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Showing papers by "Nokia published in 2003"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has validated and made publicly available its First Data Release as discussed by the authors, which consists of 2099 deg2 of five-band (u, g, r, i, z) imaging data, 186,240 spectra of galaxies, quasars, stars and calibrating blank sky patches selected over 1360 deg 2 of this area.
Abstract: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has validated and made publicly available its First Data Release. This consists of 2099 deg2 of five-band (u, g, r, i, z) imaging data, 186,240 spectra of galaxies, quasars, stars and calibrating blank sky patches selected over 1360 deg2 of this area, and tables of measured parameters from these data. The imaging data go to a depth of r ≈ 22.6 and are photometrically and astrometrically calibrated to 2% rms and 100 mas rms per coordinate, respectively. The spectra cover the range 3800–9200 A, with a resolution of 1800–2100. This paper describes the characteristics of the data with emphasis on improvements since the release of commissioning data (the SDSS Early Data Release) and serves as a pointer to extensive published and on-line documentation of the survey.

948 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
P. List1, A. Joch, Jani Lainema2, G. Bjontegaard, Marta Karczewicz2 
TL;DR: The adaptive deblocking filter used in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video coding standard performs simple operations to detect and analyze artifacts on coded block boundaries and attenuates those by applying a selected filter.
Abstract: This paper describes the adaptive deblocking filter used in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video coding standard. The filter performs simple operations to detect and analyze artifacts on coded block boundaries and attenuates those by applying a selected filter.

884 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 4/spl times/4 transforms in H.264 can be computed exactly in integer arithmetic, thus avoiding inverse transform mismatch problems and minimizing computational complexity, especially for low-end processors.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the transform and quantization designs in H.264. Unlike the popular 8/spl times/8 discrete cosine transform used in previous standards, the 4/spl times/4 transforms in H.264 can be computed exactly in integer arithmetic, thus avoiding inverse transform mismatch problems. The new transforms can also be computed without multiplications, just additions and shifts, in 16-bit arithmetic, thus minimizing computational complexity, especially for low-end processors. By using short tables, the new quantization formulas use multiplications but avoid divisions.

726 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview over the tools which are likely to be used in wireless environments and discusses the most challenging application, wireless conversational services in greater detail is provided.
Abstract: Video transmission in wireless environments is a challenging task calling for high-compression efficiency as well as a network friendly design. Both have been major goals of the H.264/AVC standardization effort addressing "conversational" (i.e., video telephony) and "nonconversational" (i.e., storage, broadcast, or streaming) applications. The video compression performance of the H.264/AVC video coding layer typically provides a significant improvement. The network-friendly design goal of H.264/AVC is addressed via the network abstraction layer that has been developed to transport the coded video data over any existing and future networks including wireless systems. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview over the tools which are likely to be used in wireless environments and discusses the most challenging application, wireless conversational services in greater detail. Appropriate justifications for the application of different tools based on experimental results are presented.

596 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work proposes to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and presents different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users.
Abstract: Ethernet-based passive optical network (EPON) technology is being considered as a promising solution for next-generation broadband access networks due to the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructures. A major feature for this new architecture is the use of a shared transmission media between all users; hence, medium access control arbitration mechanisms are essential for the successful implementation of EPON: i.e., to ensure a contention-free transmission and provide end users with equal access to the shared media. We propose to use the multipoint control protocol defined by the IEEE 802.3ah task force to arbitrate the transmission of different users, and we present different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms to allocate bandwidths effectively and fairly between end users. These DBA algorithms are also augmented to support differentiated services, a crucial requirement for a converged broadband access network with heterogeneous traffic. We show that queueing delays under strict bandwidth allocation algorithms result in an unexpected behavior for certain traffic classes, and we suggest the use of DBA with appropriate local queue management to alleviate this inappropriate behavior. We conduct detailed simulation experiments to study the performance and validate the effectiveness of the proposed protocols.

527 citations


Patent
21 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, an architectural solution in which standalone ad-hoc network cells are used as an extension of the backbone infrastructure in terms of network architecture or/and its service capabilities is provided.
Abstract: An architectural solution in which standalone ad-hoc network cells are used as an extension of the backbone infrastructure in terms of network architecture or/and its service capabilities is provided. These Ad-Hoc networks will integrate to the Internet via cellular and other access networks. This integration brings new possibilities to network operators and ISP's. In its extended architecture, it is envisaged that the mobility issues are handled by utilizing the IP mobility capabilities, taking into account the mobile mesh Ad-Hoc specific requirements.

477 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work study and analyze the computational complexity of a software-based H.264/AVC (advanced video codec) baseline profile decoder, determining the number of basic computational operations required by a decoder to perform the key decoding subfunctions and evaluating the dependence of the time complexity of each of the major decoder sub functions on encoder characteristics, content, resolution and bit rate.
Abstract: We study and analyze the computational complexity of a software-based H.264/AVC (advanced video codec) baseline profile decoder. Our analysis is based on determining the number of basic computational operations required by a decoder to perform the key decoding subfunctions. The frequency of use of each of the required decoding subfunctions is empirically derived using bitstreams generated from two different encoders for a variety of content, resolutions and bit rates. Using the measured frequencies, estimates of the decoder time complexity for various hardware platforms can be determined. A detailed example is provided to assist in deriving time complexity estimates. We compare the resulting estimates to numbers measured for an optimized decoder on the Pentium 3 hardware platform. We then use those numbers to evaluate the dependence of the time complexity of each of the major decoder subfunctions on encoder characteristics, content, resolution and bit rate. Finally, we compare an H.264/AVC-compliant baseline decoder to a decoder that is compliant with the H.263 standard, which is currently dominant in interactive video applications. Both "C" only decoder implementations were compared on a Pentium 3 hardware platform. Our results indicate that an H.264/AVC baseline decoder is approximately 2.5 times more time complex than an H.263 baseline decoder.

424 citations


Patent
Antti Sorvari1, Markus Kahari1, Hannu Toivonen1, Heikki Mannila1, Jukka-Pekka Salmenkaita1 
28 Aug 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a system and method is disclosed to provide recommendations to a wireless device, based on stored bookmark/short-cut data, and data pertaining to the service access, along with any context related information is transmitted within the wireless device or to a remote server.
Abstract: A system and method is disclosed to provide recommendations to a wireless device, based on stored bookmark/short-cut data. When a wireless device accesses services, data pertaining to the service access, along with any context related information is transmitted within the wireless device, or to a remote server. The data is processed in conjunction with bookmarks/short-cuts specified within the device, and are organized and presented to the wireless device in accordance with preference instructions specified within the wireless device.

382 citations


Patent
Heikki Huomo1
20 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a system, apparatus, and method for facilitating location-based triggering of actions, applications, services, and the like on wireless devices, for locations that may be subsequently visited by the mobile device user.
Abstract: A system, apparatus, and method for facilitating location-based triggering of actions, applications, services, and the like on wireless devices, for locations that may be subsequently visited by the mobile device user. Wireless service area identifiers (116, 118, 120, 124, 128) are received at the wireless device (102, 704, 1002), where selected ones can be stored (306) as points of interest on the wireless device (102, 704, 1002). Actions are correlated (308) with the stored points of interest, where this correlation is also stored (510) on the wireless device (102, 704, 1002). An action associated with a particular stored point of interest is invoked (406, 10 612, 822) when the wireless device (102, 704, 1002) enters a wireless service area (110, 112, 114) corresponding to the particular stored point of interest.

375 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel fingerprint representation scheme that relies on describing the orientation field of the fingerprint pattern with respect to each minutia detail allows the derivation of a similarity function between minutiae that is used to identify corresponding features and evaluate the resemblance between two fingerprint impressions.
Abstract: We introduce a novel fingerprint representation scheme that relies on describing the orientation field of the fingerprint pattern with respect to each minutia detail. This representation allows the derivation of a similarity function between minutiae that is used to identify corresponding features and evaluate the resemblance between two fingerprint impressions. A fingerprint matching algorithm, based on the proposed representation, is developed and tested with a series of experiments conducted on two public domain collections of fingerprint images. The results reveal that our method can achieve good performance on these data collections and that it outperforms other alternative approaches implemented for comparison.

344 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Marta Karczewicz1, R. Kurceren1
TL;DR: It is shown that SP-frames have significantly better coding efficiency than I-frames while providing similar functionalities.
Abstract: This paper discusses two new frame types, SP-frames and SI-frames, defined in the emerging video coding standard, known as ITU-T Rec. H.264 or ISO/IEC MPEG-4/Part 10-AVC. The main feature of SP-frames is that identical SP-frames can be reconstructed even when different reference frames are used for their prediction. This property allows them to replace I-frames in applications such as splicing, random access, and error recovery/resilience. We also include a description of SI-frames, which are used in conjunction with SP-frames. Finally, simulation results illustrating the coding efficiency of SP-frames are provided. It is shown that SP-frames have significantly better coding efficiency than I-frames while providing similar functionalities.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 Aug 2003
TL;DR: An interpretative analysis of ISO 13407 from the viewpoint of the standard definition of usability from ISO 9241-11 shows thatISO 13407 provides only partly guidance for designing usability as presumed by the definition.
Abstract: ISO 9241-11 and ISO 13407 are two important standards related to usability: the former one provides the definition of usability and the latter one guidance for designing usability. We carried out an interpretative analysis of ISO 13407 from the viewpoint of the standard definition of usability from ISO 9241-11. The results show that ISO 13407 provides only partly guidance for designing usability as presumed by the definition. Guidance for describing users and environments are provided but very limited guidance is provided for the descriptions of user goals and usability measures, and generally for the process of producing the various outcomes.

Patent
12 Sep 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a mobile terminal comprises a registering functionality which is adapted to register terminal-based information about one or more missed call events which are not accepted by a user, such that the mobile terminal is able to present the combined information to a user.
Abstract: A mobile terminal comprises a registering functionality which is adapted to register terminal-based information about one or more missed call events which are not accepted by a user. Network-based information about one or more missed call events or voice messages registered by a PLMN to which the mobile terminal is subscribed is received. The network-based information is combined with the terminal-based information such that the mobile terminal is able to present the combined information to a user. Moreover, a method is provided for registering information about missed call events in a PLMN comprising at least an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) which is responsible for packet data services. An incoming call received by the IMS from a calling terminal originally destined to a called mobile terminal is redirected in accordance with Filter Criteria (FC) to the IMS and information about a missed call event in accordance with the incoming call is registered by the IMS.

Patent
Birgit Byman-Kivivuori1, Heikki Huomo1, Vesa Jutila1, Petri Vesikivi1, Janne Jalkanen1 
24 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a system, apparatus, and method for locating available information and services/applications via mobile terminals (100, 204) using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is presented.
Abstract: A system, apparatus, and method for locating available information and services/applications via mobile terminals (100, 204) using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. A transponder(s) (102, 200) is provided, having at least an application identifier (301) and associated content (302), at a location that is accessible to mobile terminal users. The transponder (102, 200) is activated via a wireless signal (702) transmitted by the mobile terminal (100, 204). The application identifier (301) and content (302) from the activated transponder (102) are received at the mobile terminal (100, 204) when it is physically located within a wireless transmission range (120) of the transponder (102). In response, an application (306- 324) identified at least in part by the application identifier (301) is invoked on the mobile terminal (100, 204). Transponders (804, 904) may also be associated with visual representations (802, 902), such that communication functions (1408, 1410) may be automatically initiated by pointing/touching an RF reader-equipped mobile device 100 to the visual representation (902) and associated tag (904).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The article presents an overall view on an interworking architecture, which enables provisioning by mobile operators of a public WLAN access service for 3GPP system subscribers, using SIM/USIM card, user data routing and service access, as well as end user charging.
Abstract: The Third Generation Partnership Project has recently taken the initiative to develop a cellular-WLAN interworking architecture as an add-on to the 3GPP cellular system specifications. The article presents an overall view on an interworking architecture, which enables provisioning by mobile operators of a public WLAN access service for 3GPP system subscribers. The enabling functionalities include the reuse of 3GPP subscription, network selection, 3GPP system-based authentication, authorization and security key agreement using SIM/USIM card, user data routing and service access, as well as end user charging. The interworking functionalities are achieved without setting any 3GPP specific requirements for the actual WLAN access systems, but relying on the existing functionality available in a typical WLAN access network based on IEEE 802.11 standards.

Patent
16 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method of deactivating the touch screen lock in a portable electronic device comprising a touch screen and means for locking the screen by detecting touch on predetermined contact areas.
Abstract: The invention relates to a method of deactivating the touch screen lock in a portable electronic device comprising a touch screen and means for locking the touch screen. The method comprises detecting touches on predetermined contact areas on the touch screen in a given order during touch screen lock and deactivating the touch screen lock once said touches on said predetermined contact areas are detected. The invention also relates to a portable electronic device comprising a touch screen and means for locking the touch screen. The device comprises means for detecting touches on predetermined contact areas on the touch screen in a given order during touch screen lock and deactivating the touch screen lock once said touches on said predetermined contact areas are detected.

Patent
Petri Lahdesmaki1
21 Aug 2003
TL;DR: A fixed focus pointer selects one of a plurality of elements of a main folder in response to interaction of a user as mentioned in this paper, and a moveable focus pointer scrolls through the first sub-folders to select a second sub-folder.
Abstract: User interface systems and methods are disclosed. The user interfaces include at least one focus pointer that allow a user to quickly access the elements contained in a plurality of folders. A fixed focus pointer selects one of a plurality of elements of a main folder in response to interaction of a user. A moveable focus pointer scrolls through a plurality of elements of the first subfolder to select a second subfolder in response to interaction of a user. The user interface may include additional folders and focus pointers.

Patent
21 Oct 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and system locate a transponder that has an associated identifier and content data, at a location substantially accessible to a user of the mobile terminal, and select one or more of the stored data items according to the criteria.
Abstract: A method and system locate a transponder that has an associated identifier and content data, at a location substantially accessible to a user of the mobile terminal. The transponder is activated by the mobile terminal with a wireless signal. In response, the mobile terminal receives at least the identifier and the content data from the activated transponder at the mobile terminal. From the received identifier and/or content data, the method and system select one or more of the stored data items according to one or more criteria.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
12 Jan 2003
TL;DR: This paper shows how to generate various presentations for a mobile device ranging from spoken instructions to 3D visualizations, and examines the relationship between the quality of positional information, available resources and the different types of presentations.
Abstract: In this paper, we evaluate several means of presenting route instructions to a mobile user. Starting from an abstract language-independent description of a route segment, we show how to generate various presentations for a mobile device ranging from spoken instructions to 3D visualizations. We then examine the relationship between the quality of positional information, available resources and the different types of presentations. The paper concludes with guidelines that help to determine which presentation to choose for a given situation

Patent
Marko Torvinen1
20 Nov 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a method and system allows organization terminal to define a group session based upon location and other criteria associated with participating terminals, where location criteria may include cell definition ( 110), group definition ( 126), and/or sub-group definition ( 130 ).
Abstract: In one embodiment, a method and system allows organization terminal ( 402 ) to define a group session based upon location and other criteria associated with participating terminals ( 410 ). Location criteria may include cell definition ( 110 ), group definition ( 126 ), and/or sub-group definition ( 130 ). Various components ( 404 - 408 ) may be utilized to perform application/location/management functions to determine the qualifications of each terminal of terminal group ( 410 ) to join the group. Once terminals ( 410 ) have been pre-qualified based upon their location and other group criteria, terminals ( 410 ) may accept an invitation to join the location based group session and begin application sharing, group chat sessions, and downloading as required to facilitate the location based group session.

Patent
Petri Kokko1, Markku Autio1
14 Oct 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a mobile phone having a touch screen display includes touch screen lock which is activated during an ongoing call by contacting the touch screen a first time and pressing again within a predetermined time duration interval.
Abstract: A mobile phone having a touch screen display includes a touch screen lock which is activated during an ongoing call by contacting the touch screen a first time and pressing again within a predetermined time duration interval the touch screen lock remains active during subsequent pressing contacts. The touch screen lock is deactivated during an ongoing call in the absence of pressing contact with the touch screen surface for a time duration interval greater than or equal to a predetermined time duration interval.

Patent
23 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a wireless system comprising a plurality of transmitters and receivers, where each transmitter has between 1 and n antennas and each receiver has between m and 1.
Abstract: This invention describes a wireless system comprising a plurality of transmitters and receivers, wherein each transmitter has between 1 and n antennas and each receiver has between 1 and m antennas wherein one of said transmitter is arranged to transmit to one of the receivers, said one transmitter is controlled in dependence on at least one of at least one parameter of said transmitters, at least one parameter of said receiver, and at least one parameter of a wireless environment between said transmitter and said receiver.

Patent
10 Jul 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a system and method for communicating partial notifications relating to a presentity's presence information is presented, where a presence document is created, where the presence document includes presence information corresponding to the presentity.
Abstract: A system and method for communicating partial notifications relating to a presentity's presence information. The communication may be effected between presence servers (210) and terminals (202) coupled to the presence servers via a network (201). At least one presentity is identified (700) to which a terminal (202) has requested presence services. A presence document is created (702), where the presence document includes presence information corresponding to the presentity. The presence information is configured (704) as partial presence information comprising less than a total of the presence information available for the presentity. The presence document having the partial presence information is communicated (706) to the terminal requesting the presence information.

Patent
15 Oct 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) proxy adjunct is implemented to make extensions to messages according to any protocol providing a session description protocol (SDP) component, such as SIP or RTSP, so as to ensure the selected QoS.
Abstract: A user equipment (UE) device (11) including a mobile terminal (MT) (11b 11b') coupled to a terminal equipment (TE) device (11a) including an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) proxy adjunct (P+) for use by the TE (11a) in making multimedia service requests for IP communications with a desired end-to-end QoS, the end-to-end including the local connection and a network supporting QoS, e.g. an UMTS network (12) having as an extension of its packet-switched core network (12b) an IMS (12c) providing multimedia services with selected QoS. The IMS proxy adjunct (P+) is implemented to make extensions to messages according to any protocol providing a session description protocol (SDP) component, such as SIP or RTSP, so as to ensure the selected QoS. In addition, a mechanism is provided by which the MT (11b') informs the IMS (12c) when it has IMS proxy capabilities.

Patent
Hasse Sinivaara1, Ari Vaisanen1
09 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a method for selecting an access point in a wireless communication system comprising mobile terminals and access points is proposed, where sets of attributes are sent from mobile terminals to the currently serving access point, each set to contain at least one attribute indicating the quality of a wireless link between the serving access points and the sending mobile terminal.
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for selecting an access point in a wireless communication system comprising mobile terminals and access points. To enable the mobile terminals to take into account the prevailing conditions within the entire coverage area of an access point more effectively than before, sets of attributes are sent from mobile terminals to the currently serving access point, each set to contain at least one attribute indicating the quality of a wireless link between the serving access point and the sending mobile terminal. Based on the sets, a service report describing current service conditions in the coverage area of the access point is formed and transmitted to at least one mobile terminal. This terminal examines the service report of at least one access point and, based on the examination, selects the access point to which a wireless link is to be established.

Patent
Juha Ellä1, Robert Aigner1
03 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a lattice filter and a ladder filter are coupled to form a passband filter with an unbalanced input port (41) and two balanced output ports (16, 18).
Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave device (20) having two resonators (92, 94) in a stacked-up configuration separated by a dielectric layer (50). The device (20) can be coupled to a lattice filter or a ladder filter to form a passband filter with an unbalanced input port (41) and two balanced output ports (16, 18). One or more such passband filters can be used, together with another lattice or ladder filter, to form a duplexer having an unbalanced antenna port, two balanced ports for one transceiver part and two balanced ports for another transceiver part.

Patent
Jaakko Lehikoinen1, Jussi Impio1, Hannu Korhonen1, Mika Roykkee1, Pekka Ollikainen1 
06 Oct 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a method to operate a mobile terminal having a memory storing application software and data that is descriptive of the use of the mobile terminal, and that further has a display and a controller coupled to the memory.
Abstract: A mobile terminal includes a memory storing application software and data that is descriptive of the use of the mobile terminal, a display and a controller that is coupled to the memory. The controller is responsive to the application software and to at least a sub-set of the stored data for visualizing on the display, in a graphical form, the use of the mobile station over a period of time. The controller preferably constructs a temporally-based visualization of the use of the mobile station, such as a timeline visualization of the use of the mobile station. The controller may further be responsive to the application software and to at least the sub-set of the stored data for automatically deriving a content of a user's web log (blog). A method is also disclosed to operate a mobile terminal having a memory storing application software and data that is descriptive of the use of the mobile terminal, and that further has a display and a controller coupled to the memory. The method includes selecting at least a portion of the data and constructing a blog that is indicative of the use of the mobile station over a period of time, as indicated by the selected portion of the data. The blog may include an animation that is indicative of the use of the mobile station over the period of time, and may also include textual data that is automatically generated in accordance with the use of the mobile station over the period of time.

Patent
Marko Vanska1, Sami Ranta1, Raimo Malila1
24 Oct 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define a set of trigger parameters and rules for the deletion of a disposable mini-application, where trigger parameters are one or more trigger parameters needed to effect one of the foregoing actions.
Abstract: Disposable mini-applications (106) are executable software items whose activation, deactivation and deletion in a mobile terminal are defined by trigger parameters and rules (250). Trigger parameters (250) may include, but are not intended to be limited to, location, time (218), stored user data and the like. Rules are one or more trigger parameters needed to effect one of the foregoing actions. In one embodiment, a housekeeping means (206) monitors for data that corresponds to the parameters and satisfies the rules, and performs a variety of housekeeping functions relating to the disposable mini-applications (106). The deletion of the disposable mini­application clears memory space associated with storing and executing the disposable mini-application, and thus, makes that space available for other purposes.

Patent
Das Debashis1
10 Dec 2003
TL;DR: In this article, multiple devices within a data communication network can be configured according to a single configuration profile, and configuration profile data is stored in a configuration file. Connections are made to individual devices, and the data in the configuration file is transformed into device-specific commands.
Abstract: Multiple devices within a data communication network can be configured according to a single configuration profile. Configuration profile data is stored in a configuration file. Connections are made to individual devices, and the data in the configuration file is transformed into device-specific commands.

Patent
21 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a fast and secure ad hoc communication system is established between terminals with the aid of a network, where the cellular network may provide signaling for user authentication, peer identification, key distribution for a secure non-cellular connection set-up, radio resources management messages, routing assistance information, as well as charging and billing for the service.
Abstract: A fast and secure ad hoc communication system is established between terminals with the aid of a network. Terminals equipped with a non-cellular interface may establish a high data rate peer-to-peer or multi-hop ad hoc connection with the support of a cellular network. The cellular network may provide signaling for user authentication, peer identification, key distribution for a secure non-cellular connection set-up, radio resources management messages, routing assistance information, as well as charging and billing for the service. A non-cellular link may be used for fast and secure ad hoc communication between the terminals. Signaling may be transported either over a non-cellular access network or, using dual-mode terminals, over the cellular RAN. A combination of the signaling transports is also possible.