Showing papers by "Naval Postgraduate School published in 1979"
605 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the possible interactions between the northeasterly cold surges off the Asia continent and the convective disturbances in the near equatorial region based on surface and 850 mb wind and temperature analyses, satellite data, and synoptic weather charts of the Hong Kong Royal Observatory.
Abstract: This is a pre-Winter Monsoon Experiment (Winter MONEX) pilot study to examine the possible interactions between the northeasterly cold surges off the Asia continent and the convective disturbances in the near equatorial region Based on surface and 850 mb wind and temperature analyses, satellite data, and synoptic weather charts of the Hong Kong Royal Observatory, a sequence of synoptic events associated with two cold air surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the Winter MONEX area of South China Sea and its vicinity during December 1974 is discussed The results lead to the tentative conclusions that due to the varying degree of air-sea interactions between cold air originating from the southeastern China coast, Taiwan and Luzon Straits, and that originating from the South China coast, the near-equatorial latitudes of the South China Sea will experience a freshening of the low-level northeasterly monsoon Winds prior to a decrease in surface temperature which, if it occurs, is confined to t
208 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a discrete vortex model based on potential flow and boundary-layer interaction, rediscretization of shear layers, and circulation dissipation is developed to determine the characteristics of an impulsively started flow about a circular cylinder.
Abstract: A discrete vortex model based on potential flow and boundary-layer interaction, rediscretization of shear layers, and circulation dissipation is developed to determine the characteristics of an impulsively started flow about a circular cylinder. The evolution of the flow from the start to very large times, lift and drag forces, Strouhal number, oscillations of the separation and stagnation points, and the vortex-street characteristics are calculated and compared with experiments. b CD CL Cpb c D fv h / j m N n q Re St s ds t At U u v w z F 7 6 X v p Nomenclature = longitudinal spacing of vortices = drag coefficient = lift coefficient = base pressure coefficient = radius of the cylinder - diameter of the cylinder ,D = 2c = vortex shedding frequency = transverse spacing of vortices = an index = distance to nascent vortex from cylinder = number of vortices on a sheet = an index = total velocity at a point = Reynolds number, UD/v = Strouhal number, fvD/ U = distance along a sheet = point vortex spacing = time or Ut/c for U= 1 and c = 1 - numerical step size = velocity of the ambient flow = x component of velocity -y component of velocity = complex velocity potential = complex variable = circulation = circulation per unit length = angle measured from ( - c,0) = dissipation parameter = kinematic viscosity of fluid = density of fluid = vorticity
118 citations
TL;DR: An experiment in software error data collection and analysis was conducted in order to study relationships between complexity measures and error charateristics under conditions where the error data could be carefully defined and collected.
Abstract: The propensity to make programming errors and the rates of error detection and correction are dependent on program complexity. Knowledge of these relationships can be used to avoid errorprone structures in software design and to devise a testing strategy which is based on anticipated difficulty of error detection and correction. An experiment in software error data collection and analysis was conducted in order to study these relationships under conditions where the error data could be carefully defined and collected. Several complexity measures which can be defined in terms of the directed graph representation of a program, such as cyclomatic number, were analyzed with respect to the following error characteristics: errors found, time between error detections, and error correction time. Signifiant relationships were found between complexity measures and error charateristics. The meaning of directed grph structural properties in terms of the complexity of the programming and testing tasks was examined.
116 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used present weather observations taken by ships and relating them to a given amount of precipitation, and derived new estimates of oceanic rainfall for the Pacific Ocean between 30°S and 60°N.
Abstract: By using present weather observations taken by ships and relating them to a given amount of precipitation, new estimates of oceanic rainfall for the Pacific Ocean between 30°S and 60°N have been derived. Satellite microwave measurements and Taylor's (1973) island analysis support our findings. Annual and quarterly rainfall maps, drawn from our estimates, agree with other modem, land-derived values, but provide greater detail. Between the equator and 60°N, the annual depth and volume rainfall totals are 1282 mm and 1.16×105 km3, respectively. Maps of amplitude and phase show that most of the rainfall north of 28°N occurs in winter, while maximum rainfall occurs in July and August in the tropics. Diurnal rainfall, studied at selected locations, is at a minimum at noon in all but the western pan of the North Pacific. Here there is no distinct minimum.
99 citations
TL;DR: A framework for assessing technology is derived and can be used to aid integration of research, to encourage more thorough assessment of technology, and to investigate the relations between the environment and technology.
Abstract: Technology is a multiphasic, multilevel input/output mechanism that is interdependent with its environment. Past research suggests that inconsistent assessments of technology may be attributed to examining different phases of the same transformation process. Past research has generally ignored input and output activities as well as critical energy exchanges between the technology and the environment. Technology can be assessed at several levels (individual job, subunit, and organization), which are interdependent, yet may reflect qualitatively different activities. A framework for assessing technology is derived from these multiple levels. This framework can be used to aid integration of research, to encourage more thorough assessment of technology, and to investigate the relations between the environment and technology.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a six-layer, 60 km mesh primitive equation model was used to forecast cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean and the United States in spite of the inadvertent neglect of surface friction over half of the domain.
Abstract: Thirty–two 24 h forecasts have been run over western Europe and the eastern United States using a six-layer, 60 km mesh primitive equation model. The forecasts show considerable skill in forecasting cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean and the United States in spite of the inadvertent neglect of surface friction over half of the domain. The average 24 h S 1score for sea level pressure is 39.1 compared to an average of 45.9 for Fleet Numerical Weather Central's operational model and 73.4 for persistence. The initialization scheme is based on an objective analysis of the horizontal wind field. Following the wind analysis, we infer geopotential and temperature from the rotational part of the wind with a nonlinear form of the balance equation. We present detailed results from one initial analysis and error statistics from 30 analyses occurring from December 1977 through April 1978. Typical root-mean-square (rms) differences between first-guess and balanced analyses of geopotential and temperature are ...
70 citations
01 Nov 1979
TL;DR: The concentrations of methane and 333 to 1800-μm ATP-biomass were determined at 15 stations along a transect from Gibraltar to Africa to Puerto Rico as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The concentrations of methane and 333 to 1800-μm ATP-biomass were determined at 15 stations along a transect from Gibraltar to Africa to Puerto Rico. Near-surface waters at one station in the Western Mediterranean and at one station off the coast of North Africa were highly supersaturated with methane. High concentrations of zooplankton encountered at the same locations offer biological evidence that the production of excess methane in the water column may be associated with the pelagic food chain. A possible cause may be the presence of methane bacteria in the digestive tracts of the herbivorous zooplankton.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of a 1977 national survey covering Operations Research/Management Science OR/MS in major U.S. corporations are described and discussed, with the major points being organizational location of OR activities in the corporation, academic background of OR personnel, measures of effectiveness for OR activities, frequency of utilization of various OR techniques, areas of application, and problems of implementation.
Abstract: This paper describes and discusses the results of a 1977 national survey covering Operations Research/Management Science OR/MS in major U.S. corporations. The major points are organizational location of OR activities in the corporation, academic background of OR personnel, measures of effectiveness for OR activities, frequency of utilization of various OR techniques, areas of application, and problems of implementation.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple parametric model is proposed to represent data of non-standard distributional form, and the application of the approach to simulation and to data analysis is discussed, and will be further explored in later reports.
Abstract: A simple parametric model is proposed to represent data of non-standard distributional form. An example is the "bathtub" hazard of reliability. The application of the approach to simulation and to data analysis is discussed, and will be further explored in later reports.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the experimental values of attenuation of commercially available rectangular waveguides were determined at frequencies between 25 and 200 GHz with emphasis on high accuracy, taking into consideration temperature effects, work hardening, size effects, surface roughness, and a room-temperature anomaly of the skin effect.
Abstract: The experimental values of attenuation of commercially available rectangular waveguides were determined at frequencies between 25 and 200 GHz with emphasis on high accuracy. They were compared with the theoretical values computed from the dc conductivities, taking into consideration temperature effects, work hardening, size effects, surface roughness, and a room-temperature anomaly of the skin effect. A new way to express the excess attenuation due to these effects was fomulated. Excess ratios of attenuation of coin-silver waveguides were found to be well below the values used in engineering in the past. They can satisfactorily be explained by surface roughness. The normalized excess attenuations of copper guides are higher than those of guides made of silver but lower than cited in the literature.
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis is presented using control theory concepts to show that aerodynamic hysteresis of the form of relay action can lead to lateral-directional limit cycle motions.
Abstract: An analysis is presented using control theory concepts to show that aerodynamic hysteresis of the form of relay action can lead to lateral-directional limit cycle motions. These limit cycle motions are usually described in a colloquial sense as airframe wing rock. The aerodynamic details leading to wing-rock oscillations will vary with airframe configuration, and usually the exact description of the aerodynamic nonlinearity is difficult to obtain or predict. The purpose of the studies described herein is to promulgate a flight mechanics analysis technique which by virtue of its simplicity offers the analyst an insight into potential candidate aerodynamic mechanisms.
TL;DR: In this paper, the dependence of cluster yields on primary ion energy has been computed and matches well the shape of the experimental curve for Ni 3 + /Ni 2 +, suggesting that a simple power law based on the yield of monomers is not sufficient to predict accurate cluster yields.
TL;DR: In this article, the energy distribution of particles ejected from single crystal surfaces has been calculated using classical dynamics and the model utilizes a microcrystallite of 4 layers with ~60 atoms/layer which is bombarded by 600 eV Ar + at normal incidence.
TL;DR: A new variance reduction technique is introduced called internal control variables, to be used in the context of regeneration simulations, to identify a sequence of control random variables, each one defined within a regenerative cycle, whose mean can be calculated analytically.
Abstract: : A new variance reduction technique is introduced called internal control variables, to be used in the context of regeneration simulations. The idea is to identify a sequence of control random variables, each one defined within a regenerative cycle, whose mean can be calculated analytically. These controls should be highly correlated with the usual quantities observed in a regenerative simulation. This correlation reduces the variance of the estimate for the parameter of interest. Numerical examples are included for the waiting time process of an M/M/1 queue and for several Markov chains. (Author)
TL;DR: The concept of the international system has been defined as a way of ordering data, a construct for describing both the way in which the parts relate, and the way patterns of interaction change as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: PATTERNS of relations among autonomous political units have been described as "systems" since Hobbes and Pufendorf in the seventeenth century. Only since World War II, however, have intense efforts been made to gain theoretical understanding of inter-state relations as systems. These efforts tend to fall into at least three major categories. First, fairly traditional case studies have been based on modest definitions of the potential of the "systems" metaphor. Stanley Hoffmann, for example, has defined "the concept of the international system" as "a way of ordering data, a construct for describing both the way in which the parts relate, and the way in which patterns of interaction change." The "systems" construct may be helpful, but international relations theory "can do little more than define basic concepts, analyze basic configurations, sketch out the permanent features of a constant logic of behavior. . . .' Hoffmann and his mentor, Raymond Aron, have emphasized the structural configuration of military power and the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the system in order to distinguish various international systems-for instance, "the balance-of-power system which lasted from the Peace of Westphalia until the French Revolution."2 Several other theorists-among them Brecher, Holsti, Modelski, and Rosecrance-have undertaken case studies of historical statessystems in search of generalizations; however, they disagree with Hoff-
TL;DR: In this article, a rotating heat pipe assembly was tested at rotational speeds of 700, 1400, and 2800 rpm using distilled water as the working fluid, and the truncated cone surface was also promoted for dropwise condensation using n-octadecyl mercaptan in octanoic acid.
Abstract: A rotating heat pipe assembly was tested at rotational speeds of 700, 1400, and 2800 rpm using distilled water as the working fluid. Tests were made during film condensation on several copper condensers, including smoothwalled cylinders, an internally finned cylinder, and a truncated cone. The truncated cone surface was also promoted for dropwise condensation using n-octadecyl mercaptan in octanoic acid. Heat-transfer performance improved with increasing rotational speed. The internally finned cylinder and the truncated cone showed a 100% improvement over the equivalent smooth-walled cylinder. Dropwise condensation showed substantial improvement over film condensation, primarily at low rotational speeds. Nomenclature cp = specific heat gc = gravitational constant m = mass rate of flow Q = heat-transfer rate R = radius AT = cooling water temperature difference p = density a = surface tension o> = angular velocity
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: The ability of the electron beam evaporative process simultaneously to deposit low vapor pressure elements from MCrAl alloys has been in question as discussed by the authors, since present directions in coating compositional development are towards the incorporation of small levels (0.1-3%) of one or more critical elements in systems forming protective oxides.
20 Aug 1979
TL;DR: In this article, various image processing techniques for enhancement of target-to-noise ratio by performing background clutter suppression are surveyed, including a family of statistical target estimation techniques being developed at the Naval Postgraduate School.
Abstract: Objectives of new infrared smart sensor systems-and their focal plane processing requirements for target detection are presented. Various image processing techniques for enhancement of target-to-noise ratio by performing background clutter suppression are surveyed, including a family of statistical target estimation techniques being developed at the Naval Postgraduate School. Highlights of their results in processing a set of multiple frame infrared test images are presented using statistical spatial filters for single frames of image and statistical temporal filters and combined statistical spatial/temporal filters for multiple frames of images.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-attribute utility theory is proposed to measure military capability along a scale which has ratio as well as interval properties, in order to help solve the problem of arms transfer.
Abstract: For the last several years the international transfer of conventional arms has grown to alarming proportions and touched off considerable concern among researchers who are attempting to decipher the seemingly increasing role which arms transfers play in international relations. In an attempt to come to grips with the arms transfer problem through systematic, data-based research, analysts have employed several measurement techniques. A close examination of the more commonly employed techniques reveals that each of them has limitations restricting it to a narrow set of arms transfers issues. One issue of arms transfers which has not yet been addressed satisfactorily concerns plausibly measuring military capability along a scale which has ratio as well as interval properties. In an effort to help solve this problem, a weapons capability measure based on multi-attribute utility theory is proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of 356 items which had been priced under sole source and then under competitive conditions showed that the introduction of competition is associated with a reduction in unit price of between 10.8 and 17.5%, depending on the size of the order.
Abstract: Price is one of the most important and least understood factors of marketing. For a significant number of goods and services, price is established by the technique of competitive bidding. In many instances such competitive bidding occurs after the items have been priced under monopolistic conditions. A study of 356 items which had been priced under sole source and then under competitive conditions showed that the introduction of competition is associated with a reduction in unit price of between 10.8 and 17.5%, depending on the size of the order. The number of units purchased also has a significant effect on price.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of water vapor exchange in response to fluctuations in humidity was studied by comparing the values of mean-square temperature fluctuations indicated by contaminated and clean sensors, and the effect was negligible for ambient relative humidity above 85%, primarily due to the lack of humidity fluctuations.
Abstract: Microthermal sensors contaminated by salt aerosol droplets are subject to erroneous temperature fluctuations caused by water vapor exchange in response to fluctuations in humidity. The effect was studied by comparing the values of mean-square temperature fluctuations indicated by contaminated and clean sensors. The effect was negligible for ambient relative humidities above 85%, primarily due to the lack of humidity fluctuations. The errors were significantly diminished by frequent washing of the sensors.
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: The optimal initial-commitment decision is shown to be sensitive to the decision criterion for fixed force-ratio breakpoint battles, and convexity of the instantaneous casualty-exchange ratio is shown.
Abstract: This paper shows that by considering the instantaneous casualty-exchange ratio one can determine whether it is beneficial for the victor to commit as many forces as possible to battle initially in Lanchester-type combat between two homogeneous forces. It considers the initial-commitment decision as a one-sided static optimization problem and examines this nonlinear program for each of three decision criteria victor's losses, loss ratio, and loss difference and for each of two different battle-termination conditions given force-level breakpoint and given force-ratio breakpoint. The main contribution is to show how to determine the sign of the partial derivative of the decision criterion with respect to the victor's initial force level for general combat dynamics without explicitly solving the Lanchester-type combat equations. Consequently, the victor's optimal initial-commitment decision may often be determined from how the instantaneous casualty-exchange ratio varies with changes in the victor's force level and time. Convexity of the instantaneous casualty-exchange ratio is shown to imply convexity of the decision criterion so that conditions of decreasing marginal returns may be identified also without solving the combat equations. The optimal initial-commitment decision is shown to be sensitive to the decision criterion for fixed force-ratio breakpoint battles.
TL;DR: Inelastic electron scattering between 4 and 50 MeV excitation energy reveals two concentrations of $E2$ strength in the continuum, one is between 15 and 20 MeV, with a peak at 17 MeV and can be identified with the giant quadrupole resonance in the ground state oblate well.
Abstract: Inelastic electron scattering in $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ between 4 and 50 MeV excitation energy reveals two concentrations of $E2$ strength in the continuum. One is between 15 and 20 MeV, with a peak at 17 MeV, and can be identified with the giant quadrupole resonance in the ground state oblate well. A broad distribution of $E2$ strength between 22 and 42 MeV is predominatly isovector in nature. In addition, a small but persistent $E2$ peak at 24 MeV was found, which may be interpreted as being the corresponding state in the prolate well to the 17 MeV resonance. It is shown that 50% or more of the photon cross section in excess of the classical dipole sum rule between 10 MeV and the pion threshold may be due to $E2$ absorption.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$($e$,${e}^{\ensuremath{'}}$), ${E}_{0}=92$ MeV. Measured $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}d{E}_{x}}$, bound and continuum states. Deduced multipolarity $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, reduced matrix element $B(E\ensuremath{\lambda})$, sum rule exhaustion.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of historical data on conditional expectations and variances of enrollments is explicitly included in their formulas, as is the “odd-even” effect of admissions during fall and spring semesters.
Abstract: This paper shows how longitudinal data for student enrollments and attendances can be used to obtain variances and confidence limits in the forecasts of future enrollments. The effect of historical data on conditional expectations and variances of enrollments is explicitly included in our formulas, as is the “odd-even” effect of admissions during fall and spring semesters. Thus, it is possible with little effort to obtain confidence intervals for forecasts (in absolute numbers or in percentage terms) from the same longitudinal data that provide the forecasts themselves. We include calculations for the special cases of large cohort sizes and Poisson admissions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the short-term properties of man-made radio noise affecting operational HF receivers are described by simulated threedimensional display. Noise is categorized into types, and the importance of each type to HF circuit operation is discussed.
Abstract: The short-term properties of man-made radio noise affecting operational HF receivers are described by simulated threedimensional display. Noise is categorized into types, and the importance of each type to HF circuit operation is discussed. The types of noise are also related to source categories to simplify source location and control processes.
01 Jun 1979
TL;DR: It is the aim of this paper to provide an introduction to graphs as they apply to program representation and to show examples of their use in program design and debugging.
Abstract: Computer program graphs have proven very useful because they illuminate the structural characteristics of a program. Structural characteristics, as a representation of program complexity, have been shown to be strongly related to program development time, program quality and difficulty of debugging. 1 – 3 The use of graphs for these purposes is not widely known or understood in the data processing community. It is the aim of this paper to provide an introduction to graphs as they apply to program representation and to show examples of their use in program design and debugging.