Showing papers by "Nokia published in 1996"

Weighted median filters: a tutorial

Abstract: Weighted Median (WM) filters have the robustness and edge preserving capability of the classical median filter and resemble linear FIR filters in certain properties. Furthermore, WM filters belong to the broad class of nonlinear filters called stack filters. This enables the use of the tools developed for the latter class in characterizing and analyzing the behavior and properties of WM filters, e.g. noise attenuation capability. The fact that WM filters are threshold functions allows the use of neural network training methods to obtain adaptive WM filters. In this tutorial paper we trace the development of the theory of WM filtering from its beginnings in the median filter to the recently developed theory of optimal weighted median filtering. Applications discussed include: idempotent weighted median filters for speech processing, adaptive weighted median and optimal weighted median filters for image and image sequence restoration, weighted medians as robust predictors in DPCM coding and Quincunx coding, and weighted median filters in scan rate conversion in normal TV and HDTV systems.

Method for using applications in a mobile station, a mobile station, and a system for effecting payments

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for using an application (18) in a mobile station (1). The application has a first mode of operation and a second mode of operation, whereby the first mode of operation is passive, and in the second mode of operation the application controls the master control unit MCU of the mobile station. The invention also relates to a system for making payments, comprising at least one mobile station (1), which has an application (18), means for using the application (18), and the first means of data transfer (IR, 20, RF) for local data transfer. The system also comprises at least one cash register (21) or the like, which has the second means for data transfer (IR2), and the application (18) comprises means for transferring data between the first means for data transfer (IR) and the second means for data transfer (IR2).

Reduction of hot electron degradation in metal oxide semiconductor transistors by deuterium processing

Abstract: We report experimental results that replacing hydrogen with deuterium during the final wafer sintering process greatly reduces hot electron degradation effects in metal oxide semiconductor transistors due to a new giant isotope effect. Transistor lifetime improvements by factors of 10–50 are observed. A plausible physical theory suggests that the benefits of deuterium use may be general and also applicable to other areas of semiconductor device processing and fabrication.

On the notion of inheritance

Abstract: One of the most intriguing—and at the same time most problematic—notions in object-oriented programing is inheritance. Inheritance is commonly regarded as the feature that distinguishes object-oriented programming from other modern programming paradigms, but researchers rarely agree on its meaning and usage. Yet inheritance of often hailed as a solution to many problems hampering software development, and many of the alleged benefits of object-oriented programming, such as improved conceptual modeling and reusability, are largely credited to it. This article aims at a comprehensive understanding of inheritance, examining its usage, surveying its varieties, and presenting a simple taxonomy of mechanisms that can be seen as underlying different inheritance models.

Mobile station emergency locating in GSM

Abstract: The positioning of a mobile station (MS) will become mandatory in the US in the near future to support enhanced emergency calls (E911). Also a lot of other applications are foreseen for the location service, when implemented. In the US a five-year, three-phase implementation of the E911 services is the most likely scenario. The authors study the feasibility of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) for the MS emergency locating in each of the three phases. The results are relevant to all GSM based systems, i.e., to DCS 1800 and to PCS 1900. The TDMA based GSM offers some inherent means of calculating the location of the MS. The serving cell is already known by the mobile switching centre (MSC) and if wanted also by the operation and maintenance center (OMC). A set of measurement functions is already implemented in the MS that can be used to locate it more accurately. We investigate the use of timing advance (TA) and observed timing difference (OTD). By using the existing measurement functions the complexity of the handsets and the network does not increase much and additional costs remain moderate.

Mobile terminal having improved user interface

Abstract: A cellular telephone ( 10 ) has a user interface ( 5 ) that includes an actuator ( 23 ) for inputting information to the telephone. The actuator extends from a surface of the telephone and has multiple degrees of freedom for selecting at least individual ones of numeric digits 0 through 9. Indicia representing individual ones of the numeric digits 0 through 9 in addition to the characters * and # may be arrayed about the actuator, and may correspond to a clock face, wherein the indicia “1” corresponds to the 1:00 position, and wherein one of the indicia “*” and “#” corresponds to the 12:00 position. Alternatively, digits may be displayed to the user in an n by m matrix format. Further in accordance with this invention the user interface also includes a display ( 20 ) disposed on the surface. The display is capable of displaying characters with a non-perpendicular orientation (e.g., a diagonal orientation) relative to a longitudinal axis of the telephone, and enables the display size to be increased relative to a conventional LCD character display orientation. The display may also be windowed.

Multimode universal mobile telecommunications system

Abstract: The invention relates to a mobile communication system combining several mobile communication networks which may belong to different mobile communication systems (31, 33, 34, 44), in which mobile terminals (43) can operate and establish a connection in several mobile communication networks. It is characteristic of the invention that the parameters on the basis of which a mobile terminal (43) decides on a handover include, in addition to the quality of the connection, at least one other parameter. The parameter may be e.g. price, capacity, transmission speed, and availability. Primarily, we can think of selection based on price and quality, i.e. PQ selection, or selection base on price, capacity and quality, i.e. PCQ selection. When the system is provided with mobile pricing and price information arrangements with which the mobile stations may freely choose the most suitable or the most advantageous of the available connections, it is created a transparent subscriber market (40) for dual-mode or multimode terminals (43), which enhances rational competition and improves the efficiency of the use of capacity in mobile communications.

A system, a method and an apparatus for performing an electric payment transaction in a telecommunication metwork

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and apparatuses for performing electronic payment transactions between a terminal equipment (100) in a telecommunication network and the other transacting party (1, 2, .., N). The invention utilizes a special payment service gateway (10) through which all the payment transactions of the terminal equipments in the telecommunication network are routed. The payment service gateway allows the parties of the payment transaction to support different electronic payment protocols (A, B, .., X) and performs the required protocol conversions so as to provide an end-to-end transaction.

Activation of a telephone's own call answering equipment according to the number of the calling party

Abstract: In a communication device (20) comprising a message function (SMS, Short Message Service) a certain short message (7) or other reply message is sent in response to an incoming call in a situation where the user can't answer the call him/herself. The reply message can be sent immediately (9) or after a short delay (10, 11), whereby during the delay, the user can choose, whether he/she answers him/herself. The calling party (5) is identified from the CLI information (Caller Line Identity), whereby the reply message can be chosen according to the calling party. Time information can be included in the reply message in order to express at which time by the clock or after a how long time the receiving party is reachable. After that time the automatic reply function based on the reply message is automatically disconnected.

Radio telephone text transmission system

Abstract: A communication system for transmitting text messages to a mobile terminal in a radio telephone network is disclosed. A local mobile terminal is coupled to an external computer and is used to generate, manipulate and optionally store text messages which can be transmitted or received over the radio telephone network via the local mobile terminal. The text messages are transmitted to or received from a remote mobile terminal in the radio telephone network.

Packet radio system and methods for a protocol-independent routing of a data packet in packet radio networks

Abstract: The present invention relates to a protocol-independent routing of data packets between a mobile station of a packet radio network and a party (Host) connected to an external network. In the invention, a data packet of an extraneous protocol (IPX) is transferred through a packet radio network using a second protocol (X.25) as encapsulated in a data packet according to the second protocol. The transferring packet radio network does not thus need to understand the protocol of the transferred extraneous data packet or to be able to interpret the contents of the data packet. A data packet network is connected to other packet radio networks, data networks or the backbone network between packet data networks via a gateway node (GPRS GSN), which uses the network-internal protocol (X.25) towards the dedicated packet network and the protocol of each network towards other networks. When a data packet is transferred via a gateway node from a network into another network, the data packet is encapsulated in a packet according to the protocol of the new network. When the encapsulated data packet arrives in a node which supports the protocol of the encapsulated data packet, the encapsulation is stripped away and the data packet is routed forward according to the protocol of the data packet.

Dual band mobile station employing cross-connected transmitter and receiver circuits

Abstract: A multi-mode radiotelephone (10) includes at least one antenna (12) for transmitting and receiving RF signals within at least two frequency bands. The radiotelephone also includes a first receiver (30, 34) having an input coupled to the antenna for amplifying and down-converting RF signals within a first frequency band and a second receiver (30a, 34a) having an input coupled to the antenna for amplifying and down-converting RF signals within a second frequency band. The radiotelephone further includes a first transmitter (44, 46, 48) having an output coupled to the antenna for up-converting and amplifying RF signals within the first frequency band and a second transmitter (44a, 46a, 48a) having an output coupled to the antenna for up-converting and amplifying RF signals within the second frequency band. In accordance with this invention the first receiver and the second transmitter are disposed within a first circuit package (29a), and the second receiver and the first transmitter are disposed within a second circuit package (29b). The first and second circuit packages may be integrated circuits or hybrid (e.g., thick or thin film) circuits.

Short message processing in a mobile exchange

Abstract: A method for processing a short message received at a mobile exchange in a cellular radio network, and a mobile exchange in a cellular radio system, including a short message deliver for delivering one short message at a time to a B subscriber; an operation controller for observing the operation of the B subscriber so as to detect the delivery of the short message and to prevent the delivery of another short message when the delivery of the preceding short message is in progress; a memory for storing rejected short messages; and a queue control responsive to the B-subscriber operation controller for reading the rejected short message from the memory so as to initiate the delivery of the short message to the B subscriber when the delivery of the preceding short message is completed.

A method for motion adaptive frame rate up-conversion

Abstract: A frame interpolation algorithm for frame rate up-conversion of progressive image sequences is proposed. The algorithm is based on simple motion compensation and linear interpolation. A motion vector is searched for each pixel in the interpolated image and the resulting motion field is median filtered to remove inconsistent vectors. Averaging along the motion trajectory is used to produce the interpolated pixel values. The main novelty of the proposed method is the motion compensation algorithm which has been designed with low computational complexity as an important criterion. Subsampled blocks are used in block matching and the vector search range is constrained to the most likely motion vectors. Simulation results show that good visual quality has been obtained with moderate complexity. The algorithm has been designed mainly for 50 Hz to 75 Hz frame rate up-conversion with applications in a multimedia environment, but it can also be used in advanced television receivers to remove artifacts due to low scan rate.

Communication device with two modes of operation

Abstract: The invention relates to a mobile station which comprises two separate user interfaces and an outer covering (10, 11) which can be unfolded. The device has the appearance and the size of a common mobile phone when the outer covering (10, 11) is closed, whereby available is a first user interface being substantially a telephone user interface. When the outer covering (10, 11) of the device is unfolded it exposes a second user interface having a relatively large-sized display (12) and an alphanumeric keypad (15). Alphanumeric messages and graphical information can be transmitted and received using the second user interface.

A method for providing a delivery confirmation of message deliveries made in a telephone network

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for providing delivery confirmations of message deliveries made in a telephone network (10). The method comprises the following steps: (a) a subscriber A provides a message addressed to a subscriber B, which message is temporarily stored in a storage device (14) located in the network, (b) an attempt is made for delivering the stored message to subscriber B, and (c) after the delivery attempts, subscriber A is delivered a confirmation of the result of the message delivery. In order that the confirmations can be provided as simply as possible from the subscriber's point of view, and causing a minimum load to the network, the network maintains subscriber-specific information on whether the subscriber has such a message delivery service available that allows delivery of subscriber-specific messages, whereby upon delivering a confirmation, it is possible to route a confirmation addressed to subscriber A to the message delivery service (15) on the basis of the information, if need be.

Multichannel high-speed data transfer

Abstract: A digital mobile communication system has a high-speed non-transparent data connection between a transmitting and a receiving party (MS, TAF). For the data connection, parallel subchannels (ch1-chn), corresponding in number to the nominal data transfer rate, have been allocated on the radio interface. A radio link protocol (RLP) is responsible for transmitting data over the radio interface, and for acknowledging correct data frames and for retransmitting defective data frames. A transmission buffer (63) buffers the data frames to be transmitted and stores the data frames transmitted until it receives an acknowledgement of successful reception. In order to reduce interference and power consumption, user data is transmitted by using as many of the allocated subchannels as required by the actual user data rate at any one time. On the other allocated subchannels, transmission is interrupted or discontinuous transmission is activated.

Packet radio system, and a terminal equipment for a packet radio system

Abstract: A packet radio system encapsulates data packets of external data networks by a point-to-point protocol PPP (Fig. 4A, 4B), and passes them through one or more sub-networks to a point which supports the protocol of the encapsulated data packet. In addition, a special radio link protocol of the packet radio network is required on the radio interface between a mobile data terminal equipment and a support node. PPP packets are encapsulated in data packets of said radio link protocol. The disadvantage of the arrangement is that the data packets of both the PPP protocol and the radio link protocol contain protocol-specific control fields, which reduces the transmission capacity of user information. Therefore, a PPP packet is compressed (Fig. 4C) before the encapsulation (Fig. 4D) by removing therefrom the unnecessary control fields. After having been transferred over the radio interface, the PPP packet is decompressed into its original format (Fig. 4F, 4G).

Mobile station having method and apparatus for displaying user-selectable animation sequence

Abstract: A wireless mobile station (10), such as a cellular telephone, executes a method to selectively display one of a plurality of graphical information sequences on a display (20) of the mobile station. The graphical information sequence is displayed during an Idle state of the mobile station, that is, when the mobile station is not involved in receiving a call or during a call. By example, the graphical information sequence can be displayed when the mobile station is in a Keyguard state, and/or in a Charging state, or when the mobile station is first powered on. In a further aspect of this invention the user interface (20, 22) of the mobile station is adapted to enable the user to selectively: enable or disable the display of a graphical information sequence; and/or select a graphical information sequence to be displayed from a plurality of pre-stored graphical information sequences; and/or input a definition of a graphical information sequence from an external source for storage in the mobile station.

Over the air locking of user identity modules for mobile telephones

Abstract: A mobile telephone network in which user identify module (UIM) locking is activated automatically by the network via signalling over the base station to mobile telephone common air interface. The telephone network periodically or regularly queries the Internal Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) of the mobile telephone being used by subscribers on the system. If the IMEI of a mobile telephone is found on a 'stolen list' the network may then command the mobile station to activate UIM locking by messaging to and from the mobile telephone over the air interface to activate the UIM locking function using a transmitted bit pattern.

Checking the access right of a subscriber equipment

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for checking the access right of a subscriber equipment in a mobile communication system. In the method, a mobile equipment is registered in a network infrastructure by transmitting the identity of the subscriber from the mobile equipment to the network infrastructure. In the method, the subscriber equipment identity of the mobile equipment is transmitted (101) to the network infrastructure, the subscriber data of the subscriber is checked (102) in the database of the mobile communication system, and the equipment identity of the subscriber, the equipment identity being stored in the database, is compared (103) to the equipment identity transmitted by the mobile equipment, and if the equipment identities are the same (110) the mobile equipment is allowed to continue operation normally, and if the equipment identities differ (104), the access right of the mobile equipment will be checked in the equipment identity register of the network infrastructure.

High-speed data transmission in mobile communication networks

Abstract: In a mobile communication system according to the invention two or more parallel traffic channels are allocated for high-speed data transmission over the radio path. Different channel numbers (ch0, ch1, ch2, ch3) are assigned to these parallel traffic channels for the duration of the connection. The data of a high-speed data signal is inserted at the distribution point of the transmission end (Tx) into frames each of which is provided with a channel number indicating the parallel traffic channel used for the transmission. The frames transmitted in a traffic channel always contain the same channel number during the whole call. The frames are divided into parallel traffic channel in the sequential order according to the channel numbering. At the reception end (Rx) the dta contained in the frames is reassembled into a high-speed data signal in the sequential order according to the channel numbers in the frames. Additionally, frame numbering may be used within each of the traffic channels so that at least two successive frames always have a different frame number (fr0, fr1). As a consequence, the allowed delay offset between the traffic channels will increase with the number of the frame numbers, and the order of the frames will be maintained under any circumstances.

Maintaining the composition of transferred data during handover

Abstract: In a radio data transmission system which transmits data in cell form, the risk of cell loss or the risk of out-of-ordering during handover can be diminished by synchronizing the cell transmission between the new (50) and the old (40) base stations. The old base station (40) delivers to the new base station (50) and/or the switch (51), information on the last cell that was transmitted successfully and in the right order through the old base station, whereby the new base station continues the transmission by starting from the first failed cell. Cells need not be identified one by one if group numbering is applied in which the first or the last cell of a given group (31, 32, 33, 34) or a given counter cell is numbered, and the rest can be indicated, where necessary, by counting the distance from the numbered cell.

Integrated Radio Communication System

Abstract: The invention relates to an integrated data transfer system, the extensive basis of which is constituted by a general cellular radio system, preferably the GSM system, and in which a radio local area network, preferably the HIPERLAN network, is used for communication between data terminals (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f) in small areas with dense communications. In addition, the Internet network (6) is used for fast data transfer. The connection between networks is controlled and handled by a gateway computer (1) located in each radio local area network. In view of the cellular radio system, the gateway computer operates like a base station controller (BSC). The radio local area network consists of the coverage areas or cells (4b, 4c) of the data terminals, and it can be formed, changed and dissolved freely. The computer terminals (3c) preferably have an Internet address enabling mobility, whereby the gateway computer (1) handles the routing to the nodes of the network and the mobile Internet nodes visiting it. In a home or small office environment (HE) there can be formed a small-scale radio local area network, the gateway (10) of which is by means of an existing connection and the corresponding general data transfer network (8) connected to a certain, larger local area network, preferably located in an office environment.

A terminal to be coupled to a telecommuncations network using radio communication

Abstract: The present invention relates to a terminal to be coupled to a telecommunications network using radio communication, which consists of a computer (100) and a radio module (200) to be coupled thereto. The radio module is connected to the computer using a digital bus coupling, for example a PCMCIA bus. This terminal can be connected to a telecommunications network using radio communication, for example, the GSM system. It is essential to the invention that the operations required in the transmission and reception of a message and their performance have been divided between the computer and the radio module. Two alternative embodiments are presented. In the first embodiment, the radio module contains ancillary processors (213, 214) to achieve a sufficient calculation capacity; in the second embodiment, the computer's processor (110) performs the main part of the required processing. The necessary radio frequency elements (230) are located in the radio module.

Cellular communication system providing cell transmitter location information

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for operating a cellular communication network. An exemplary method includes the steps of transmitting a message from a base station (30) to a mobile station (10) located within a cell served by the base station, the message including location information for specifying a geographical location of the base station; storing the location information in the mobile station; originating a predetermined call type with the mobile station and appending the stored location information to a call origination message; and routing the call from the network to the call's destination in conjunction with the appended location information. The location information includes at least one of a latitude and a longitude at which the base station is located and an alphanumeric string that is expressive of a geographical location at which the base station is located. The base station location information is useful in determining a location of the mobile station, such as when an emergency call is made. In a further embodiment of this invention an emergency call is originated by a mobile station in response to the deployment of an air bag in a vehicle wherein the mobile station is located.

Method for performing on-wafer tuning of thin film bulk acoustic wave resonators (FBARS)

Abstract: A method for tuning a Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator (FBAR) located on a wafer. The FBAR comprises a plurality of layers having respective thicknesses. The FBAR exhibits at least one of a series resonance and a parallel resonance at respective frequencies that are a function of the thickness of at least one of the layers. A first step of the method includes measuring a frequency at which the FBAR exhibits one of a series resonance and a parallel resonance. A next step includes calculating an amount (A) by which the thickness of the at least one layer needs to be altered in order to minimize a difference between the measured frequency and a reference frequency. A further step includes altering the thickness of the at least one layer by the amount (A).

Method and apparatus for controlling transmission power of a radio transmitter

Abstract: A method for controlling transmission power of a radio transmitter in a cellular communications system, such as in a CDMA-system, which includes determining a reference value (SIR m ) indicating the quality of the signals received from the radiotransmitter, determining a reference value (P m , SIR pm ) indicating the current traffic load in the radiocell, and commanding the radio transmitter to adjust transmission power. In order to improve speed and reliability during any traffic conditions the method includes comparing both the reference value (SIR m ) for the quality of the received signals, and the reference value (P m , SIR pm ) for the traffic load with predetermined target values (SIR t , P t , SIR pt ), and practicing the commanding of the radio transmitter to adjust its transmission power depending on the result of the comparison.

Method for fabricating a resonator having an acoustic mirror

Abstract: A Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator (FBAR), comprising a top electrode layer, a substrate, an acoustic mirror that is formed atop the substrate, and a piezoelectric layer that is formed between the top electrode layer and the acoustic mirror. The acoustic mirror is comprised of a plurality of stacked layers. One of the stacked layers forms a bottom electrode layer. At least another one of the stacked layers comprises a polymer material. The piezoelectric produces vibrations in response to a voltage being applied between the top electrode and the bottom electrode. The acoustic mirror acoustically isolates these vibrations from the substrate. The polymer material is preferably an electronic grade polymer and has a capability of withstanding a deposition of the piezoelectric layer at an elevated temperature. The layers forming the acoustic mirror which do not comprise the polymer material comprise a high acoustic impedance material such as, by example, tungsten (W). The polymer material can be spun on the substrate during fabrication of the FBAR.

Dynamic allocation of radio capacity in a tdma system

Abstract: The invention relates to a method aiming at dynamic division of the radio capacity in a TDMA system dynamically between packet radio service and circuit switched service. According to the invention, some basic number of time slots are reserved for packet radio service and the rest are reserved for circuit switched service. When the traffic requirement of packet radio service increases, information regarding this is obtained by means of a request from a mobile station or through traffic measurement at the base transceiver station. This information is used as a criterion in allocating more time slots to packet radio service.