Institution
National Veterinary Institute
Government•Uppsala, Sweden•
About: National Veterinary Institute is a government organization based out in Uppsala, Sweden. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Virus. The organization has 2588 authors who have published 4674 publications receiving 158707 citations. The organization is also known as: Statens veterinärmedicinska Anstalt.
Topics: Population, Virus, Salmo, Mastitis, Salmonella
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macro-autophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.
For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.
Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
5,187 citations
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Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy1, Public Health Foundation of India2, Princeton University3, University of the Witwatersrand4, Aga Khan University5, University of Oxford6, Food and Drug Administration7, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp8, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary9, University of Antwerp10, National Veterinary Institute11, Duke University12, Karolinska Institutet13, St. John's University of Tanzania14, University of Cuenca15, Wellcome Trust16, St George's, University of London17, McMaster University18, Uppsala University19
TL;DR: The global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and key areas in which action is urgently needed are described and identified.
Abstract: The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed.
3,181 citations
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that hrsACE2 can significantly block early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infections, and is proposed that inhibiting this interaction might be used in treating patients with COVID-19.
1,741 citations
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TL;DR: A novel type of immunostimiilating complex, called ‘iscom’, in which virus membrane proteins are presented in a multimeric form, which proves to be at least 10 times more potent than micelles formed by aggregation of the membrane proteins alone4.
Abstract: We describe here a novel type of immunostimiilating complex, called ‘iscom’, in which virus membrane proteins are presented in a multimeric form1–8. The matrix of the iscom is the glycoside Quil A (Spikoside; Iscotec AB), extracted from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina9, which forms micelles at the critical micellar concentration of 0.03%. In micelle form, Quil A probably has regions accessible for hydrophobic interaction with the membrane proteins so that it can form complexes with them. Iscoms have been prepared with membrane proteins of para-influenza-3 (PI-3), measles and rabies viruses, and their immunizing potency tested in animals. In these experiments, iscoms prove to be at least 10 times more potent than micelles formed by aggregation of the membrane proteins alone4. Iscoms of PI-3 and measles viruses also stimulate the formation of antibody to the fusion (F) protein, which is considered to be poorly immunogenic10,11. No side effects of iscoms or of protein micelles have been observed.
707 citations
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TL;DR: It is shown that a single subcutaneous immunization in mice with immunostimulating complexes containing either purified intact gploO envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-l or influenza haemagglutinin results in reproducible and long-lasting priming of HIV specific or influenza-specific CD8+, MHC class I restricted CTL.
Abstract: To reduce the risks of immunization with killed or live attenuated virus vaccines, it may be advantageous to use a pure, defined antigen that contains determinants for both humoral and cellular immunity. However, although most non-living intact protein preparations induce antibodies and CD4+ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted helper and/or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), they do not elicit CD8+ MHC class I restricted CTL. Indeed, with a few exceptions, it has not so far been possible to induce CD8+ CTL by immunizing with intact soluble proteins. We show here that a single subcutaneous immunization in mice with immunostimulating complexes containing either purified intact gp160 envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 or influenza haemagglutinin results in reproducible and long-lasting priming of HIV specific or influenza-specific CD8+, MHC class I restricted CTL.
536 citations
Authors
Showing all 2592 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Jens Nielsen | 149 | 1752 | 104005 |
Mathias Uhlén | 117 | 861 | 68387 |
Hans-Dieter Klenk | 93 | 341 | 32192 |
Willem J. G. Melchers | 85 | 472 | 23491 |
Peter Møller | 82 | 412 | 22698 |
Gunnar Andersson | 79 | 463 | 19399 |
Anna-Maria Andersson | 72 | 248 | 16481 |
Hannu Korkeala | 67 | 349 | 13919 |
Yrjö T. Gröhn | 66 | 309 | 14173 |
Janneche Utne Skaare | 64 | 204 | 11595 |
Eiliv Steinnes | 63 | 308 | 13040 |
Graham J. Belsham | 60 | 232 | 13238 |
Åshild Krogdahl | 59 | 168 | 13350 |
Karl Hult | 58 | 205 | 10240 |
Jukka Finne | 58 | 160 | 9995 |