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Showing papers by "National University of Malaysia published in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of the present state of knowledge and understanding of urban climatology in Malaysia vis-a-vis the humid tropics and highlight some of the major findings to date and discuss their implications on environmental planning and management, and building designs.

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In an ongoing effort to identify point mutations causing β‐thalassaemia, two previously unreported mutations which are located in the Poly A site of the β‐globin gene are found.
Abstract: In an ongoing effort to identify point mutations causing beta-thalassaemia, we have found two previously unreported mutations which are located in the Poly A site of the beta-globin gene. The screening programme used amplified DNA and dot-blot hybridization with several 32P-labelled oligonucleotide probes. DNA samples which remained unidentified by this methodology were subjected to sequencing with 32P-labelled primers and modified T7 DNA polymerase. The newly discovered mutations were confirmed by the dot-blot hybridization technique. One type concerned an AATAAA----AATGAA mutation in the polyadenylation site and was found in one family from Yugoslavia (including one patient with the C----T mutation at codon 29 in trans), one from Bulgaria (the patient had the G----A mutation at IVS-I-110 in trans), and one from Greece (this patient had the C----G mutation at IVS-II-745 in trans). Haematological data for three simple heterozygotes suggested a rather mild beta(+)-thalassemia. The second type involved an AATAAA----AATAGA mutation and was found in one family from Malaysia. The propositus had the beta E mutation on the other chromosome, was originally diagnosed as mild Hb E-beta(+)-thalassaemia, and had Hb A and Hb E percentages which were nearly the same.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In multiple regression models which included host and environmental factors, asthma was associated with significant decreases in FEV1, FEF25–75, and PEFR, however, family history of chest illness, history of allergies, low paternal education, and hospitalization during the neonatal period were not independent predictors of lung function.
Abstract: In a cross-sectional study of 7-12 year-old primary school children in Kuala Lumpur city, lung function was assessed by spirometric and peak expiratory flow measurements. Spirometric and peak expiratory flow measurements were successfully performed in 1,214 and 1,414 children, respectively. As expected, the main predictors of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were standing height, weight, age, and sex. In addition, lung function values of Chinese and Malays were generally higher than those of Indians. In multiple regression models which included host and environmental factors, asthma was associated with significant decreases in FEV1, FEF25-75, and PEFR. However, family history of chest illness, history of allergies, low paternal education, and hospitalization during the neonatal period were not independent predictors of lung function. Children sharing rooms with adult smokers had significantly lower levels of FEF25-75. Exposures to wood or kerosene stoves were, but to mosquito repellents were not, associated with decreased lung function.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: (+)-Isoaltholactone, (2S,3S, 3aR,7aS)-3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-(2H,3aH)-furano[3,2-b]pyran-5-one was isolated from stembark of Goniothalamus malayanus, stembarks and leaves of G. montanus and roots of G., tapis.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new concept in lip repair is illustrated that recognizes the great inherent elasticity of the oral cavity and takes advantage of the florid blood supply of the region to avoid triangularization of surgical defects, lip switching, and mobilization of distant flaps.
Abstract: These cases illustrate a new concept in lip repair. This approach recognizes the great inherent elasticity of the oral cavity and takes advantage of the florid blood supply of the region. Recent laboratory studies of Taylor et al., as well as the works of Manchot and Salmon, are combined with anthropologic observations of tribal customs to formulate another way of looking at lip reconstruction. Triangularization of surgical defects, lip switching, and mobilization of distant flaps are avoided by taking advantage of stretched local tissues. Preoperative expansion is discussed as a future option.

40 citations


Journal Article

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis showed that persistent wheeze and doctor‐ Diagnosed asthma were associated with increased likelihood of other respiratory illnesses or doctor‐diagnosed allergy before the age of 2 years.
Abstract: In a cross-sectional study of 7 to 12-year-old primary school children in Kuala Lumpur, the prevalence of chronic cough and/or phlegm, persistent wheeze, and doctor-diagnosed asthma were 8.0%, 8.0% and 8.7%, respectively. The prevalence of asthma (defined as persistent wheeze and/or doctor-diagnosed asthma) was 13.8%. 4.3% experienced at least one episode of chest illness that resulted in inactivity for at least 3 days in the previous year. The mean age of commencement of symptoms in the doctor-diagnosed asthma group was 2.75 years. The prevalence of chronic cough and/or phlegm and persistent wheeze were highest among Indian children (p less than 0.05). More Malays had been diagnosed as having asthma than the other ethnic groups but the differences were not statistically significant. The patients' fathers' low levels of education were associated with chronic cough and/or phlegm (p less than 0.05) but not with other complaints. Asthma was significantly more common among boys than girls. No age differences were noted. Further analysis showed that persistent wheeze and doctor-diagnosed asthma were associated with increased likelihood of other respiratory illnesses or doctor-diagnosed allergy before the age of 2 years.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the urban geology of Kuala Lumpur, the principal metropolis of Malaysia, and discuss various aspects of the urban environment, including problematical soils to foundations in limestone as well as landslides in hilly terrains.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Zopiclone is an effective hypnotic comparable to temazepam in the treatment of insomnia and had significant hypnotic properties when compared to placebo.
Abstract: Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone with hypnotic properties was compared with temazepam and placebo in the treatment of insomnia. After a week's washout period, suitable subjects were allocated at random to zopiclone 7.5 mg or temazepam 20 mg or placebo for 2 weeks. Measurements of psychomotor function using the Leed's psychomotor tester and letter cancellation were carried out on day 0, 7 and 14. Sleep latency, duration of sleep and number of times waking during the night were recorded on a sleep diary filled by the subjects nightly. Forty-four subjects completed the trial, 15 taking zopiclone, 16 taking temazepam and 10 taking placebo. Both zopiclone and temazepam had significant hypnotic properties when compared to placebo. Zopiclone increased total sleep time in both weeks of the trial while temazepam increased sleep time in the first week only. There was no significant deterioration in psychomotor performance at the end of both weeks for zopiclone. Critical flicker fusion was significantly increased in subjects on temazepam. There were no abnormalities for both zopiclone and temazepam subjects in the blood picture, renal profile, liver function, urine and ECG before and after the study. Zopiclone is an effective hypnotic comparable to temazepam.

27 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It is recommended that echocardiographic screening should be carried out on all neonates with Down's syndrome because of the common occurrence of cardiac anomalies.
Abstract: A prospective study was done to determine the incidence of cardiovascular malformations in neonates with Down's syndrome. 17/34 (50%) of the babies with Down's syndrome born at the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia had congenital heart defects. These included 7 cases of ventricular septal defect (VSD), 3 cases of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 2 cases of atrio-ventricular canal defect, 2 cases of ventricular septal defect with patent ductus arteriosus, 1 case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1 case of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and 1 case of complex cyanotic heart. Only 8/17 (47%) of these babies had any clinical signs suggesting underlying cardiac defects. In view of the common occurrence of cardiac anomalies, it is recommended that echocardiographic screening should be carried out on all neonates with Down's syndrome.

25 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It is suggested that subaponeurotic haemorrhage in Malaysian neonates was commonly associated with vacuum extraction and was not a benign condition.
Abstract: In a 30-month prospective study, between January 1987 and June 1989, 101 of 64,424 Malaysian neonates (1.6 per 1000 livebirths) born in the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur were found to have subaponeurotic haemorrhage shortly after delivery. The incidence was highest in neonates weighting 4000 gm or more. There was no significant difference in incidence of this condition in neonates of different ethnic origins. Hypoprothrombinemia was present in only 5/101 (5.0%) of the affected neonates. Sixty seven (66.3%) of the neonates with subaponeurotic haemorrhage had history of trial of vacuum extraction. The incidence of subaponeurotic haemorrhage was significantly higher in neonates delivered by vacuum extraction than by other modes of delivery in this hospital (41.4 per 1000 livebirths in neonates delivered by vacuum extraction versus 1.0 per 1000 livebirths in neonates delivered by other modes). Those neonates who developed subaponeurotic haemorrhage without trial of vacuum extraction had a history of either prolonged labour or difficult delivery. Thirty-three (32.7%) of the neonates with subaponeurotic haemorrhage developed anaemia which required blood transfusion and 3/33 (9.1%) were in shock. Fifty seven (56.4%) of the neonates with subaponeurotic haemorrhage developed hyperbilirubinemia due to the haemorrhage. Four (7.0%) of them had severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia which required exchange transfusion. The results of this study suggest that subaponeurotic haemorrhage in Malaysian neonates was commonly associated with vacuum extraction and was not a benign condition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The air dried roots of Goniothalamus scortechinii, collected in Malaysia, yielded a new 1 -aza-anthraquinone, scorazanone, which was identified using spectroscopic techniques as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a metathesis reaction of natural rubber was carried out using tungusten hexachloride and tetramethyl tin in chlorobenzene, and the rubber had to be purified by several times precipitations before the reaction.
Abstract: Metathesis reaction of natural rubber was carried out using tungusten hexachloride and tetramethyl tin in chlorobenzene. The rubber had to be purified by several times precipitations before the reaction. Molecular weight decreased very much with the progress of reaction and with the increase of temperature. However, NMR studies indicated considerable decreases of carbon-carbon double bonds, which can not be explained by simple metathesis reaction. Some other reactions which consumed unsaturation have to be taken into account to elucidate the exact structure of resultant oligomers.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The data suggested that multifactorial genetic background as the most likely underlying cause of congenital talipes in Malaysian neonates in Malaysian newborns.
Abstract: A study was carried out on 8,369 neonates delivered in the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur over a period of four months. Forty-nine neonates (5.6 per 1000 livebirths) had congenital talipes. The incidence of congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) was 4.5 per 1000 livebirths while that of congenital talipes calcaneovalgus (CTCV) was 1.3 per 1000 livebirths. 6/11 (54.5%) of the CTCV was unilateral, the ratio of right to left feet involvement being 1:1. Only 12/38 (31.5%) of the CTEV were unilateral, the ratio of right to left feet involvement being 1:2. Congenital talipes was significantly more common in the low birthweight neonates (p less than 0.001). However, the condition was not significantly more common in neonates with breech presentation nor in those born to primigravida mothers. Our data suggested that multifactorial genetic background as the most likely underlying cause of congenital talipes in Malaysian neonates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Gulf is regarded as forming the southeasternmost region of the Indo-pacific marine domain, within which most of the 13 new species encountered appear to be endemic, and species distribution patterns are discussed in relation to post-glacial and present-day hydrodynamics of the region.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that, in the presence of a normal visual acuity, the brightness ratio test warrants evaluation as a potential screening test for chronic open angle glaucoma.
Abstract: The visual acuity, the difference in sensitivity of the two eyes to light (brightness ratio), and contrast sensitivity were assessed in 28 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma and compared with those of 41 normal controls of similar ages and visual acuity The results obtained were related to the results of Tubingen visual field analysis in patients with glaucoma Twenty-four of the 28 glaucoma patients (86%) had a significant disparity in brightness ratio between the two eyes This was found to match the frequency of visual field loss Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the interocular differences in brightness sense and the difference in the degree of visual field loss between the two eyes Of the glaucoma patients 39% had sum contrast sensitivities outside the normal range for age-matched normal controls No significant correlation was found between the interocular difference in brightness sense and the visual acuity or the interocular difference in sum contrast sensitivity It is concluded that, in the presence of a normal visual acuity, the brightness ratio test warrants evaluation as a potential screening test for chronic open angle glaucoma

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The chemical composition of the kesom oil was examined in detail using a combination of GC/MS in this article, and the results obtained from the chemical analysis in combination with some preliminary plant propagation studies indicate that it is possible to obtain kesoms oil which possesses a total aldehyde content > 87%. This can be achieved only when the plants are grown under controlled conditions.
Abstract: Polygonum minus (kesom) was steam distilled to produce an oil in 0.3% yield. The chemical composition of the oil was examined in detail using a combination of GC/MS. Results obtained from the chemical analysis in combination with some preliminary plant propagation studies indicate that it is possible to obtain kesom oil which possesses a total aldehyde content > 87%. This can be achieved only when the plants are grown under controlled conditions. In total 28 compounds were identified in the oil.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that awareness of cryptococcosis is essential in immunocompromised hosts presenting with headache with, or without, mental confusion or fever, in immunosuppressed hosts between December 1975 and September 1988.
Abstract: Cryptococcosis is a known opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed hosts. We report our experience of all cases presenting to our Department between December 1975 and September 1988. Eight post-renal transplant patients and three systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were affected. All were receiving treatment with steroids, in association with either azathioprine or cyclosporin. The diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis was initially based on a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cryptococcal antigen, by latex agglutination test, and subsequently confirmed by cultures. Common clinical presentations, in descending order of frequency, included headaches, fever, mental confusion, epilepsy and papilloedema. Meningism was not a prominent feature. CT brain scans were obtained in eight patients and one showed a focal lesion and one showed cerebral atrophy. Four patients also had an abnormal chest X-ray (CXR) and one had disseminated cryptococcosis. Amphotericin and 5-fluorocytosine were the mainstay of therapy, although ketoconazole alone was subsequently used in three selected patients with cure. Four early deaths occurred in patients with delayed diagnosis and treatment, usually in association with other severe concurrent infections. We conclude that awareness of cryptococcosis is essential in immunocompromised hosts presenting with headache with, or without, mental confusion or fever.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Out of 52,379 babies delivered in the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, over a 2-year period, 64 were born with cleft lip and/or palates, the most common type was unilateral cleft of the primary and secondary palates.
Abstract: Out of 52,379 babies delivered in the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, over a 2-year period, 64 were born with cleft lip and/or palates. The rate of occurrence of cleft was 1.24 per 1000 livebirths or 1.20 per 1000 deliveries. The Chinese babies had the highest incidence (1.9 per 1000 deliveries) while the Malays had the lowest (0.98 per 1000 deliveries). The most common type was unilateral cleft of the primary and secondary palates. Among the Indian babies, cleft of the secondary palate was most common. 18.8 percent of all the affected babies had positive family history of cleft. 10.9% of the mothers of affected babies had positive history of drug ingestion especially Chinese herbs during pregnancy. Associated congenital abnormalities occurred in 15.6% of the babies with cleft lip and/or palate.

Journal Article
Norella C T Kong1, Morad Z1, Suleiman Ab1, Cheong Ik1, I Lajin1 
TL;DR: The last patient with lymphocutaneous disease initially responded to cotrimoxazole (+ chloramphenicol) but developed acute-on-chronic renal failure and relapsed with dose reduction of cot Crimaxazole, so alternatives with amikacin and doxycycline was instituted with good response.
Abstract: Nocardiosis is an increasingly recognised opportunistic infection in immunologically incompetent hosts but diagnosis is often delayed. Between December 1975 to October 1988, our two Nephrology Units have encountered five cases of nocardiosis occurring in two post-renal transplant patients, two patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and one patient with mesangiocapillary glomerulo--nephritis. All were on immunosuppressants at the time. The first three patients presented with predominant pulmonary disease and were cured by combined trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) and doxycycline therapy. The patient with limited skin involvement responded to cotrimoxazole alone. However, the last patient with lymphocutaneous disease initially responded to cotrimoxazole (+ chloramphenicol) but developed acute-on-chronic renal failure and relapsed with dose reduction of cotrimoxazole. Alternative treatment with amikacin and doxycycline was instituted with good response. We shall review potential clues that may suggest the diagnosis of nocardiosis and discuss other effective antimicrobial agents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although there was no typical viral shedding pattern which represented exclusive association of viral infection with diarrhea, the initiallevel of viral excretion and the maximum level of viral shedding attained were much higher in animals with diarrhea.
Abstract: Rotaviral infections in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) were studied to ascertain its suitability as a model of infection and diarrhea caused by group A human rotaviruses. Formula-fed monkeys were used as they could be observed closely. Experimental rotaviral infection of cynomolgus monkeys was age-dependent; only young monkeys were readily infected. Formula-fed newborns were readily infected with cell-culture-adapted human (WA) and simian (SA11) viruses and with a rotavirus from a human fecal specimen. However, diarrhea was detected only in very young animals. A number of rotaviral shedding patterns as a function of time were observed. Although there was no typical viral shedding pattern which represented exclusive association of viral infection with diarrhea, the initial level of viral excretion and the maximum level of viral shedding attained were much higher in animals with diarrhea. Seroconversion occurred in less than half of the inoculated animals. The presence of maternal rotaviral antibodies did not prevent infection or diarrhea.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of corticosteroid pretreatment on acetylcholine (ACH)‐induced contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) were studied and the results confirmed the role of EACH in the contraction of BSM.
Abstract: 1. The effects of corticosteroid pretreatment on acetylcholine (ACH)-induced contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) were studied. 2. ACH dose-response curves for dexamethasone (DM)- and corticosterone (B)-treated but not deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-treated BSM were significantly shifted to the right; this provides evidence that glucocorticoid treatment reduced the sensitivity of BSM to ACH. 3. Morphine enhanced BSM contraction in response to ACH by 20%. DM suppressed this enhancement. 4. These findings correlated well with the reduction of muscarinic receptor numbers in BSM by glucocorticoids in our previous study. In addition, glucocorticoids reduced the sensitivity of BSM to opioids.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Kidney stone samples of the types calcium oxalate, uric acid, and xanthine were analyzed for their elemental contents by neutron activation analysis to study both the elemental correlation and influence of element on stone precipitation processes.
Abstract: Kidney stone samples of the types calcium oxalate, uric acid, and xanthine were analyzed for their elemental contents by neutron activation analysis to study both the elemental correlation and influence of element on stone precipitation processes. Elements, such as Al, Au, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Na, Sb, Se, Sr, and Zn, were determined quantitatively. Calcium oxalate stones contained higher concentration of all the elements analyzed compared to uric acid or xanthine stones. The concentrations of Cl, Fe, K, Na, Sr, and Zn were relatively higher than Au, Co, Cr, and Sb. A positive correlation exists between Ca and Zn, whereas a negative correlation exists between Sr and Ca. Zinc may play an important role in the formation of calcium oxalate stone.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of data shows that there are no significant differences in type, number and frequency of the work-related symptoms between VDT users and non-VDT users, and it appears that reporting of symptoms within the group may be random, although certain symptoms do appear more frequently than others.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of glucocorticoids in causing bronchodilatation in asthmatic patients is partly due to the restoration of adenyl cyclase responsiveness to beta-agonist, while Pretreatment with deoxycorticosterone and progesterone suppressed the increase in cAMP in response to isoprenaline.
Abstract: 1. Steroid hormones have been shown to regulate the concentration of adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in many tissues. 2. The cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content in rat lung tissues in response to either dexamethasone, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone or progesterone for 7 days were measured following intraperitoneal injection of isoprenaline just before sacrificed. 3. There was a significant increase in cAMP level (P less than 0.001) in dexamethasone and corticosterone-treated rats compared to controls that received isoprenaline alone. 4. Pretreatment with deoxycorticosterone and progesterone suppressed the increase in cAMP in response to isoprenaline. 5. The effect of glucocorticoids in causing bronchodilatation in asthmatic patients is partly due to the restoration of adenyl cyclase responsiveness to beta-agonist.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nine species of parasitoids were found parasitizing the pupae of filth flies breeding in refuse dumps and poultry farms throughout peninsular Malaysia, with Spalangia were most common.
Abstract: Nine species of parasitoids were found parasitizing the pupae of filth flies breeding in refuse dumps and poultry farms throughout peninsular Malaysia. Spalangia were most common, consisting of Spalangia endius Walker, S. cameroni Perkins, S. gemina Boucek, S. nigroaenea Curtis, and two undescribed species. Other parasitoids collected were Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani, Dirhinus himalayanus Westwood, and an unidentified Hymenoptera. The parasitized fly hosts included Musca domestica L., Chrysomya megacephala (F.), Fannia sp., and Ophyra sp. S. endius was the most common parasitoid attacking M. domestica and C. megacephala at refuse dumps and poultry farms. D. himalayanus were found to parasitize only M. domestica pupae collected at poultry farms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fifty-five species of birds were recorded from the four islands of the Krakatau archipelago during three expeditions that took place in 1984, 1985 and 1986, just over a century after the destructive eruption of 1883 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Fifty-five species of birds were recorded from the four islands of the Krakatau archipelago during three expeditions that took place in 1984, 1985 and 1986, just over a century after the destructive eruption of 1883. Thirty-six of these species were non-migrant land birds, the remainder seabirds, shorebirds or migrants. Fourteen species were recorded for the first time in this decade, eight of which are resident land birds. There were many new records for individual islands, especially for Panjang, an island ignored by previous expeditions; Anak Krakatau supported 24 species of resident land birds on some 12-14 ha (1 hectare = 10 $^{4}$ m $^{2}$ ) of vegetation. The avifauna of the Krakataus is compared and contrasted with that of two other islands in the Sunda Strait, Sebesi and Panaitan.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The divide-and-rule system as mentioned in this paper has been used for decades in the service of colonial defence, and has been shown to be an effective instrument of control and to draw off war-like elements.
Abstract: Colonial regimes have frequently shown a preference for sharing the burdens of defence with certain ethnic groups of the countries under their control. The advantages of a policy of this type—the essence of the divide and rule system—were many and varied. Binding natives to the service of colonial defence solved the functional problems of manpower in situations where no adequate corps of white regulars was readily available. The practice was cheaper to maintain and found to be an effective instrument of control. Its employment also drew off warlike elements that might have made trouble.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The delineation of the specific mutations present will enable effective prenatal diagnosis for beta thalassaemia of ethnic Chinese in West Malaysia to be instituted.
Abstract: The overseas Chinese in West Malaysia are almost exclusively from the south-eastern provinces of China-Kwangtung, Fukien, and Kwangsi. To institute a comprehensive thalassaemia control programme for this region we have characterised the beta thalassaemia mutations in 16 Chinese patients from West Malaysia: 4 beta thalassaemia mutations were seen: a) an A----G substitution in the TATA box [-28 base pairs (bp)], an A----T substitution in codon 17 [17 A----T], c) a 4 base pairs - TCTT deletion in codon 41-42 [frameshift mutation (FSC 41-42)], and d) a C----T substitution at the second intervening sequence (IVS 11) position 654. Similar mutations have been described in patients from the south-eastern provinces of China. The delineation of the specific mutations present will enable effective prenatal diagnosis for beta thalassaemia of ethnic Chinese in West Malaysia to be instituted.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The results indicate that ceftazidime was more effective than netilmicin in the treatment of children with peritonitis resulting from a perforated appendix, and it is recommended that an antibiotic of the penicillin group be added if netILmicin is used to treat peritoneitis.