Showing papers by "New York University published in 1994"
TL;DR: This article used cross-country estimates of physical and human capital stocks to run the growth accounting regressions implied by a CobbPDouglas aggregate production function and found that human capital enters insignificantly in explaining per capita growth rates.
3,799 citations
Proceedings Article•
31 Jul 1994TL;DR: Preliminary experiments with a dynamic programming approach to pattern detection in databases, based on the dynamic time warping technique used in the speech recognition field, are described.
Abstract: Knowledge discovery in databases presents many interesting challenges within the context of providing computer tools for exploring large data archives. Electronic data repositories are growing quickly and contain data from commercial, scientific, and other domains. Much of this data is inherently temporal, such as stock prices or NASA telemetry data. Detecting patterns in such data streams or time series is an important knowledge discovery task. This paper describes some preliminary experiments with a dynamic programming approach to the problem. The pattern detection algorithm is based on the dynamic time warping technique used in the speech recognition field.
3,229 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that cellular immunity is involved in the initial control of virus replication in primary HIV-1 infection and a role for CTL in protective immunity to HIV- 1 in vivo is indicated.
Abstract: Virologic and immunologic studies were performed on five patients presenting with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors specific for cells expressing antigens of HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Env were detected at or within 3 weeks of presentation in four of the five patients and were detected in all five patients by 3 to 6 months after presentation. The one patient with an absent initial CTL response had prolonged symptoms, persistent viremia, and low CD4+ T-cell count. Neutralizing antibody activity was absent at the time of presentation in all five patients. These findings suggest that cellular immunity is involved in the initial control of virus replication in primary HIV-1 infection and indicate a role for CTL in protective immunity to HIV-1 in vivo.
2,614 citations
TL;DR: This article analyzed the response of small versus large manufacturing firms to monetary policy and found that small firms account for a significantly disproportionate share of the manufacturing decline that follows tightening of monetary policy, while large firms initially borrow to accumulate inventories and after a brief period, small firms quickly shed inventories.
Abstract: We analyze the response of small versus large manufacturing firms to monetary policy. The goal is to obtain evidence on the importance of financial propagation mechanisms for aggregate activity. We find that small firms account for a significantly disproportionate share of the manufacturing decline that follows tightening of monetary policy. They play a surprisingly prominent role in the slowdown of inventory demand. Large firms initially borrow to accumulate inventories. After a brief period, small firms quickly shed inventories. We attempt to sort financial from nonfinancial explanations with evidence on asymmetries and on balance sheet effects on inventory demand across size classes.
2,426 citations
TL;DR: The occurrence and impact of psychological contract violations were studied among graduate management alumni (N = 128) who were surveyed twice, once at graduation (immediately following recruitment) and then two years later as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The occurrence and impact of psychological contract violations were studied among graduate management alumni (N = 128) who were surveyed twice, once at graduation (immediately following recruitment) and then two years later. Psychological contracts, reciprocal obligations in employment developed during and after recruitment, were reported by a majority of respondents (54.8 per cent) as having been violated by their employers. The impact of violations are examined using both quantitative and qualitative data. Occurrence of violations correlated positively with turnover and negatively with trust, satisfaction and intentions to remain.
2,310 citations
TL;DR: The adequacy of prescribed analgesic drugs using guidelines developed by the World Health Organization was assessed, the factors that influenced whether analgesia was adequate were studied, and the effects of inadequate analgesia on the patients' perception of pain relief and functional status were determined.
Abstract: Background and Methods Pain is often inadequately treated in patients with cancer. A total of 1308 outpatients with metastatic cancer from 54 treatment locations affiliated with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group rated the severity of their pain during the preceding week, as well as the degree of pain-related functional impairment and the degree of relief provided by analgesic drugs. Their physicians attributed the pain to various factors, described its treatment, and estimated the impact of pain on the patients' ability to function. We assessed the adequacy of prescribed analgesic drugs using guidelines developed by the World Health Organization, studied the factors that influenced whether analgesia was adequate, and determined the effects of inadequate analgesia on the patients' perception of pain relief and functional status. Results Sixty-seven percent of the patients (871 of 1308) reported that they had had pain or had taken analgesic drugs daily during the week preceding the study, and 36 percen...
2,002 citations
TL;DR: A review of the book "Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution" by Michael Hammer and James Champy can be found in this article, where the authors discuss the following:
Abstract: The article reviews the book “Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution,” by Michael Hammer and James Champy.
1,845 citations
TL;DR: The International Standards Booklet for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISBWC) as mentioned in this paper is a standard for the classification of spinal cord injury. But it is not a classification of neurological disorders.
Abstract: The International Standards Booklet for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
1,709 citations
TL;DR: In an exploratory longitudinal study of business school alumni, this paper investigated changes in employment obligations as perceived by employees during the first two years of employment, during which employees came out of the business school during their first year.
Abstract: In an exploratory longitudinal study of business school alumni, we investigated changes in employment obligations as perceived by employees. During the first two years of employment, employees came...
1,440 citations
TL;DR: The results argue against a unidimensional understanding of parent involvement and support the view of the child as an active constructor of his or her school experience.
Abstract: This study had 2 goals. The first was to examine a multidimensional conceptualization of parent involvement in children's schooling, defined as the allocation of resources to the child's school endeavors. A second goal was to evaluate a model in which children's motivational resources (i.e., perceived competence, control understanding, and self-regulation) are mediators between parent involvement and children's school performance. 300 11-14-year-old children and their teachers participated. Factor analyses of a set of parent involvement measures supported the hypothesized 3 dimensions of parent involvement: behavior, intellectual/cognitive, and personal. Path analyses revealed indirect effects of mother behavior and intellectual/cognitive involvement on school performance through perceived competence and control understanding, and indirect effects of father behavior on school performance through perceived competence. The results argue against a unidimensional understanding of parent involvement and support the view of the child as an active constructor of his or her school experience.
1,340 citations
TL;DR: The crystal structure of Escherichia coli GroEL shows a porous cylinder of 14 subunits made of two nearly 7-fold rotationally symmetrical rings stacked back-to-back with dyad symmetry.
Abstract: The crystal structure of Escherichia coli GroEL shows a porous cylinder of 14 subunits made of two nearly 7-fold rotationally symmetrical rings stacked back-to-back with dyad symmetry. The subunits consist of three domains: a large equatorial domain that forms the foundation of the assembly at its waist and holds the rings together; a large loosely structured apical domain that forms the ends of the cylinder; and a small slender intermediate domain that connects the two, creating side windows. The three-dimensional structure places most of the mutationally defined functional sites on the channel walls and its outward invaginations, and at the ends of the cylinder.
Book•
01 Jan 1994TL;DR: Unthinking Eurocentrism as mentioned in this paper explores issues of EurocentRism and multiculturalism in relation to popular culture, film and the mass media, examining issues from the racial politics of casting to colonialist discourse and gender and Empire.
Abstract: Unthinking Eurocentrism explores issues of Eurocentrism and multiculturalism in relation to popular culture, film and the mass media. The book 'multiculturalizes' media studies by looking at Hollywood movie genres such as the western, the musical and the imperial film from multicultural perspectives, examining issues from the racial politics of casting to colonialist discourse and gender and Empire. More than just a critique of Eurocentrism and racism, Unthinking Eurocentrism also confirms artistic, cultural and political alternatives, discussing a wide range of non-Eurocentric media including Third World films, rap video and indigenous media. Synthesising literary theory, meida theory and cultural studies to form a challenging interdisciplinary study, the authors argue that current debatess about Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism are merely surface manifestations of a deep-rooted shift: the decolonisation of global culture.
TL;DR: High- and low-task-importance Ss read a strong or weak unambiguous message or an ambiguous message that was attributed to a high- or low-credibility source, confirming that heuristic processing can bias systematic processing when evidence is ambiguous and implications for persuasion and other social judgment phenomena are discussed.
Abstract: High- and low-task-importance Ss read a strong or weak unambiguous message or an ambiguous message that was attributed to a high- or low-credibility source. Under low task importance, heuristic processing of the credibility cue was the sole determinant of Ss' attitudes, regardless of argument ambiguity or strength. When task importance was high and message content was unambiguous, systematic processing alone determined attitudes when this content contradicted the validity of the credibility heuristic; when message content did not contradict this heuristic, systematic and heuristic processing determined attitudes independently. Finally, when task importance was high and message content was ambiguous, heuristic and systematic processing again both influenced attitudes. Yet, source credibility affected persuasion partly through its impact on the valence of systematic processing, confirming that heuristic processing can bias systematic processing when evidence is ambiguous. Implications for persuasion and other social judgment phenomena are discussed.
TL;DR: A recombinant human antibody to envelope glycoprotein gp120 was generated and used to show that primary isolates are not refractory to antibody neutralization, implying the conservation of a structural feature on gp120, which could be important in vaccine design.
Abstract: The ability of antibodies to neutralize diverse primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 in vitro has been questioned, with implications for the likely efficacy of vaccines. A recombinant human antibody to envelope glycoprotein gp120 was generated and used to show that primary isolates are not refractory to antibody neutralization. The recombinant antibody neutralized more than 75 percent of the primary isolates tested at concentrations that could be achieved by passive immunization, for example, to interrupt maternal-fetal transmission of virus. The broad specificity and efficacy of the antibody implies the conservation of a structural feature on gp120, which could be important in vaccine design.
TL;DR: A survey of 317 clerical workers demonstrated that employees differed in what they defined as in-role and extra-role behavior, that these differences were related to commitment and social cues.
Abstract: A survey of 317 clerical workers demonstrated that employees differed in what they defined as in-role and extra-role behavior, that these differences were related to commitment and social cues, and...
TL;DR: In this paper, target space duality and discrete symmetries in string theory are reviewed in different settings, and the authors present a generalization of the duality to string theory.
TL;DR: This study analyzes the comparison between traditional statistical methodologies for distress classification and prediction, i.e., linear discriminant (LDA) or logit analyses, with an artificial intelligence algorithm known as neural networks (NN), and suggests a combined approach for predictive reinforcement.
Abstract: This study analyzes the comparison between traditional statistical methodologies for distress classification and prediction, i.e., linear discriminant (LDA) or logit analyses, with an artificial intelligence algorithm known as neural networks (NN). Analyzing well over 1,000 healthy, vulnerable and unsound industrial Italian firms from 1982–1992, this study was carried out at the Centrale dei Bilanci in Turin, Italy and is now being tested in actual diagnostic situations. The results are part of a larger effort involving separate models for industrial, retailing/trading and construction firms. The results indicate a balanced degree of accuracy and other beneficial characteristics between LDA and NN. We are particularly careful to point out the problems of the ‘black-box’ NN systems, including illogical weightings of the indicators and overfitting in the training stage both of which negatively impacts predictive accuracy. Both types of diagnoslic techniques displayed acceptable, over 90%, classificalion and holdoul sample accuracy and the study concludes that there certainly should be further studies and tests using the two lechniques and suggests a combined approach for predictive reinforcement.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This article analyzed stock option wards to CEOs of 792 U.S. public corporations between 1984 and 1991 and found that few agency or financial contracting theories have explanatory power for patterns of CEO stock option awards, finding in accord with others conclusions that CEO pay arrangements do not reflect well the normative predictions of compensation theorists.
Abstract: This paper analyzes stock option wards to CEOs of 792 U.S. public corporations between 1984 and 1991. Using a Black-Scholes approach, I test whether stock options performance incentives have significant associations with explanatory variables related to agency cost reduction. Further tests examine whether the mix of compensations between stock options and cash pay can be explained by corporate liquidity, tax status, or earnings management. Results indicate that few agency or financial contracting theories have explanatory power for patterns of CEO stock option awards, a finding in accord with others conclusions that CEO pay arrangements do not reflect well the normative predictions of compensation theorists.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a theoretical interpretation of two features of international data: the countercyclical movements in net exports and the tendency for the trade balance to be negatively correlated with current and future movements in terms of trade but positively correlated with past movements.
Abstract: The authors provide a theoretical interpretation of two features of international data: the countercyclical movements in net exports and the tendency for the trade balance to be negatively correlated with current and future movements in terms of trade but positively correlated with past movements. They document the same properties in a two-country stochastic growth model in which trade fluctuations reflect, in large part, the dynamics of capital formation. The authors find that their general-equilibrium perspective is essential: the relation between the trade balance and the terms of trade depends critically on the source of fluctuations. Copyright 1994 by American Economic Association.
TL;DR: Macrophages from mice with a targeted disruption of the IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) gene produced little or no NO and synthesized barely detectable iNOS messenger RNA in response to stimulation, and infection with Mycobacterium bovis was more severe in IRf-1-/- mice than in wild-type mice.
Abstract: Production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages is important for the killing of intracellular infectious agents Interferon (IFN)-gamma and lipopolysaccharide stimulate NO production by transcriptionally up-regulating the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) Macrophages from mice with a targeted disruption of the IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) gene (IRF-1-/- mice) produced little or no NO and synthesized barely detectable iNOS messenger RNA in response to stimulation Two adjacent IRF-1 response elements were identified in the iNOS promoter Infection with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) was more severe in IRF-1-/- mice than in wild-type mice Thus, IRF-1 is essential for iNOS activation in murine macrophages
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This article presented several modifications of the Poisson and negative binomial models for count data to accommodate cases in which the number of zeros in the data exceed what would typically be predicted by either model.
Abstract: We present several modifications of the Poisson and negative binomial models for count data to accommodate cases in which the number of zeros in the data exceed what would typically be predicted by either model. The excess zeros can masquerade as overdispersion. We present a new test procedure for distinguishing between zero inflation and overdispersion. We also develop a model for sample selection which is analogous to the Heckman style specification for continuous choice models. An application is presented to a data set on consumer loan behavior in which both of these phenomena are clearly present.
TL;DR: This paper describes a highly sensitive and specific, nonradioactive quantitative bioassay for TGF-beta based on its ability to induce plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression, and demonstrates greater sensitivity and specificity, allowing quantification of T GF-beta in complex biological solutions.
TL;DR: The ability to maintain internally developed technology over time is important for corporate vitality as discussed by the authors, and it depends on how well a firm accomplishes three tasks: the choice of technologies, their maintenance over time, and their reactivation and synthesis when required.
Abstract: The ability to maintain internally developed technology over time is important for corporate vitality. We label this ability transformative capacity and suggest that it depends on how well a firm accomplishes three tasks, These tasks are: the choice of technologies, their maintenance over time, and their reactivation and synthesis when required. To establish the need for transformative capacity, we first discuss time lags in the development of technologies and markets to suggest that not all technologies developed by firms can be utilized immediately. We then examine dimensions of technological knowledge that affect knowledge transfer over time. Next, we build on the resource-based view of the firm to discuss how firms can create transformative capacity. The concluding discussion focuses on the implications of transformative capacity for the analysis and management of technological investments as a way to maintain corporate vitality.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Nef acts by inducing CD4 endocytosis, resulting in its degradation in lysosomes, and that CD4 down-regulation is strongly enhanced by the association of Nef with cell membranes through myristoylation.
TL;DR: A cumulative protection model is proposed to explain why chronic juvenile delinquency may be amenable to prevention and how early family support and education may help achieve this important societal goal.
Abstract: A cumulative protection model is proposed to explain why chronic juvenile delinquency may be amenable to prevention and how early family support and education may help achieve this important societal goal. A comprehensive review of early risk factors for chronic delinquency is presented with special attention to interactive effects. Interventions combining comprehensive family support with early education may bring about long-term prevention through short-term protective effects on multiple risks. A review of the early intervention literature reveals that the family support component is associated with effects on family risks, while the early education component is associated with effects on child risks. Both components may be necessary for effects on multiple risks and later reductions in delinquency. Implications for social policy and improvement of Head Start are discussed.
TL;DR: It is proposed that heparin causes oligomerization of aFGF such that its binding to FGFR results in dimerization and activation, which represents a novel mechanism for transmembrane signaling and may account for the action of many heParin-bound growth factors.
TL;DR: The observations reviewed here suggest that adenosine and agents that act throughadenosine are excellent candidates for development as anti-inflammatory agents.
Abstract: Adenosine receptors are present on most cells and organs, yet, although the physiological effects of adenosine were first described over 60 years ago, the potential therapeutic uses of adenosine ha...
TL;DR: Upon skin injury, inhibition of KGF receptor signaling reduced the proliferation rate of epidermal keratinocytes at the wound edge, resulting in substantially delayed reepithelialization of the wound.
Abstract: The function of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in normal and wounded skin was assessed by expression of a dominant-negative KGF receptor transgene in basal keratinocytes. The skin of transgenic mice was characterized by epidermal atrophy, abnormalities in the hair follicles, and dermal hyperthickening. Upon skin injury, inhibition of KGF receptor signaling reduced the proliferation rate of epidermal keratinocytes at the wound edge, resulting in substantially delayed reepithelialization of the wound.