) insertion and search complexity at fixed accuracy, and performs well at high dimensionality.
253 citations
TL;DR: Although all the BRICS countries have devoted increased resources to health, the biggest increase has been in China, which was probably facilitated by China's rapid economic growth, and India, the second highest economic growth country, has had the least improvement in public funding for health.
247 citations
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: This paper proposed a refined theory of basic individual values intended to provide greater heuristic and explanatory power than the original theory of 10 values (Schwartz, 1992), which more accurately expresses the central assumption of the original value theory that research has largely ignored: values form a circular motivational continuum.
Abstract: We propose a refined theory of basic individual values intended to provide greater heuristic and explanatory power than the original theory of 10 values (Schwartz, 1992). The refined theory more accurately expresses the central assumption of the original theory that research has largely ignored: Values form a circular motivational continuum. The theory defines and orders 19 values on the continuum based on their compatible and conflicting motivations, expression of self-protection versus growth, and personal versus social focus. We assess the theory with a new instrument in 15 samples from 10 countries (N = 6,059). Confirmatory factor and multidimensional scaling analyses support discrimination of the 19 values, confirming the refined theory. Multidimensional scaling analyses largely support the predicted motivational order of the values. Analyses of predictive validity demonstrate that the refined values theory provides greater and more precise insight into the value underpinnings of beliefs. Each value correlates uniquely with external variables.
TL;DR: The Gaussian minimum entropy conjecture for single-mode phase-insensitive bosonic Gaussian channels was proved in this article, which established the ultimate achievable bit rate under an energy constraint and provided long-awaited proof that the classical capacity of these channels is additive.
Abstract: The Gaussian minimum entropy conjecture—a long-standing open question—has now been proved for single-mode phase-insensitive bosonic Gaussian channels. This establishes the ultimate achievable bit rate under an energy constraint and provides long-awaited proof that the single-letter classical capacity of these channels is additive.
TL;DR: This article presented a formal model of government control of the media to illuminate variation in media freedom across countries and over time, and found that media bias is greater and state ownership of media more likely when the government has a particular interest in mobilizing citizens to take actions that further some political objective but are not necessarily in citizens' individual best interest.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electronic structure of the iron chalcogenide superconductor was investigated by high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES).
Abstract: The electronic structure of the iron chalcogenide superconductor ${\text{FeSe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ was investigated by high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The results were compared to DFT calculations showing some significant differences between the experimental electronic structure of ${\text{FeSe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$, DFT calculations, and existing data on ${\text{FeSe}}_{x}{\text{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$. The bands undergo a pronounced orbital-dependent renormalization, different from what was observed for ${\text{FeSe}}_{x}{\text{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ and any other pnictides.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate how hybrid regimes supply governance by examining a series of dilemmas (involving elections, the mass media, and state institutions) that their rulers face.
Abstract: This article investigates how hybrid regimes supply governance by examining a series of dilemmas (involving elections, the mass media, and state institutions) that their rulers face. The authors demonstrate how regime responses to these dilemmas – typically efforts to maintain control while avoiding outright repression and societal backlash – have negative outcomes, including a weakening of formal institutions, proliferation of “substitutions” (e.g., substitutes for institutions), and increasing centralization and personalization of control. Efforts by Russian leaders to disengage society from the sphere of decision-making entail a significant risk of systemic breakdown in unexpected ways. More specifically, given significantly weakened institutions for interest representation and negotiated compromise, policy-making in the Russian system often amounts to the leadership's best guess (ad hoc manual policy adjustments) as to precisely what society will accept and what it will not, with a significant possibi...
TL;DR: This paper presented a formal model of government control of the media to illuminate variation in media freedom across countries and over time, and found that media bias is greater and state ownership of media more likely when the government has a particular interest in mobilizing citizens to take actions that further some political objective but are not necessarily in citizens' individual best interest.
Abstract: We present a formal model of government control of the media to illuminate variation in media freedom across countries and over time. Media bias is greater and state ownership of the media more likely when the government has a particular interest in mobilizing citizens to take actions that further some political objective but are not necessarily in citizens' individual best interest; however, the distinction between state and private media is smaller. Large advertising markets reduce media bias in both state and private media but increase the incentive for the government to nationalize private media. Media bias in state and private media markets diverge as governments become more democratic, whereas media bias in democracies and autocracies converge as positive externalities from mobilization increase.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss what is known about semiorthogonal decompositions of derived categories of algebraic varieties and discuss some related issues such as categorical resolutions of singularities.
Abstract: In this review we discuss what is known about semiorthogonal decompositions of derived categories of algebraic varieties. We review existing constructions, especially the homological projective duality approach, and discuss some related issues such as categorical resolutions of singularities.
TL;DR: A novel decomposition technique is presented that partitions larger process models and event logs into smaller parts that can be analyzed independently and helps to speed up conformance checking, but also provides improved diagnostics.
Hebrew University of Jerusalem1, National Research University – Higher School of Economics2, Sapienza University of Rome3, University of Queensland4, Slovak Academy of Sciences5, University of Zurich6, Istanbul Bilgi University7, University of Helsinki8, University of Wisconsin–Platteville9, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile10, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens11, University of Bamberg12, City University London13, University of Córdoba (Spain)14, University of Brasília15, Center for the Study of Democracy16, The Catholic University of America17
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the political values of the general public form a coherent system and that the source of coherence in political values can be found in the basic personal values (e.g., security, achievement, benevolence, hedonism).
Abstract: Do the political values of the general public form a coherent system? What might be the source of coherence? We view political values as expressions, in the political domain, of more basic personal values. Basic personal values (e.g., security, achievement, benevolence, hedonism) are organized on a circular continuum that reflects their conflicting and compatible motivations. We theorize that this circular motivational structure also gives coherence to political values. We assess this theorizing with data from 15 countries, using eight core political values (e.g., free enterprise, law and order) and ten basic personal values. We specify the underlying basic values expected to promote or oppose each political value. We offer different hypotheses for the 12 non-communist and three post-communist countries studied, where the political context suggests different meanings of a basic or political value. Correlation and regression analyses support almost all hypotheses. Moreover, basic values account for substantially more variance in political values than age, gender, education, and income. Multidimensional scaling analyses demonstrate graphically how the circular motivational continuum of basic personal values structures relations among core political values. This study strengthens the assumption that individual differences in basic personal values play a critical role in political thought.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the peculiarities of quantum fields in de Sitter (dS) space on the example of the self-interacting massive real scalar, minimally coupled to the gravity background.
Abstract: We discuss peculiarities of quantum fields in de Sitter (dS) space on the example of the self-interacting massive real scalar, minimally coupled to the gravity background. Nonconformal quantum field theories (QFTs) in dS space show very special infrared behavior, which is not shared by quantum fields neither in flat nor in anti-dS space: in dS space loops are not suppressed in comparison with tree level contributions because there are strong infrared corrections. That is true even for massive fields. Our main concern is the interrelation between these infrared effects, the invariance of the QFT under the dS isometry and the (in)stability of dS invariant states (and of dS space itself) under nonsymmetric perturbations.
TL;DR: It is mathematically proved that seeking rewards is equivalent to the fundamental objective of physiological stability, defining the notion of physiological rationality of behavior.
Abstract: Efficient regulation of internal homeostasis and defending it against perturbations requires adaptive behavioral strategies. However, the computational principles mediating the interaction between homeostatic and associative learning processes remain undefined. Here we use a definition of primary rewards, as outcomes fulfilling physiological needs, to build a normative theory showing how learning motivated behaviors may be modulated by internal states. Within this framework, we mathematically prove that seeking rewards is equivalent to the fundamental objective of physiological stability, defining the notion of physiological rationality of behavior. We further suggest a formal basis for temporal discounting of rewards by showing that discounting motivates animals to follow the shortest path in the space of physiological variables toward the desired setpoint. We also explain how animals learn to act predictively to preclude prospective homeostatic challenges, and several other behavioral patterns. Finally, we suggest a computational role for interaction between hypothalamus and the brain reward system.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore how modern autocrats win elections by inducing employers to mobilize their employees to vote for the regime and thereby subvert the electoral process and find that workers who are especially dependent on their employer are more likely to be targeted for mobilization.
Abstract: The authors explore how modern autocrats win elections by inducing employers to mobilize their employees to vote for the regime and thereby subvert the electoral process. Using two original surveys of employers and workers conducted around the 2011 parliamentary elections in Russia, they find that just under one-quarter of employers engaged in some form of political mobilization. They then develop a simple framework for identifying which firms engage in voter mobilization and which workers are targeted for mobilization. Firms that are vulnerable to state pressure—financially dependent firms and those in sectors characterized by asset immobility—are among the most common sites of workplace-based electoral subversion. The authors also find that workers who are especially dependent on their employer are more likely to be targeted for mobilization. By identifying the conditions under which workplace mobilization occurs in authoritarian regimes, the authors contribute to the long-standing debate about the economic bases of democratization. In addition, they explore an understudied means of subverting elections in contemporary autocracies: the use of economic coercion to mobilize voters. Moreover, their research finds that clientelist exchange can thrive in industrial settings and in the absence of deeply embedded political parties.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explain how the variety of recent observations about this function fits into the general theory of matrix model τ-functions and explain how it fits into knot theory.
Abstract: There is now a renewed interest (1)-(4) to a Hurwitz τ-function, counting the isomorphism classes of Belyi pairs, arising in the study of equilateral triangulations and Grothiendicks's dessins d'enfant. It is distinguished by belonging to a particular fam- ily of Hurwitz τ-functions, possessing conventional Toda/KP integrability properties. We explain how the variety of recent observations about this function fits into the general theory of matrix model τ-functions. All such quantities possess a number of different de- scriptions, related in a standard way: these include Toda/KP integrability, several kinds of W-representations (we describe four), two kinds of integral (multi-matrix model) de- scriptions (of Hermitian and Kontsevich types), Virasoro constraints, character expansion, embedding into generic set of Hurwitz τ-functions and relation to knot theory. When ap- proached in this way, the family of models in the literature has a natural extension, and additional integrability with respect to associated new time-variables. Another member of this extended family is the Itsykson-Zuber integral.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a new model where consumer preferences are asymmetric across varieties and heterogeneous across countries, which allows for an identification of horizontal differentiation (taste) clearly distinguished from vertical differentiation (quality).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider mirror symmetry for Fano manifolds and describe how one can recover the classification of 3D Fano manifold from the study of their mirror symmetry.
Abstract: We consider mirror symmetry for Fano manifolds, and describe how one can recover the classification of 3-dimensional Fano manifolds from the study of their mirrors. We sketch a program to classify 4-dimensional Fano manifolds using these ideas.
TL;DR: It is proved that every output state of a phase-insensitive Gaussian channel is majorized by the output state corresponding to a coherent input, and that coherent states are the unique optimizers for the minimization of strictly concave output functionals.
Abstract: In quantum information the majorization conjecture states that the minimum amount of disorder at the output of a quantum Guassian channel is produced by coherent input states, but its proof has remained elusive Now, Mari et al solve this longstanding problem and highlight some of its implications
TL;DR: In this article, a refined theory of 19 basic human values is proposed and the authors assess the discriminant and predictive validity of the theory by examining associations of each value with everyday behaviors in a Russian sample.
Abstract: Researchers recently introduced a refined theory of 19 basic human values. They demonstrated its utility and discriminant validity through associations with attitudes and beliefs, but not with behaviors. We assess the discriminant and predictive validity of the theory by examining associations of each value with everyday behaviors in a Russian sample. Two hundred sixty-six respondents reported their values and the frequency with which they performed each of the 85 everyday behaviors during the past year. We derived indexes of 19 latent value factors and of 19 latent behavior factors using confirmatory factor analysis. A confirmatory multidimensional scaling analysis arrayed the values, excepting benevolence, on the circular motivational continuum of the theory. Structural equation modeling analyses supported the discriminant and predictive validity of the theory. Of the 19 values, 18 correlated more positively with the behavior chosen a priori as likely to express it than with any other behavior, and all values correlated negatively with behaviors chosen to express motivationally opposed values. The patterns of correlation between the values and behaviors approximated the sinusoid curve implied by the motivational continuum of values in almost all cases. The study suggests that the same motivational compatibilities and conflicts that structure value relations largely organize relations among value-expressive behaviors. The study examines moderation of value–behavior relations by gender and tests the normative pressure explanation of variation in the strength of value–behavior relations across value domains. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Victoria University of Wellington1, National Research University – Higher School of Economics2, Monash University3, Lingnan University4, Annamalai University5, Arab Open University6, Nagoya University7, University of Karachi8, Nanyang Technological University9, Chonnam National University10, National Chung Cheng University11
TL;DR: Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel modeling, this paper investigated the measurement invariance, cross-level isomorphism, predictive validity, and nomological network of the fear of happiness scale across 14 nations.
Abstract: A survey of the cultural notions related to happiness and the existing empirical evidence indicate that some individuals endorse the belief that happiness, particularly an immoderate degree of it, should be avoided. These beliefs mainly involve the general notion that happiness may lead to bad things happening. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multilevel modeling, this study investigates the measurement invariance, cross-level isomorphism, predictive validity, and nomological network of the fear of happiness scale across 14 nations. The results show that this scale has good statistical properties at both individual and cultural levels. The findings also indicate that this scale has the potential to add to the knowledge about how people conceive of, and experience, happiness across cultures.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors fabricated and characterized nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors made of 4 nm thick amorphous Mo x Si 1−x films.
Abstract: We fabricated and characterized nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors made of 4 nm thick amorphous Mo x Si1−x films. At 1.7 K the best devices exhibit a detection efficiency (DE) up to 18% at 1.2 wavelength of unpolarized light, a characteristic response time of about 6 ns and timing jitter of 120 ps. The DE was studied in wavelength range from 650 nm to 2500 nm. At wavelengths below 1200 nm these detectors reach their maximum DE limited by photon absorption in the thin MoSi film.
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theory of seven cultural value orientations and apply it to understand relations of culture to significant societal phenomena, and analyze how distance between countries on cultural value orientation affects the flow of investment around the world.
Abstract: This chapter presents my theory of seven cultural value orientations and applies it to understanding relations of culture to significant societal phenomena. The first section explicates my conception of culture – a conception of the normative value system that underlies social practices and institutions. I then derive seven value orientations that are useful for describing and comparing societies. Next, the chapter discusses the conceptual underpinnings for measuring the cultural value orientations. It then presents the survey methods developed for this purpose, and the empirical validation of the content of the value orientations and of the structure of relations among them. This is based on analyses of data across 77 national groups in 75 countries. Brief comparisons of these value orientations with two other dimensional approaches to culture are followed by an analysis that justifies treating countries as cultural units. The middle section of the chapter uses the seven validated cultural orientations to generate a worldwide graphic mapping of national cultures. This map permits comparison of national cultures with one another on each orientation. It reveals eight distinct world cultural regions that reflect the influence of geographic proximity, history, language, and other factors. To illustrate the meaningfulness of the cultural map, I discuss the distinctive cultural profiles of each world cultural region. The final third of the chapter examines associations between culture, measured by the value orientations, and a variety of variables of economic significance: the socioeconomic level of countries, their level of corruption, the social net they provide to citizens, their level of democracy, and the competitiveness of their market systems. It discusses the reciprocal causal processes that may account for these associations. Finally, the chapter analyzes how distance between countries on cultural value orientations affects the flow of investment around the world. The current approach differs from well-known theories of cultural dimensions (e.g. Inglehart and Baker, 2000 , Hofstede, 2001 ) in deriving the constructs to measure culture from a priori theorizing and then testing the fit of these constructs to empirical data. Moreover, whereas other approaches seek orthogonal dimensions, I assume that correlated dimensions capture culture better because they can express the interdependence of cultural elements. My theory of culture specifies a coherent, integrated system of relations among the seven cultural orientations. These orientations form three correlated bipolar dimensions. Empirical measures of the seven orientations support the coherence of culture by revealing that the cultural profiles of societies rarely exhibit incompatible value emphases.