Showing papers by "Naval Postgraduate School published in 1975"
TL;DR: The authors found that the degree of latitude that a superior granted to a member to negotiate his role was predictive of subsequent behavior on the part of both superior and member, and that superiors typically employed both leadership and supervision techniques within their units.
2,746 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a frequency-dependent hybrid-mode analysis of single and coupled slots and coplanar strips is presented, where the dispersion characteristic and characteristic impedance of the structures are obtained by applying a Fourier transform technique and evaluating the resulting expressions numerically using the method of moments.
Abstract: A frequency-dependent hybrid-mode analysis of single and coupled slots and coplanar strips is presented. The dispersion characteristic and characteristic impedance of the structures are obtained by applying a Fourier transform technique and evaluating the resulting expressions numerically using the method of moments. Numerical results are presented and compared with results published by other investigators. The experimental performance of a slot-line coupler is compared with predicted performance based upon the results presented here for coupled slots. Excellent agreement has been obtained in all cases.
264 citations
TL;DR: It was found that recent error observations are more representative of future error occurrences than are early observations and acceptable accuracy was obtained when using the preferred forecasting method.
Abstract: A non-homogeneous Poisson process is used to model the occurrence of errors detected during functional testing of command and control software. The parameters of the detection process are estimated by using a combination of maximum likelihood and weighted least squares methods. Once parameter estimates are obtained, forecasts can be made of cumulative number of detected errors. Forecasting equations of cumulative corrected errors, errors detected but not corrected, and the time required to detect or correct a specified number of errors, are derived from the detected error function. The various forecasts provide decision aids for managing software testing activities. Naval Tactical Data System software error data are used to evaluate several variations of the forecasting methodology and to test the accuracy of the forecasting equations. Because of changes which take place in the actual detected error process, it was found that recent error observations are more representative of future error occurrences than are early observations. Based on a limited test of the model, acceptable accuracy was obtained when using the preferred forecasting method.
175 citations
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: It was found that recent error observations are more representative of future error occurrences than are early observations and acceptable accuracy was obtained when using the preferred forecasting method.
Abstract: A non-homogeneous Poisson process is used to model the occurrence of errors detected during functional testing of command and control software. The parameters of the detection process are estimated by using a combination of maximum likelihood and weighted least squares methods. Once parameter estimates are obtained, forecasts can be made of cumulative number of detected errors. Forecasting equations of cumulative corrected errors, errors detected but not corrected, and the time required to detect or correct a specified number of errors, are derived from the detected error function. The various forecasts provide decision aids for managing software testing activities. Naval Tactical Data System software error data are used to evaluate several variations of the forecasting methodology and to test the accuracy of the forecasting equations. Because of changes which take place in the actual detected error process, it was found that recent error observations are more representative of future error occurrences than are early observations. Based on a limited test of the model, acceptable accuracy was obtained when using the preferred forecasting method.
113 citations
98 citations
01 Mar 1975
95 citations
01 Aug 1975
84 citations
76 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used empirical formulas derived to describe the profiles of wind, temperature and humidity through the atmospheric surface boundary layer (SBL) to derive equations predicting the fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture through the SBL.
Abstract: Empirical formulas which have been derived to describe the profiles of wind, temperature and humidity through the atmospheric surface boundary layer (SBL) are used to derive equations predicting the fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture through the SBL. These formulas can be applied in the computation of lower boundary conditions needed for the diffusion equation in planetary boundary layer models.
46 citations
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art of deterministic networks is surveyed with a discussion of shortest path, transportation, assignment, transshipment, maximum flow, minimum spanning tree, Chinese postman, Euler path and multicommodity flow models.
Abstract: The state-of-the-art of deterministic networks is surveyed with a discussion of shortest path, transportation, assignment, transshipment, maximum flow, minimum spanning tree, Chinese postman, Euler path and multicommodity flow models. The computational complexity of network models is discussed. The survey concentrates on models and algorithms that can be used to solve large-scale problems.
41 citations
01 Sep 1975
TL;DR: It is shown that a stationary distribution of a regular Markov chain can be obtained directly from its transition graph using trees of the graph rather than loops.
Abstract: It is shown that a stationary distribution of a regular Markov chain can be obtained directly from its transition graph. The technique is similar to signal flow-graph methods, however, it uses trees of the graph rather than loops. The proof is direct and simple.
TL;DR: The role of alloying and thermomechanical processing in direct microstructural control in lead-base storage battery alloys is reviewed in this article, where strength, corrosion, and electrochemical correlations are discussed for conventional and emerging lead alloy systems.
Abstract: The role of alloying and thermomechanical processing in direct microstructural control in lead-base storage battery alloys is reviewed. Strength, corrosion, and electrochemical correlations are discussed for conventional and emerging lead alloy systems.
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, the success of application of unique mechanical effects related to thermoelastic martensite transformation, deformation, and reversion is discussed in terms of the requirements to characterize various unique thermomechanical parameters, such as reversion stress, strain limits, stress and strain stability, and cycling effects.
Abstract: Successful application of unique mechanical effects related to thermoelastic martensite transformation, deformation, and reversion is discussed in terms of the requirements to characterize various unique thermomechanical parameters, such as reversion stress, strain limits, stress and strain stability, and cycling effects. The dependence of reversion stress on such factors as prestrain, partial relaxation during reversion, temperature, and time is evaluated for Ni-Ti-base alloys and recent data are correlated with existing data for NiTi and other “shape-memory effect” alloys. The kinetics of martensitic deformation and reversion is discussed and related to proposed microstructural models for martensitic thermoelastic effects. Practical considerations such as stress relaxation, consequences of exceeding strain limits, and conditions for development of reversible effects are discussed. The general prerequisites for thermoelastic martensite effects are summarized, and implications regarding applications are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis for the motion of large free-floating bodies is presented for the response of a sphere and a short, vertical, circular cylinder floating in water of finite depth, and the results obtained by methods of Part I are utilized in conjunction with the equations of motion of the floating body to determine the response induced by wave excitation.
Abstract: A numerical scheme was developed in Part I utilizing digital computer calculations to determine wave excitation forces as well as added mass and damping coefficients for large objects in the sea. The analysis was carried out within the framework of linear theory for bodies of arbitrary shape, either submerged or semisubmerged, in water of finite depth. In this Part II, an analysis is presented for the motion of large free-floating bodies. The results obtained by methods of Part I are utilized in conjunction with the equations of motion of the floating body to determine the response induced by wave excitation. Numerical results are presented for the response of a sphere and a short, vertical, circular cylinder floating in water of finite depth.
TL;DR: A solution to the relation optimization problem for the RSF is obtained by an application of the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell variable metric method using simple first difference approximations for the necessary gradients.
Abstract: The Rational Distributed Lag Structural Form (RSF) representation of an econometric model is introduced and its relationship to several standard forms of representation is discussed The FIML estimation problem for the RSF is then considered and formulated as a nonlinear, unconstrained optimization problem A solution to the relation optimization problem is then obtained by an application of the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell variable metric method using simple first difference approximations for the necessary gradients This approach requires a minimum of effort on the part of the model builder since there is no longer any need to analytically determine, and then program, the gradient expressions The feasibility of the method is demonstrated with several examples
TL;DR: In this paper, a small tunneling approximation to the hydrogen-bond-ordering model of ferroelectrics of the K${H}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ family has been fitted to experimental data for ferro-electrics with composition $X$ ${Y}_{2}$ Z${O}_{4}, where X$ is K, Rb, or Cs, $Y$ is the proton or deuteron, and $Z$ is P or As.
Abstract: The small tunneling approximation to the hydrogen-bond-ordering model of ferroelectrics of the K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ family has been fitted to experimental data for ferroelectrics with composition $X$ ${Y}_{2}$ Z${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, where $X$ is K, Rb, or Cs, $Y$ is the proton or deuteron, and $Z$ is P or As. In almost all cases a quite satisfactory account of the thermodynamic parameters is obtained. The required tunneling parameters are 0, or nearly so, for the deuterated compounds and seem nearly independent of the cation. The hydrogen-bond occupation energy associated with the lowest-energy "disordered" state varies nearly linearly with cation radius for each series of compounds. The results are consistent with the suggestion that the energy parameters of deuterated and nondeuterated materials should scale as the square of the off-center distance.
TL;DR: In this article, measured distributions of current and charge per unit length on electrically long and thin crossed antennas over a ground plane are displayed for five sets of lengths that locate the junction at minima and maxima of charge and include resonant and antiresonant combinations of lengths.
Abstract: Measured distributions of current and charge per unit length on electrically long and thin crossed antennas over a ground plane are displayed for five sets of lengths that locate the junction at minima and maxima of charge and include resonant and antiresonant combinations of lengths. The currents are induced by a normally incident plane electromagnetic wave with its electric vector parallel to one of the mutually perpendicular antennas. Attention is given to the behavior of currents and charges near the junction where Kirchhoff's current law and equality of charges per unit length are observed. For purposes of physical understanding a zero-order explanation of the distributions of charge per unit length and current is given in terms of resonant and forced components.
TL;DR: In this paper, a canonical problem in optimal control involving constraints of the type ψα(t, x)⩽0, α=1,...,m was studied.
Abstract: This paper is a sequel to a previous article by the author, concerned with a certain canonical problem in optimal control involving constraints of the typeψα(t, x)⩽0, α=1,...,m. In that article, a set of second-order conditions necessary for a solution arc was obtained. In this paper, those results are extended to a general control problem involving the above type of constraints.
TL;DR: In this article, the distributions of current and charge induced on the surface of electrically thin metal cylinders by an external electromagnetic field are described by means of theoretically and experimentally determined graphs.
Abstract: The distributions of current and charge induced on the surface of electrically thin metal cylinders by an external electromagnetic field are described by means of theoretically and experimentally determined graphs. Various possible standing-wave patterns are shown including some with unexpected properties such as the coincidence of current and charge minima. A knowledge of these distributions is essential to the determination of the shielding properties of imperfectly conducting cylinders and cylinders with small aperttires. It is also a prerequisite o an understanding of currents and charges on crossed metal cylinders including aircraft exposed to an electromagnetic pulse. The significance of the location of the junction in the standing-wave patterns is pointed out.
16 Jun 1975
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effect of a uniform pitching motion on a slender axisymmetric body while undergoing large excursions in angle of attack.
Abstract: : An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effect of a uniform pitching motion on a slender axisymmetric body while undergoing large excursions in angle of attack. Force and moment measurements were obtained for a slender tangent-ogive/cylindrical body over a range of Reynolds numbers from 50,000 to 140,000 while varying the angle of attack from zero to 90 degrees and the pitch rate between zero and 281 degrees per second. Smoke flow visualization studies were used as an aid in assessing wake vortex transitions.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of a nonlinear eddy viscosity coefficient based upon two-dimensional turbulence theory is shown to permit use of an eddy viscosity which, away from the western boundary region, is at least an order of magnitude smaller than a critical value.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that they lead to improved long-range properties for Normal-Tightened-Reduced schemes, but to poorer properties for normalized schemes, while a simplified set of switching rules is suggested, wherein the ''limit numbers in MIL-STD-105D are eliminated.
Abstract: : An integral part of the MIL-STD-105D scheme for sampling inspection by attributes is the transfer from normal inspection to reduced or tightened inspection when the historical record of inspected lots suggests unusually good or bad quality. The switching rules in MIL-STD-105D have been criticized, especially by Japanese manufacturers, as being too severe when what is defined as acceptable quality materials submitted. This paper examines the long range fraction of lots rejected for several MIL-STD-105D sampling plans by using the MIL-STD-105D switching rules, using a modification suggested by the Japanese Standards Association, and by using a second modification developed by the authors. The Japanese Standards Association switching rules are more complex than those in MIL-STD-105D. It is demonstrated that they lead to improved long-range properties for Normal-Tightened-Reduced schemes, but to poorer properties for Normal-Tightened schemes. A simplified set of switching rules is suggested, wherein the ''limit numbers in MIL-STD-105D are eliminated. In comparison to MIL-STD-105D, the simpler rules lead to a lower probability of rejection for good lots and a comparable probability of rejection for bad lots.
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of functions known to be exact penalty functions for a proper choice of the parameters is studied, and a basic algorithm is developed to iteratively determine the correct parameters.
Abstract: As an approach to solving nonlinear programs, we study a class of functions known to be exact penalty functions for a proper choice of the parameters. The goal is to iteratively determine the correct parameters. A basic algorithm has been developed. We have proved that this algorithm converges to a global solution for concave programs and, in the limited computational tests performed to date, it has always converged to at least a local solution for nonconcave programs also.
TL;DR: In this article, first-order necessary conditions of optimality are examined for a two-person zero-sum deterministic differential game (an extension of Isaacs' "War of Attrition and Attack" [4]) with bounded state variables.
Abstract: First-order necessary conditions of optimality are examined for a two-person zero-sum deterministic differential game (an extension of Isaacs' "War of Attrition and Attack" [4]) with bounded state variables. Both players use closed-loop strategies. Multiplier conditions associated with the state constraints are shown to play a key role in the determination of optimal strategies.
TL;DR: In this article, the treatment of force-level constraints in time-sequential combat optimization problems is illustrated by further studying the fire-programming problem of Isbell and Marlow.
Abstract: The treatment of force-level constraints in time-sequential combat optimization problems is illustrated by further studying the fire-programming problem of Isbell and Marlow. By using the theory of state variable inequality constraints from modern optimal control theory, sharper results are obtained on necessary conditions of optimality for an optimal fire-distribution policy (in several cases justifying conjectures made in previous analysis). This leads to simplification of the determination of the domains of controllability for extremals leading to the various terminal states of combat. (Additionally, some new results for the determination of boundary conditions for the adjoint variables in optimal control problems with state variable inequality constraints have arisen from this work.) Some further extensions of previous analysis of the fire-programming problem are also given. These clarify some key points in the solution synthesis. Some important military principles for target selection and the valuation of combat resources are deduced from the solution. As a result of this work, more general time-sequential combat optimization problems can be handled, and a more systematic solution procedure is developed.
TL;DR: In this paper, double base propellant and ammonium perchlorate (AP)/binder sandwich combustion were studied in standard and high acceleration environments in order to determine the acceleration sensitive combustion mechanisms.
Abstract: Nonmetallized double-base propellant and ammonium perchlorate (AP)/binder sandwich combustion were studied in standard and high acceleration environments in order to determine the acceleration sensitive combustion mechanisms. Experimental techniques used were high speed motion pictures, two-color schlieren, and centrifuge mounted combustion bombs. It was found for double-base propellant that the temperature increased continuously from the surface into the visible flame. Acceleration induced burning rate augmentation occurred and resulted in elimination of the visible flame. A modified surface or subsurface zone is proposed as the acceleration sensitive combustion mechanism. AP/binder sandwich combustion was also found to be acceleration sensitive with binder flow-AP interactions proposed as the mechanism.